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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY :

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE
CON CHOLOGICAEVSO@CIEDTY
OF CREAR Divi aN AN De RELA ND:

EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,
BY

WILLIAM E. HOYLE. |

ae ane ot
tonal Libre

VOL. IX. pa

1898—1900.

Lonpon : Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Sq., W.
LEEDS: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: J. E.CornNIsH, St. Ann’s Sq.
BERLIN: Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 11.

THE DIFFERENT PARTS COMPOSING THIS VOLUME
WERE ISSUED AS FOLLOWS :-—

No. 1, pp. 1-32, Plate 2 8 a: na January Ist, 18¢8.
No. 2, pp. 33-64 oe at aa ah April Ist, 1898.
No. 3, pp. 65-96, pls. 1 and 3 ... 6 Be July Ist, 1898.
No. 4, pp. 97-128, pl. 4 nae “oe nae October ist, 1898.
No. 5, pp. 129-160 ad ar ak a January Ist, 1899.
No. 6, pp. 161-192 ae te Hie abe April ist, 1899.
No. 7, pp- 193-224, portrait of the late J. C. H. Crosse July Ist, 1899.
No. 8, pp. 225-256, pl. 5 wae Ses oa October Ist, 1899.
No. 9, pp. 257-288 vit sa fal an January Ist, 1900.
No. 10, pp. 289-320 .. ne BG ae April 2nd, 1900.
No. II, pp. 321-352 ... ae 800 g00 July Ist, 1900.
No. 12, pp. 353-378 ... ze a ie October Ist, 1900.
Title-Page, Explanation of Plates, and Index 200 October Ist, 1900.

The portrait of J. C. H. Crosse is intended to be placed as a frontispiece
to the volume.

COUNT TIN AE Sg

MASEFIELD, J. R. B. Testacella haliotidea in North Staffordshire ...

Hickson, S. J. Torsion in mollusca : Presidential Address

Hors.ey, Rey. J. W. Note on some French shell names

ADAMS, L. E. Paludestrina (Hydrobia) jenkinsi Smith, in Ireland

STANDEN, R. Obituary Notice of the late Rev. William Turner

Lawson, PETER. British snails as human food

Apams, L. E. Sense of Smell in Limax maximus ..

SMITH, EpGAR A. On some land shells from Trinidad

MELVILL, J. C., and R. StANDEN. The marine mollusca of Nadie
and the immediate neighbourhood of : 200

TAYLOR, FRED. The land and freshwater mollusca of ne district
between Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham é86

CuastTErR, G. W. Mr. J. T. Marshall’s criticisms : an answer

Apams, L, E. Amalia gagates (Drap.) in Northamptonshire

STANDEN, R. Helix nemoralis monst. sinistrorsum in Lancashire

Wricut, C. E. New forms of Helix terrestris ;

MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘* British Conchology” ( idee ya

MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. The marine mollusca of Madras
and the immediate neighbourhood (coztznued )...

MELVILL, J. C. Note on Cypreea rashleighana Bas

O1DHAM, CHAS. Notes on some Anglesea land and freshwater mollusca

Hann, A. Paludestrina jenkinsi near Middlesbrough

Horsey, Rev. J. W. Hyalinia cellaria in Walworth

ApDAms, L. E. Observations on the pairing of Limax maximus L.

STANDEN, R. Note on Terebra eximia Dh. ues 5

COLLINGE, WALTER E. Note ona new variety of Testacella maugei Fér,

MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Notes on a collection of marine
shells from Lively Island, Falklands, with list of. species

HARTLEY, A. Helix nemoralis and H. virgata without food for four-
teen months vee so

OI
92—95
95
95

97—105

105

iv. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

age
Srusrs, A. G. Observations on abnormal specimens of Planorbis ae
spirorbis and other freshwater shells at Tenby oa 106 —108
—_——— Observations on Limnzea peregra ... we 20c 112
ApamMs, L. E. Arion ater var. rubra Baud., new to Britain uae 112
-————— Clausilia cerulea Fér., in Hants. ... ies ci 112
STANDEN, R. Notes on the land mollusca of Grange-over-Sands,
Lancashire ise tt ae ae : 113—I114
Apams, L. E. Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith, in two new Irish localities 114
MELVILL, J. C. On Latirus armatus Ad. 000 BU I15—I117
Cooper, J. E. Valvata cristata Miill. ... 500 peo 119
MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘ British Goncieles 2 (ED 120---138
COLLIER, Epwarp. Pupa anglica Feér., var. alba nov. 000 000 152
MapIsoNn, J. Discovery of a Physa new to Britain a ane 152
MELVILI, J. C. Note on Mitra (Pusia) rhodochroa Hervier and M.
rhodinospheera Melv. 366 Ee 000 4 ae 152
MASEFIELD, J. R. B. The economic use of some British mollusca :
Presidential Address as se ane 506 153—164
Jones, K. Hurtsrone. Limnvea peregra abandoning its shell 306 164
Horsey, Rev. J. W. Additional note on Cecilioides acicula ob 164

MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘British Conchology ” (continued) 165—171 —
Byneg, L. Sv. G. The corrosion of shells in cabinets, with prefatory

note by J. C. Melvill one ont 800 doo 172—178
MELVILL, J. C._ Note on Scalaria fimbriolata Melv. _ hey i 181
STANDEN, R. Vertigo pusilla Miiller in Lancashire and Westmorland 181
Jones, K. HurisTONE. Helices climbing in dry weather ... Baker 184

MELVILL, J. C., and R. SrANDEN. Herviera, a new genus of Pyra-

midellidze a0 set st nee ae 200 185
Swanton, E. W. The land and freshwater mollusca of Somersetshire 187—203
SPAN, BARTLET. A contribution towards a list of the marine mollusca

of Tenby and neighbourhood eo 209 ane 203—211
TAYLor, F.—Helix acuta monstr. sinistrorsum at Tenby _... sot 211
Buiss, J. Note on Clausilia semidenticulata Pfr. ... 308 age 211
OLDHAM, CHAS. Limax cinereo-niger in Carnarvonshire and Den-

bighshire ... 300 900 an sas 606 a 211
NORDLINGER, CLARA. Obituary notice of the late Joseph Charles

Hippolyte Crosse ... oie ae 500 ae 212—215
GREENE, Rev. CARLETON. Fusion the Norfolk coast ... Ae 215
STANDEN, R. Remarks on the cause of abnormality in Planorbis

spirorbis ... ane 800 ae ee 486 216—217
STANDEN, R. Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy in Cambridgeshire ... ace 217
WE cH, R. Helices abandoning their shells. . wa eae: an 217
MELVILL, J. Cosmo, and R. STANDEN. Note on the genus Herviera 221
STANDEN, R. Vertigo alpestris Alder in Lancashire 506 x 221

MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology” (contznuel) 222—232
STANDEN, R. Clausilia (Alinda) biplicata H. & A. Adams v. alba nov. 232

CONTENTS. Vv.

MELVILL, J. Cosmo and R. STANDEN. Notes on the Caput-serpentis ss

group of the genus Cypreea ... oh aac 5 233—236
Swanton, E. W. The land and freshwater mollusca of Somersetshire

(concluded) a ane sje 237—243
Cooper, J. E. Note on Petricola prema aan ae 243
Dai, W. H. Synopsis of the American species of the family Dine

dontidz ... aa ws aoe ee 244—246
SMITH, EpGAR A. Description of new species be South African

marine shells ae ee 247—252
GREENE, Rev. CARLETON. Pa Gal Ae oe eae Be oe: 252
JONES, K. HuRLSTONE. The occurrence of Limnzea peregra v. burnetti

in Windermere... — : poo Re. ar aes 252
BYNE, L. Sr. G. The corrosion at shells in cabinets | Supplement 253—254
SMIvH, EpGaR A. Sylvanus Hanley _... aye app 269—270
BLAKE, W. Note on the appearance of Helix virgata in Herefordshire 270
KNIGHT, Rev. G. A. FRANK. The etymology of the names Azeca

and Assiminea of Leach ... was fie Ba 271—276
Cu, OLDHAM. Pisidium milium in Somerset as ws ai 276
WeEtcH, R. A large colony of Vertigo antivertigo Drap. in Co. Down 280

Hors.ry, Rev. J. W. Effect of protracted drought on the occurrence

of land mollusca_ ... 500 500 he A 900 281
CuasTeER, G. W. A cross between Limneea stagnalis and L. anvicalanh 282—283
MASEFIELD, J. R. B. Buckinghamshire mollusca .. p00 283
MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to “* British Goichology 2G De ase ) 284—2096
Apvams, L. E. Observations on some British land and freshwater shells:

Presidential address a 206 pa sis 297— 302
Jones, K. Hurtsrone. Helix marmorata var. alba nov. ... ae 302
MELVILL, J. CosMo. A revision of the Textile se with ee

of C. cholmondeleyi n.sp. ... 5 303—311

MELVILL, J. Cosmo. Sir Rawson W. ee K. Cc. M.G., C. B., &c. 319—320
Stusss, A. G. The land and freshwater shells of Tenby, S. Wales 321— 328

CoLLiER, EpwaRb. Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S. 329—331
STANDEN, R. Clausilia biplicata (Mont.) white variety... ape 331
MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology ” (con¢inued) 332—338
Taylor, FRED. Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith at Droylsden, Lancashire 340
Byne, L. St. G. On the forms of Lacuna puteolus (Turton) 341 —342
MASEFIELD, J. R. B. Helix virgata in Staffordshire aos 343

MELVILL, J. Cosmo. Lovell Reeve: a brief sketch of his life bad
career, with a fragment of an autobiography, excerpts from his diary

(1849), and correspondence .. ao 344—357
Stusss, A. G. The land and core de shells of Tenby, S. Wales

(concluded ) p60 ane ui aS, oe 358—365
Jones, K. HURLSTONE. Certain terrestrial testaceous mollusca from

South-Western Europe... : 500 ig 366—374
Orr, H. L. Clausilia bidentata Strém., with two perfect mouths... 374

Srunss, A. G. Note on Eastbourne mollusca a aye 374

vi. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

pase
BIBLIOGRAPHY Boe ... 25, 59, 96, 117, 182, 220, 277, 315, 339; 377
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY—

' October—December, 1897 ... 17
January—March, 1808 55
April—May, 1808 ... "90
June, 1898 det ‘109
October—December, 1808 ... 145
January— March, 1899 179
April—May, 1899... 218
June—September, 1899 255
October— December, 1899 ... 263
January—March, 1900 312
April— May, 1900 ... 342
June—September, 1900 Bus

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON BRANCH—
Annual Report 23
2 148
” ” 267
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEEDS BRANCH—
Annual Report 148
2 ” 267
LIST OF PLATES:
Portrait of Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse (frontispiece)
Madras and Falkland Islands Mollusca I.
Trophon geversianus II.
Limax maximus & Ill.
Planorbis spirorbis Miiller IV.
South African Mollusca VS
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. pase
Land shells from Trinidad 27
Genital organs of Limax maximus : 94
Limneea auricularia and L. stagnalis with their progeny 282
Ceecilioides acicula wis fee ; 268
a », showing mucus grooves on head and tail ... 208
Young shells of Limnezea involuta and L. burnetti . 299
Geomalacus maculosus, rolled up 301
Two views of Carychium minimum : 301
Acicula lineata, showing the pigment spots ibioKaN ae shell 302
Conus cholmondeleyi 308
Portrait of Lovell Reeve 344

Delphinula laciniata Lamarck

Title-page

Fig.

2IPIGAINVATI ION Ole 11s:

1.-—Terebra (Abretia) lightfoott

2.—Columbella (Nitidella) apicata ...

3.—Cominella (?) prolongata

4.—Lotorium durbanense

5-—Marginella punctilineata

6.—Fenella natalensis

7.—Lulima munda ,

8.— , matalensts

9.— ., ailecta
10.-—Odostomtia chitontcola
11.—Calltostoma burnupi
12.—Lovtpes rosacea (left valve)
I3.— 4, » (right valve)
14.—Montacuta natalensis
15.—LPvicatiula squamosissima

* Portion of surface, magnified

page 247

”)

247
248
248
249
249
249
250
250
250
250

251

AGI

THE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

CONSTITUTION AND LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

1.—This Society shall be called “(he Conchological Society of Great
ritain and Freland.”

2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold-
ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the
publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec-
tions illustrative of the science.

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.

4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and
balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January
in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay-
ment of Three Guineas.

5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent
property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive
to the benefit of the Society.

6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be
exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.

7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian,
and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting
paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed enve-
lope, addressed to the Scrutineers. The President and Secretary of the
Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards
be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex offictzo, also be members of
the Council of the Society.

8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than one year continuously, and
the President is expected to give an address.

g.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the
Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings
as they may think desirable.

p) JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. f, JAN., 1898.

10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.

11.—The Annual Meeting sball be held at such time and place as may be fixed at
the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet
of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the
ensuing year.

12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members,
appointed at a previous meeting.

13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the
Council.

14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the
Society.

15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths
of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.

a OSS

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1897-8.

PRESIDENT :
JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :
R. D. DARBISHIRE.
J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.
Pror. SYDNEY J. HICKSON, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S.
EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S.

HON. TREASURER:
LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.

HON. SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN :
W. E. HOYLE, M.A., F.R.S.E.

HON. CURATOR:
ROBERT STANDEN.

HON. RECORDER :
THOMAS ROGERS.

COUNCIL:

EDWARD COLLIER, WILLIAM MOSS, F.C.A.,
J. £. MARSHALL, R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D.,
P. B. MASON, J.P., M.R.C.S., F-L.S.| E. €. STUMP.
LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT - - J. W. TAYLOR. PRESIDENT - Rev. J. W. HORSLEY.

SECRETARY - - W. NELSON. SECRETARY - : - J. E. COOPER.

1889.
1889.
1889.

18809.
1878.
1886.
O
1889.
1889.
1889.

1885.
1897.
1892.
1895.
1886,
1897.
1896.
1895.

1886.

1897.
1891.

1897.

1886.
1867.
1897.
1897.
1895.
1897.
1897.
1895.
1884.
1895.
1897,
1806.
1879.

1893.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Corrected to Dec. 8, 1897.

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member,
who has compounded for his subscription).

HONORARY MEMBERS

(Limited to ten in number).
Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, Vestregade, Copenhagen.
Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin de fer
du nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.
Crosse, Hippolyte, 25, Rue Tronchet, Paris.
Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.
Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W.
Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.
Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.
Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 68, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford.

Alderson, Rev. Ellerton Garside, M.A., Coxhead Farm, Gateacre.

Alletsee, Albert Gregory, 40, Milward Crescent, Hastings, Sussex.

Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Haiker, Mani, Hawaiian Islands.

Barke, Harold, Owens College, Manchester.

Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.

Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, Holmes
Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O.

Barrett, Chas. Golding, F.E.S., 39, Lindon Grove, Nunhead, London, S.E.

Beckett, James Benjamin, 11, Lancaster Road, Great Yarmouth.

Beddome, Charles Edward, Hillgrove, near Hobart, Tasmania.

Bendall, Wilfrid, 77, Baker Street, Portman Square, London, W.

Blackburn, Kev. Ed. Percy, The Manse, Tendring, near Celchester, Essex.

Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., Falkirk, Chatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.

Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Newnham Lea, Cambridge.

Bliss, Joseph, Smyrna, Asia Minor.

Bolton, Herbert, F.R.S.E., 94, Dickinson Road, Rusholme, Manchester.

Booth, George Albert, F.E.S., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands.

Bostock, Edwin D., Tixall Lodge, Tixall, Stafford.

Bowell, E. W. W., Mostyn House School, Parkgate, Cheshire.

Boycott, Arthur Edwin, The Grange, Hereford,

Brass, John George, The Grove, Barnard Castle.

Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street,
Sydney, N.S. W.

Brierley, Mrs. II. G., Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield.

1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., Loughrigg, Somers Road,

1896.
1897.

Reigate.
Burgess, Wm. Valentine, 9, York Koad, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.
Burness, Henry Clifden, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. .

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

Burnup, H. C., Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

Burrows, Thomas F., The Court House, Caerphilly, Cardiff.

Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., c/o W. G. Marshall, Norton Manor,
near Taunton.

Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 52, India Street, Edinburgh.

Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 26, Mayfield Terrace, Halifax.

Chadwick, John, 6, Stanley Grove, Sale, Cheshire.

Champ, Henry, c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland St., Manchester.

Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport.

Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire.

Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, nr. Chelmsford, Essex.

Claremont, Dr. C. C., Millbrook House, Hampstead Road, London.

Clark, James, M.A., Ph.D., Ass.R.C.S., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth,

Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Oxford Rd., Manchester.

Collier, Frank, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Manchester.

Cook, Rev. Thomas, Whinwood, Westcliff Grove, Harrogate.

Cooper, James Eddowes, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, London, N.

Corker, Jas. S., 59, Darncombe Street, Moss Side, Manchester.

Coulson, Frank, Greenhead Brewery, Greenhead, Glasgow.

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.

Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton.

Crofton, Rev. Addison, M.A., Linton Court, Settle, Yorkshire.

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex.

Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol.

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London.

Dacie, John Charles, 105, Upper Richmond Road, Putney, London, S.E.

Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Rd., Torquay, Devonshire.

Dall, Wm. Healey, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.

Daniel, A. T., M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent.

Darbishire, Robert D., Victoria Park, Manchester.

Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de Il’ Université, Paris.

Dawson, Oswald, Seacroft, Leeds ; and Albion Walk Chambers, Leeds.

Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston.

Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Notauanarn

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston.

Edwards, J. Sumner, Chadwick Lodge, Crown Point Road, Leeds.

Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd, Leicester.

Elgar, Hubert, 3, St. Michael’s Terrace, Fant Road, Maidstone, Kent.

Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Evans, (Mrs.) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud.

Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 184, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

Evans-Thomas, Owen G., Gnoll, Neath, Glamorganshire.

Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants.

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.

Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terr., African Street, Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorkshire.

Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull.

Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., Kapai, Maidstone Road, Headcorn, Kent.

1898.
1892.

1886.
1895.
1896.
1889.
1887.
1898.

LIST OF MEMBERS, 5

Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford.
Fulton, Hugh, 216, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts.

Gamble, Frederick Wm., M.Sc.(Vict.), The Owens College, Manchester.
Garnett, Roland, 7, Rose Terrace, Ashton, Preston.

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N.

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., etc., Accrington, Lancashire.
Glover (Miss) Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1897.

1886.
1890.
1886.

1891.
1897.
1887.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1887.
1807.
1889.
1887.

1801.
1887.
1888.
1896.
1887.
1887.
1895.
1895.

1893.
1886.
1888.
1886.
18901.
1884.
1892.

1886.

1895.
1886.
1891.

1894.
1888.
1889.

1897.

Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.,
Shalford Park, Guildford.

Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots.

Gude, G. K., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, London, N.

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.

Hadow, Gerald Elliot, M.A., South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester.

Hall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry.

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Ilornsey Road, London, N.

Hann, Rev. Adam, 7, Harewood Terrace, Thornaby-on-Tees.

Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.

Hargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

Harrison, (Miss) G. M., Nightingale House, 8, Manchester Rd., Southport.

Hartley, Alfred, 14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green, Lewisham,
London, S.E.

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middlesbrough.

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 47, Frenchwood Street, Preston.

Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury.

Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., University College, Liverpool.

Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

Hey, Rev. Wm. Croser, M.A., Derwent House, W. Ayton, Seamer, York.

Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford.

Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., The Owens College,
Manchester.

Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

Hodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire.

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw [lall, Norwich.

Horsley, Rev. J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.S.A., etc., Bentcliffe
House, Eccles, Manchester.

Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.Sc., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 1, Johnson Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terr., Truro, Cornwall.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes.

Jones, Kenneth Ilurlstone, St. Bride’s Rectory, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 76, Mayes Road, Woodgreen, London, N.

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, Monmouthshire.

Kendig, Rev. Amos B., D.D., 86, Vernon Str.. Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1808.

Kennard, A. S. Berrenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 157, Ferme Park Rd., Hornsey, London, N.

Killingbeck, J. H., Didsbury, near Manchester.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., Almanarre, Gareloch Head, N.B.

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green, London, 5S. W.

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., Otterbourne, Budleigh
Salterton, South Devon.

Leicester, Alfd., Buckhurst Farm, near Edenbridge, Kent.

Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex.

Linton, John, 25, Wordsworth Road, Smallheath, Birmingham.

Loddee, Miss Mary, Lonah, Ulverstone, Tasmania.

Loydell, A., 19, Chaucer Road, Acton, London, W.

Lyons, Lady, Admiralty House, Devonport.

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire.

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.

McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 5, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.

Madison, James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.

Marquand, Ernest D., Fermain House, Guernsey.

Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire.

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

Mason, Vhilip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Trent House,

Burton-on-Trent.

May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania.

Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook Iouse, Prestwich, Marcienen

Middleton, Robert, Giachow, near heeds.

Milne, J. Grafton, Mansfield House, Canning Town, London, E

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., The Friars, Priory St., Cheltenham.

Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex.

Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., Roseacre, Epping.

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West Kensington
Park, London, W.

Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., -etc.,
Houghton-le-Spring, Durham.

Oldham, Charles, Sale, Cheshire.

Overton, Harry, Brookdale, Tudor Hill, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield.

Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.

Partridge, F. J., 11, Duchess Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

Percival, A. Blayney, Somerset Court, Brent Knoll, Somerset.

Phillips, Robert Albert, Ashburton, Cork.

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.

Powell, (Mrs.) A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.

Preston, Hugh Berthon, The Manor House, Berrow, nr. Burnham, Somerset

Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-ynder-Lyne,

LIST OF MEMBERS, 7

Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.

Rawson, Sir W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., C.B., 68, Cornwall Gardens,
London, S. W.

Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Rd., Barnsbury, London, N.

Rhodes, John, F.E.S.. 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington.

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester.

Roseburgh, John, 54, Market Street, Galashiels.

Rosevear, John Burman, 113, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S.W.

Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Curator of the Natural History
Museum, Dublin ; Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin.

Scharff, W. E., c/o Edwards, Scharff & Co., Bradford.

Schill, C. H., Broome House, Didsbury, near Manchester.

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B.

Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, 14, Edna Street, Crumpsall.

Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield.

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate, Chiswick, Middlesex.

Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Skilton, (Mrs.) Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, bideford, N. Devon.

Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, S. Kensington,
London, S.W.

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.

Smith, Wm. Chas., Vanston House, 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green,
Fulham, London, S. W.

Smith, Wm. Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk.

. ZSomerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.1..S.,4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow.

Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., Castellar, Crieff, N.B.
Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F’.L.S., 121, Fulham Rd., London, S. W.
Span, Bartlet, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales.

Sparkes, Thomas, 92, Heywood Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.

Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester.
Stonestreet, Kev. W. T., 12, Wellington St., Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Storrs, Rev. George Godwyn, B.A., 52, Buxton Road, Stratford, E.
Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff.

Stracey, Bernard, University Union, Edinburgh.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, 2, Deer Park Villas, Tenby.

Stump, Edward Consterdine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.
Swanton, E. W., Bratton St. Maur, Wincanton, Somerset.

Sykes, Robert Dardsley, Lostock Hall, near Preston.

Sykes, Ermest Ruthven, B.A., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s Inn, London.

Taylor, Frederick, 38, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham.

Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Gabriola Island,
Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Taylor, (Miss) Helen I.., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby.

Taylor, John W., F.L.S., Spring Bank. Horsforth, Leeds.

Thomas, G. E., 13, Vicarage Gardens, Kensington, London.

Thompson, Isaac C., F.L.S., 53, Croxteth Road, Liverpool.

Tomlin, J. R. Brockton, B,A., The Green, Llandaff.

8 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

1896. Tregelles, George Fox, 5, Clarence Place, Barnstaple.

1897. Tripe, Linnzeus, Major-Gen., 3, Osborne Villas, Stoke, Davenport.

1897. Tulk-Hart, Eugene John, M.D.Durh., M.R.C.S., 4, Gloucester Place,
Brighton.

1880. Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

1891. Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

1896. Wallace, Harry Simpson, Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1886. Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, LL.D., B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free Church
Manse, Cardross, Dumbartonshire.

1895. Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.Z.S., Ellerie, Crescent Road, Brentwood, Essex.

1895. Welch, Robert John, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1867. West, H. J., 21, Willow Wall, London, S.E.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W.

1895. Wigglesworth, Robert, 13, Arthur Street, Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire.

1889. Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool.

1891. Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., Carnew, co. Wicklow.

1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 120, The Grove, Ealing,
London, W.

1886. Wotton, F. W., 42, Sotheby Road, Highbury, London, N.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.

—_—____¢-e@-—___

Testacella haliotidea in North Staffordshire.—This mollusc has within the
. last few weeks been added to the North Staffordshire list, through the energy ot
Mr. James Kirkby. Some years ago Mr. Kirkby assured me that he had seen
Testacella in his garden at Trentham, and promised to keep a look out for its again
turning up, with the result that on the 5th October last he was able to send me two
specimens for identification, which had been found by Mr. Nicklin, of Trentham, in
his kitchen garden, on 29th September last, about eighteen inches to two feet below
the surface of the soil. Since then three more specimens have been found by Mr.
Nicklin, so it is clear that this Zés¢ace//a is well established in the neighbourhood.
The question remains—Is it indigenous or introduced? Upon reporting this find
of Testacella at the last evening meeting of the North Staffordshire Field Club, held
on Wednesday, the 17th November last, at Stoke-upon-Trent, a most interesting
discussion ensued as to the range of the Testacellidz in the British Isles, and how
far geological formation, especially that of the New Red Sandstone, affects the occur-
rence of these molluscs. Mr. L. E. Adams, Mr. C. de Rance (of the Geological
Survey), and Dr. Hind took part in the discussion. It would seem that sandy or
peaty geological formations would not naturally be acceptable environments for
Testacella, as its food, consisting of earth-worms, is but very scantily found in
those formations. I shall be glad to receive information on this subject from any of
the members of the Conchological Society who have made the Testacellidze a study.
—JoHN R. B. MasEFIELD, Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire, 22nd Noy., 1897
(Read before the Society, Dec. 8th, 1897).

TORSION IN MOLLUSCA.
(The Presidential Address to the Coneholesieal Society, November 13th, 1897).
BY IPRO; Ss io IRUICIKSOIN, IMDS) IDLSGo5 ISIRSb

I THINK we may congratulate ourselves upon the steady progress our
society has made during the past year. Our meetings have been well
attended, and many of the papers that have been read and printed in
the journal have been of greater interest and importance than usual.
The valuable papers of Messrs. Melvill and Standen on the shells of
Lifu and Uvea form one of the most important contributions to
South Pacific conchology of recent years, and the interesting com-
munication made to us by Mr. Moss shows that our members are
fully aware of the important bearing of anatomical characters in the
arrangement and determination of species.

We must all agree that our informal association with the Man-
chester Museum has been a great advantage to us. But the advantage
is not allon our side. If I were to paraphrase some remarks that fell
from the lips of Lord Salisbury when he was President of the: British
Association, I might say that while as President of the Conchological
Society I express our sense of the value of our association with the
Museum, as a professor of the Museum I congratulate our staff on
the advantages we have gained by association with the Conchological
Society.

I trust that in the future, while we strictly maintain our inde-
pendence and freedom of action, our connection with the Museum
may be continued and strengthened.

Before proceeding to the subject of my address, I wish to take
this opportunity of calling your attention to an important meeting
which has been arranged to be held next year in Cambridge. For the
first time in its history, the International Congress of Zoology will
meet in England, and it is of great importance for all zoologists to
make an effort to render this meeting as successful as those that have
already been held. At the last meeting, held in Leyden, some very
important papers were read on subjects within the scope of our
society’s interests, and I have very little doubt that next year several
distinguished foreign conchologists will visit England and give us the
rare Opportunity of making their personal acquaintance. I trust,
therefore, that many of our members will join the Congress next
autumn, so that our Conchological Society may be well represented
in the International Congress of Zoologists.

The subject of Torsion in the mollusca is one which must be of
great interest not only to those who are engaged in the study of shells
but also to those who have devoted their attention to the anatomical

10 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

details of the bodies of these animals. The questions that naturally
occur to the conchologist are these—“‘ Why is it that some gastropods
such as the limpet have shells which are bluntly conical, while others
such as the periwinkle, living under almost precisely similar conditions,
have a shell twisted up into a spiral form ? ”

Anatomical study of the periwinkle shows that it is not only the
shell, and the mantle which secretes the shell, that are twisted up into
a spiral, but that there is also a distinct twist in certain parts of the
nervous system and in other organs of the body.

Let us consider for a moment the structure of the nervous system
of one of these twisted gastropods, such as that of Paludina. We find
that the cerebral ganglia, the buccal ganglia, and the pedal ganglia
are perfectly symmetrical, those on the right side being equal to and
similar to those on the left. The twist is seen in a nerve loop pro-
vided with three ganglionic enlargements, which supplies principally
the alimentary tract and some of the other viscera.

Now, if we study the development of these molluscs, we find that
the twist is accompanied by, if it is not due to, the imperfect develop-
ment of some of the most important organs of one side of the body,
usually the right side, and that this feature is recognisable .at a very
early stage in development, z.¢., according to the recent researches of
Crampton during the segmentation of the egg."

It is pertectly clear, therefore, that the spiral shell of the gastro-
‘ pods is a sign of very far-reaching anatomical! peculiarities which, from
the early stage at which they appear in the embryo, must have made
a very ancient appearance in the evolution of the class.

Now, if we turn our attention to other gastropods, such as
Aplysia, Umbrella, and many of the pteropods, we find that the shell
is not spiral in the adult, nor is the visceral loop ot the nervous system
twisted into the form of the figure 8, as it is in the whelk. On the
other hand, we find that some of the organs of the body, such as the
kidney, etc., are single, as in the whelks and periwinkles, indicating a
suppression of the organs of one side of the body as in those forms.

The difference between these two groups is expressed in Spengel’s
terms: Streptoneura and Euthyneura, the former including those
gastropods with a twisted visceral nerve loop, and the latter those
with an untwisted nerve loop. There is no doubt that when mala-
cologists came to realize the importance of Spengel’s anatomical
discoveries, the opinion was very generally held that the Streptoneura
and the Euthyneura represented two branches from a common an-
cestral stock, which had diverged from one another in the extent to

x. Crampton, Experimental Studies on Gasteropod Development, Arch. Entiwickmech,
vol. 3, p. 1-19, 4 pl., 1896. :

HICKSON : TORSION IN MOLLUSCA, Il

which the nervous system had become involved in the twisting of
the body. This would be represented by the expression
STREPTONEURA EUTHYNEURA
Se
ANCESTRAL ISOPLEURAN GASTROPOD.

The more recent investigations of some of the Euthyneura have
thrown grave doubts upon the correctness of this opinion, and make
it almost certain that the Euthyneura must have passed through a
primitive streptoneurous condition.

The line of investigation has been somewhat as follows. The
order Opisthobranchiata includes those Euthyneura in which the heart
usually lies in front of the gill, instead of behind, or at the side of it,
as it does in the Streptoneura. Some of these, such as Acfeon, Bulla,
Scaphander, etc., have a shell that is spirally coiled. Now, if the first
theory enunciated above were true, the spiral shell of the Opistho-
branchs must have been acquired independently of the spiral shell of
the Prosobranchs, and we should expect to find that the genera ex-
hibiting this feature are the most specialized Euthyneura, or in other
words, the most divergent from the general structure of the Strepto-
neura. This is not the case, however. The investigation of the
anatomy of Acteon by Bouvier, Pelseneer, and others, has shown that
this remarkable mollusc has not only a spiral shell, an operculum, a
gillin front of the heart, and a general asymmetry of the body, but
that it has also a typical Streptoneurous nervous system.

In Scaphander, also, a genus with a less tightly twisted shell,
although there is no operculum and no actual twist of the visceral
nerve loop, the course which the nerves take and. the organs they
supply, indicate quite clearly that the loop has in this genus been
derived from a more primitive twisted condition, the right ganglion of
the visceral loop being above the crop and the left below it. Leaving
out of consideration several other intermediate forms, and passing on
to Aplysta and the Nudibranchs, we find that in those Opisthobranchs
with an untwisted shell or no shell at all, the visceral nerve loop is
perfectly straight and shows practically no sign of its primitive twisted
condition.

The evidence derived from a study of the nervous systems of
these animals indicates, then, that the euthyneurous condition has
been arrived at by an untwisting of a more primitive condition, and
this is confirmed and supported by the fact that Acteon and Scaph-
ander, in which the visceral nerve loop is not completely untwisted,
are in other respects more closely related to the Streptoneura than
other Euthyneura, and by the fact that many larval Euthyneura have
a coiled shell.

12 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

I do not propose in this address to discuss any particular theory
as to the origin of the twist in the evolution of the Gastropoda.
Those of you who are interested in this subject will find an
excellent summary of what appears to me to be the most reasonable
theory in Lang’s Text-book of Comparative Anatomy (English edition,
vol. il, p. 150). The summary that he gives is of importance to us:
“The formation of a spire-like shell which has been recognised as the
starting-point in the development of the asymmetry of reptant Gastro-
pods, was the only method by which complete protection of the whole
body could be attained, and must therefore be considered to have
been advantageous under the circumstances.”

The loss of the organs of one side of the body and the accom-
panying twist in the visceral hump and the visceral nerve chord, were
due to the gradual evolution of a form of shell which would most
efficiently protect the soft molluscan body. ‘The need for protection
arose from the danger they were exposed to of falling a prey to car-
nivorous fish and other marine animals, for we find that all, or nearly
all, the Streptoneura protected by a hard shell closed by a strong
operculum are edible. They are serviceable as bait for fishes, and in
many cases are appetizing to the more critical palate of man himself.
The reason for the untwisting is not so easy to understand, but I
venture to put before you for consideration a view which appears to
me to have some truth in it, and may lead to some further and much-
needed investigations on the habits of the Opisthobranchs.

It might be asked in the first place—Why should the Euthyneura
have become untwisted and have lost their shell if the streptoneurous
condition was such a valuable protection to their bodies from the
assaults of their enemies? ‘The answer to this question would be
that a heavy spiral shell must be a great eneumbrance to the body
and impede the locomotion of the animal. It is an encumbrance not
only in its weight, but from the fact that to completely protect the
whole body the foot must be relatively small. It is, I believe, a well-
known fact to conchologists that Streptoneura, like the whelks,
winkles, muricid&, purpuras, and others, that can completely with-
draw their bodies into their shell, do not crawl fast nor wander far.
They are dependent upon food that is near at hand.

Now, any increase in the size of the foot, bringing with it in-
creased powers of locomotion, would be an advantage to the species
in giving it a wider range, but would be a disadvantage to it in leaving
the body more exposed. The only other way in which this danger
could be met, would be by the adoption of some other method of
protection. If, for example, the foot developed glands that secreted
a poisonous or disgusting fluid which the enemies of Gastropods

HICKSON : TORSION IN MOLLUSCA. 13

would not touch, the shell protection would be unnecessary, and any
increase in the size of the foot would be a positive advantage.

What we do actually find in the group of the Opisthobranchs is
this, that in a series shewing a gradual diminution in the twist of the
shell, we find a corresponding increase in the size of the foot, both as
regards its mass and the surface it exposes to the ground. The in-
creased activity in locomotion is exhibited in the remarkable migra-
tions which are so characteristic of the Opisthobranchs. Their
distastefulness is shown in the fact that none of them are used as
human food, and I have heard of none that are used for bait. Prof.
Herdman and Mr. Cole have made a series of investigations which
prove that many of the Nudibranchs are really distasteful to fish.

But the untwisting of these animals was not only due to the
need of increasing the foot area for purposes of locomotion, but
partly also to facilitate the return to a condition of bilateral symmetry.
All animals that move rapidly are bilaterally symmetrical. It stands
to reason that the form of body that is best suited to rapid movement
is one in which the right and left sides are evenly balanced. Fish,
cuttlefish, lobsters, segmented worms, and flat worms, not to mention
steam-engines and steam-ships, are all bilaterally symmetrical.

There is another method by which the Gastropods may have
been able to dispense with the protection afforded by a capacious
shell, and that would be by adopting a habit of making short jumps
or flights through the water, after the manner of Pecten. Although
such habits would not protect them from fish and other free-swimming
enemies, it would afford them a means of escape from many of the
crustacea, from predaceous Gastropods, and from other creeping and
crawling enemies. One of the first steps in this direction would be a
diminution in the weight of the shell and a lightening of the soft
tissues of the body by the absorption into them of a relatively large
quantity of sea-water.

We see in Aplysia, one of the Tectibranchs which still crawls,
an example of a body that has become in this manner lighter, softer,
and more gelatinous in consistency. This lightening of the tissues by
the absorption of water is usually accompanied by an increase in their
transparency, and we find examples of this not only in the mollusca,
but in the jelly-fish whose bodies are composed of no less than 95
per cent. of water, in the free-swimming Tunicates, in the pelagic
worms, and in other groups of animals. If such a transparency of the
body were acquired, it would serve not only the purpose of reducing
the weight of the body, thus rendering possible longer and more sus-
tained flights through the water ; but it would also be a protection to
the animals in rendering them less conspicuous to their free-swimming

t4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

enemies. Buta return to a condition of bilateral symmetry would be
as important for these swimming Gastropods as it is for the crawling
Opisthobranchs, and we do actually find in the anatomy of the different
genera of the Pteropods a series of stages in the gradual unwinding of
the body which this theory assumes.

The story of the relations of the Pteropods as related by Boas
and Pelseneer is one that has found a place in every recent edition of
our hand-books of mollusca, so that it is not necessary for me to re-
hearse it now. I would simply point out to you that it is one which,
though differing in some important particulars, runs remarkably parallel
with the story of the untwisting of the Opisthobranch body.

The last group of the Euthyneura which calls for comment is
that of the Pulmonata. There is very good reason for believing that
these animals have been derived independently of the other Euthy-
neura from a Streptoneurous ancestry.

An operculum is retained in Amphibola through life, and is found
in the larval stages of Auricula and other genera. In Azricula, too,
we find a long visceral commissure, very unlike the very short com-
missure we find in Helix and Limn@ea. Moreover, in Auricula and
in Chilina we find a distinct asymmetry in this commissure similar to
that already referred to in Scaphander, which points most certainly to
a streptoneurous ancestry. It is probable that in taking to a terres-
trial habit, feeding on decaying vegetable matter in the marine
swamps, Auricula has escaped from many enemies that preyed upon
its ancestors, and for this reason has been able to dispense with the
protection afforded by an operculum.

But the work required to drag the body and shell of an animal
through the air must be much greater than that required in sea-water,
and would in most cases need a greater exposure of foot and body
during locomotion. I do not know that any researches that have
been made comparing the amount of the exposure of the body of Pul-
monates during locomotion with that of the marine Streptoneura, but
I think it would probably be found if the matter were inquired into
that the former do expose their bodies more than the latter. If this
be actually the case, or even if it were true only of the ancestral Pul-
monates, it would be quite sufficient to account for the return of these
animals to a euthyneurous condition. It would mean, of course, the
rearrangement of the primitively asymmetrical organs into a secondary
symmetrical system, and this would be accompanied, as in the Opis-
thobranchs and Pteropods, by an untwisting of the visceral nerve loop.

If it be not true, z¢., if the Pulmonata as a group do not expose
their bodies more than the others, then it must be confessed it is
difficult to account for their euthyneury.

HICKSON : TORSION IN MOLLUSCA. 15

In these few words I have endeavoured to express to you the lines
of work and thought which appear to me to have been most prolific
in clearing away the difficulties which stand in the way of our found-
ing a natural classification of the Gastropoda. You will notice that a
great deal depends upon a correct interpretation of the anatomy of
certain genera, namely, Acton, Scaphander, Auricula, Chilina, and
their allies ; and I would point out to you that a still more profound
investigation of the anatomy, habits, variations, and distribution of
these genera might lead to important results in favour of or against
the views I have enunciated. We often fall into error in struggling
towards the truth, and it may be that these views are quite erroneous;
but the knowledge we have at present seems to support them, and
they must stand provisionally until some stronger evidence is brought
forward to disprove them.

Note on some French Shell Names.—Every one knows the eminence of
continental conchologists and how wide and minute are their studies. But woe and
wailing is caused to their English brethren by the habit of giving specific names to
ordinary variations of common shells. In the course of exchange I have several times
been much disappointed in this way, though, of course, the shells are sent in good
faith. To-day I received HY. sebharum, Hl. pilula, H. halophila, H. erythrea, H. inter-
secta, and 4, da sylve all of which (with possibly one exception) are variations of //.
vergata; H. galena and 7. ewgastera are also sent, which are only two of the dozens
names given to variations of a common Algerian shell. - I have it already under the
names of 4. bleichert, Hl. colonnestana, H. zaffarina, etc. H. cuttati, also sent,
is only an insignificant variety of H. pzsaza. It would be a philanthrophic act if
some good conchologist would give English collectors a list of the names which
are given abroad to A, vermiculata, H. lactea, A. virgata (or varzabilis), and ZH.
pisana. It might take up two or three pages of the Journal, but it would save much
vexation of spirit. From another French conchologist I received once H. ververd,
Hi. lauta, H. tussiana, H. aventonensis, H. kalona, H. alluvionum, H. chiodicoposis,
Al, cyzicensis, H. arenosa, H. artgot, H. luci, and H. fera—every one of which was
Hi. virgata, varying chiefly in size. —J. W. TlorsLey (ead before the Soctety,
October 13th, 1897).

Paludestrina [Hydrobia] jenkinsi Smith, in Ireland.—While at Ballycastle
last May (1897), Mr. R. Welch, of Belfast, showed me some shells of the above
species which he had taken in 1893, and also with Capt. Farrer in 1896, from my
old hunting ground at the mouth of the Bann. Mr. Welch has ascertained for me
that three firms import Baltic timber at Coleraine and that a considerable amount
was used for the Bann Mouth Extension Works. In 1883-1884 I did a good deal of
collecting in this locality and I fancy I should have remarked the shellif I had come
across it, as it was then an unknown form.—LIONEL E. ADAMS, Stafford (Read
before the Soctety, December 8th, 1897).

OBITUARY NOTICE OF THE LATE REV. WILLIAM TURNER.

(Read before the Society, November 13th, 1897).

THE Rey. William Turner, whose death on 21st September we regret
to have to record, was born in 1826 at Preston, Berwickshire, but his
boyhood was spent in the sea-coast town of Dunbar, where may have
been laid in the active observant mind of the boy the foundation of
that interest in conchology which was awakened and developed in
later years. After a distinguished career at the University of Edin-
burgh, especially in philosophy, Mr. Turner chose the clerical profes-
sion, and settled in a country charge in Aberdeenshire, where he
devoted himself with rare zeal and intensity to the duties of his office,
and to all scholarly study pertaining to his profession ; and bye and
bye was recognized in the north-east of Scotland as one of the fore-
most preachers and ripest scholars in the church; and but for his
retiring disposition and excessive modesty, would doubtless have
been much more widely known.

Mr. Turner was a man of the widest intellectual activity. His
life as a country clergyman, with extended holiday rambles, gave him —
the opportunity of studying botany and kindred subjects, and it was
not in his nature to miss the opportunity; at first he was especially
devoted to botanical science, and his stores of varied and accurate
knowledge were the constant astonishment of his friends.

Comparatively late in life he was attracted by conchology, and
pursued it with the keenest interest, leaving behind him a valuable
museum of shells, especially rich in species from Borneo and South
Africa.

It is, however, right to note that these studies were but his
recreation. Removed from his country charge to Edinburgh some
twenty-five years ago, he retained all his devotion to the work of his
profession, till failing health compelled him two or three years ago to
resign his office. Though strength had been declining for some
years, his final illness lasted only a few days.

—— —- -—_ <)> O > & ——_ —_ -—

British Snails as Human Food.

During a recent visit to Teignmouth, South Devon, I was surprised while wallk-
ing along the sea shore one morning to meet a man occupied in picking up shells,
not with a view to collecting, but merely for edible purposes. He stated that he
often made his breakfast of snails gathered in his morning walk, and suggested that
the excellence of the mollusk had only to become more widely known for it to be
better appreciated and valued as human food.—-PEVER LAwsoN (fead before the
Society, December 8th, 1897).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

264th Meeting, October 13th, 1897.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, Vice-President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

Armature of Helicoid Land-Shells, by G. K. Gude; La Feuille des Jeunes
Naturalistes, nos. 322-324; The Naturalist, nos. 265-267; The Irish. Naturalist,
vol. 6, nos. 8-10; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 45, no. 1; Journal of Mala-
cology, vol. 6, no. 2; Science Gossip, vol. 4, nos. 36-39; Transactions of the
Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 4, nos. 4-16; On the Genus Rerondia
Gabb, by T. W. Stanton; Report of the Manchester Museum, 1896-97 ; Notes
from Manchester Museum, nos. 1-4; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum,
IIIO, IIIT, 1120; Bullettino della societa malacologica Italiana, vol. 20; Smith-
sonian Report, U.S. National Museum, 1893 and 1894; Journal and Proceedings
of the Hamilton Association, no. 13, 1896-97; Records of the Australian Museum,
vol. 3, no. 2; Geological Survey of Canada, Annual Report, 1895, vol. 8;
Emleklapok, no. 29, Vandorgytilese Alkalmabol, by A. Pechany ; Journal and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 30, 1896 ; Memoirs
and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 41,
part 4; Transactions and Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science,
vol. 2, part 5, 1896-97 ; Paludestrina jenkinst Smith, by L. E. Adams; Australian
Museum Report, 1896; Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca (Brit. Mus.), part I,
Australasia, by G. F. Harris ; Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda (Brit. Mus.),
part 3, by A. H. Foord and G. C. Crick.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted,

By Mr. A. G, Stubbs: A further instalment of choice specimens of land and
freshwater shells from Tenby.

New Members Elected :
Mrs. Agnes Fleming Kenyon, F.R.S. Tasmania, Ass. Mem. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
291, Highett Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria.
Miss Mary Lodder, Lonah, Ulverstone, Tasmania.
Mr. Henry Clifden Burnup, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
Mr. D. D. Baldwin, M.A., Haiku, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
Rev. Amos Kendig, D.D., 86, Vernon St., Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Messrs. Owen G. Evan-Thomas ; Herbert Bolton, F.R.S.E. ; John Farquhar ;
Eugene John Tulk-Hart ; Wm. Lewis May; Philippe Dautzenberg ; Chas. Edw.
Beddome: Rev. Geo. W. Taylor ; Dr. C. C. Claremont.

Member Deceased.
Rev. W. Turner.
Papers Read.

“The Marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate Neighbourhood,” by
J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen.

“Note on some French Shell-Names,” by Rev. J. W. Horsley.

Exhibits.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: Series of land shells from the Tenby district, including
Helix pisana (type and five semi-scalariform specimens); A. ve7-gata (eight mon-
strosities); A. zfa/a and vars. Jlentiginosa, minor, alba, and leucozona; and a

beautiful series of C. elegans var. fasctata and ochroleuca from wnderneath privet
bushes in the Jubilee Gardens, Tenby.

18 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

By Rev. J. W. Horsley: A remarkable series of He/ix aspersa from a hedge
near Dover, showing, apparently, interbreeding between var. grisea and var. zonata.

By Mr. Thomas Edwards: Mytzlus edulis var. imcurva, and some curiously
deformed examples from Birchington, Kent; Venus gallina, Tapes pullastra,
Tellina crassa, Saxicava rugosa, Nassa reticulata, and Crepidula fornicata (prob-
ably introduced with American oysters), all from Grimsby ; Buccinum undatum
monst. acumznatum from the Kentish coast, also var. zetlandica dredged off Shet-
land; and H. nemoralis var. rubella 00000 with a broad white peripheral band,
taken within the borough of Leicester.

By Mr. J. C. Melvill: Hemdpecten forbesianus, dredged by Captain Tyndall,
in 40 fathoms, off the Laccadive Islands.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Helix nemoralis, H. pygmaea, H. aculeata, H. hispida
var. hespidosa, Succinea elegans, Hyalinia pura var. nitidosa, and Hy. radiatula,
from Riversvale; Ayalinia-nitidula and Claustlia rolphé from Bostal Wood.

By the Manchester Museum: The new species and general collection of
Madras Mollusca dealt with in Messrs. Melvill and Standen’s paper.

265th (Annual) Meeting, Saturday, November 13th, 1897.
Prof. S. J. Hickson, F.R.S. (President), in the chair.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. E. Collier and L. St. George Byne were appointed scrutineers.

Annual Reports and Balance Sheet.

The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 20), the Report of the London
Branch (see p. 23), and the Treasurer’s Statement (see p. 22) were presented and
adopted.

Election of Office Bearers.

The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council nominated by the Coun-
cil had been elected with scarcely a dissentient vote.

For PRESIDENT :

Mr. JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

For VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Mr. R. D. DaRBISHIRE,
Mr. J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.;
Prof. SyDNEY J. Hickson, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S. ;
Mr. EpGar A. SmirH, F.Z.S.
For HON. TREASURER:
Mr. LIONEL E. ApaAms, B.A.

For Hon. SECRETARY and LIBRARIAN:

Mr. W. E. Hovis, M.A., F.R.S.E.

For Hon. CURATOR:

Mr. ROBERT STANDEN.
For Hon. RECORDER:
Mr. THOMAS ROGERS.
For the COUNCIL:
Mr. EDWARD COLLIER ;
Mr. J. T. MARSHALL ;
Mr. P. B. MAson, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S. 5
Mr. WILLIAM Moss, F.C.A. ;
Mr. R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D. ;
Mr. EB. C. STUMP.

PROCEEDINGS: NOY. 13, 1897. 19

New Members Elected.

Mr. Owen G. Evan Thomas, Gnoll, Neath, Glamorganshire.
Mr. Herbert Bolton, F.R.S.E., 94, Dickenson Road, Rusholme, Manchester.
Dr. C. C. Claremont, Millbrook House, Hampstead Road, London.
Mr. John Farquhar, 3, Rose Terr., African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
Mr. Eugene John Tulk Hart, M.D., Durh., M.R.C.S., 4, Gloucester Place,
Brighton.
Mr. William Lewis May, F.R.S. Tasmania, Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania.
M. Philippe Dautzenberg, 213, Rue de l Université, Paris.
Mr. C. E. Beddome, Hillgrove, near Hobart, Tasmania.

Rev. G. W. Taylor, F.R.S. Canada, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Gabriola Island, Nanaimo,
British Columbia.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Miss Maria Glover, Dr. John Bingham Fitzsimons.

Resignation of Members.
Mrs. B. J. Falloon, Mr. P. J. Rufford.

Place of Meeting.

On the invitation of the newly-elected President, Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, it
was resolved that the next Annual Meeting be held at Stafford in the month of
October.

The Presidential Address
was then delivered by the retiring President, Prof. S. J. Hickson, who-took for his
subject ‘‘ Torsion in the Mollusca” (see p. 9).

A vote of thanks to the President for his services during the year and for his
address was proposed by Mr. Masefield, seconded by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, and
carried unanimously.

The meeting then adjourned to view the exhibits which had been displayed in
another room.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire : Two series of shells illustrating sinistration, namely:
A fine suite of the formerly normal Fuss contrarius from the Coralline Crag at
Orford and the Red Crag atWoodbridge, and of the now so-called reversed monstrosity
of Fusus antiguus from the mouth of the Thames; also some of Mr. McAndrews’
original specimens of / contrartus Linn. (also Weinkauff) from Vigo Bay. In Pul-
monifera: a good series of He/ix pomatza, showing both the helical and sinistral
varieties, and similar series of H. nemoralis and H. pisana. Two large specimens
of Pholas costata received by Mr. Sowerby from the S. W. Coast of Florida.

By Dr. G. W. Chaster: Certain of the rarer and more interesting minutiora
from British and other seas, including recent additions to the British fauna,
Neolepton obliquatum Mtros., Adeorbis unisulcatus Ch., newly-described Pyrami-
dellidze from the Azores ; and rare Mediterranean Pyramidellidze, Ceecide, etc.

By Dr. R. F. Scharff: Helzx nemoralis (form major), Aran Islands, co. Galway;
fl. nemoralis (form minor), Derrynane, co. Kerry; 7. fusca, Devil’s Glen, co.
Wicklow; A. hortenscs (form minor), Ems, Germany; A. arbustorum var.
alpicola, Mirren, Switzerland ; Szecznea virescens Mor., Castletown-Berehaven,
co. Cork; Balea perversa var. luctfuga, Castletown-Berehaven, co. Cork; Planorbis
corneus, Monastereven, co. Meath ; Werctina fluviatilis, Lough Derryvaragh,
co. Westmeath.

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: A new species of Afiilleria, described Nov. 12th,
1897, by Mr. E. A. Smith, collected by Mr. Daly in fresh water ghauts, Mysore,
India (the only other species, 47. /obata, is South American) ; also 36 species of

20 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

marine shells from the Indian Ocean, dredged by Mr. Townsend, Captain Shopland,
and Mr. G. H. Booley—all new and shortly to be described.

By Mr. R. Standen: Ten specimens of Buccinum undatum monst. sinistrorsum,
dredged off Isle of Thanet, Kent, in 20—50 fathoms (ex coll. T. Edwards) ; also
Aporrhats pes-pelecani, varieties and locality series from Isle of Man, Teignmouth,
Brora, Loch Fyne, Rothesay, Larne, etc.; A. mac-andree from Shetland; A.
senegalensis ; and A. occidentalis from Labrador.

By Mr. Thos. Rogers: A series of Helix virgata and its varieties, collected in
Britain, contrasted with a similar set of forms collected in France, to which spe-
cific names have been assigned by French conchologists.

By Mr. Edward Collier: A collection of Cochlostyla, 140 species, including
C. connectens, C. dactylus, C. evanescens, C. fuliginata, and C. versicolor, received
by him from Dr. von Mollendorf.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A drawer of the British Zeredines and Xylophagez, with
examples of their borings in oak, spruce, mahogany and other timber.

By Mr. T. Bird Hall: Remarkably fine Cyfrea scottz, C. decipiens, and Harpa
conotdalis.

By Mr. Fred. Taylor: A fine series of land and freshwater mollusca from the
Ashton-under-Lyne district.

By Mr. C. E. Wright: A beautiful and extensive series of Helix memoralis and
Hf. hortensis, including a sinistral example of the latter, and choice varieties of both
species, all from the neighbourhood of Kettering.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Many choice varieties of the genus Cyfrea.

By Mr. Wm. Blake: ONG vulgata covered with a remarkable parasitic
growth of the young ‘‘ cups”’ of a large alga, Azmanthalia lorea.

From the Society’s Cabinet: A number of drawers of land and freshwater
‘shells, and the fine series of Tenby land shells presented by Mr. A. G. Stubbs.

By the Manchester Museum: Eight drawers of recent additions to the Museum
collections, namely, very full and illustrative sets of Glandina, Streptostyla,
Streptaxis, LEnnea, Sagda, Cochlostyla, several sections of Melix, Terebra,
tare Pelecypoda from China and Japan, a choice set of exotic Brachiopoda, a collec-
tion of marine shells from Lively Island, Falklands, a series of the section Cylinder
of Conus, and the seven new species described in Messrs. Melvill and Standen's
paper on ‘‘ Madras Mollusca” (see p. 30).

ANNUAL REPORT, 1896—97.

IN handing in the second Annual Report since the removal of the Society’s head-
quarters to Manchester, itis pleasant to be able to record a year of sustained
activity inall departments of the Society’s work.

The Annual Meeting has been unavoidably postponed to a later date than last
year and the report therefore extends over a period of 14 months and covers II
monthly meetings.

In April last a letter was drawn up by the President and Sacre aay and circu-
lated among suitable persons inviting them to join the Conchological Society; partly,
at all events, as a result of this letter, thirty-one new members have been elected
since the last annual meeting. Against this increase must be set the loss of five
members by death and eight by resignation, while no less than seven have been
struck off the list for non-payment of their subscriptions, showing a net gain of eleven.
There are now on the list 10 honorary members and 233 ordinary members, of whom
92 are resident abroad, making a total of 243.

PROCEEDINGS: NOV. 13, 1897. 21

The five members of the Society whose decease we announce with great regret
are David Robertson, LL.D., the veteran naturalist of Cumbre, of whom a brief
memoir has already appeared in the Journal, the gifted Lancashire authoress,
Mrs. G. Linnzeus Banks, the Rev. C. Crawshaw, Mr. F. Hepburn, and the Rev.
William Turner, of whose career a brief account will be found elsewhere (see p. 16).

The average attendance at the meetings has been quite equal to the usual
standard and the exhibits provided by members have by no means decreased in
number or fallen off in interest and variety.

At the meeting of the Society on March roth, 1897, the Council resolved that
during the vacation meetings be omitted. On the 14th April it was further resolved
that the hour of 6-30 having proved inconvenient for members’ attendance, the
meetings should henceforth open at 7 o’clock.

A large number of papers have been read in the course of the year, most of
which have already been published in the Journal. The following is a list of these
communications :—

Rev. J. W. Horsley: ‘“ The Mollusca of Plumstead Marshes.”

R. Standen and J. R. Hardy : ‘‘ Notes on the land shells of Ballycastle district,
co. Antrim, Ireland.

G. W. Chaster : ‘‘ Notes on some shells dredged off Rathlin Island and Ballycastle,
co. Antrim, Ireland.”

W. E. Hoyle: ‘‘ Obituary notice of the late David Robertson, LL. D.”

J. T. Marshall: ‘‘ The Marine shells of Scilly.”

E. Collier : ‘‘ Shells collected at Corbeyrier, S. Aigle, Rhone Valley, Switzerland,
in September, 1896.”

G. W. Chaster : ‘‘ Note on Sczvtzlla eddystonta Marshall.”

C. E. Wright: ‘‘ Note ona colony of Cecz/iotdes actcula Miill. in Northamptonshire.”

W. Moss: ‘“‘ Preliminary note on the genitalia of MHyalinta (Zonitoides), nitida
Miill. and Ayalinza excavata Bean.

J. C. Melvill and R. Standen: ‘‘ Notes on a collection of shells from Lifu and Uvea,
Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with list of
Species” (parts ii. and ii.).

J. Yate Johnson: ‘‘ Description of Hedx watsonz, a new species of land shell
discovered at Madeira, by Senhor J. M. Moniz.”

C. H. Morris: ‘* Helzx aspersa m. stnistrorum at Lewes.”

E. A. Smith: ‘‘ A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad.”

J. T. Marshall: ‘‘ Additions to British Conchology (Part ii. ).”’

C. E. Wright: ‘‘ New form of Helix terrestris Penn.”

J. C. Melvill and R. Standen: ‘‘ The Marine Mollusca of Madras and the imme-
diate Neighbourhood.”

Rev. J. W. Horsley : ‘‘ Note on some French shell names.”

Five numbers of the Journal have been published since the last meeting, con-
taining 218 pages, illustrated by three plates and numerous woodcuts. The current
number of the Journal concludes the eighth volume, the first issued under the manage-
ment of the Society, which is now complete excepting the title page and index now
in the press. It contains 480 pages, 9 plates, and 9g illustrations in the text, a some-
what larger amount of letterpress and a much larger number of figures than any
previous volume. It is satisfactory to report that the Editor has always had in hand
a supply of interesting material awaiting publication; indeed the pressure has been
so great that the Council has resolved upona slight increase in the size of the
printed page, in order to afford more space for the communications of the members,

22 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

Anonymous donations amounting to £17 6s. 6d. have been received by the Editor
towards the expenses of publication of the Journal.

In addition to taking charge of the Society’s collection and incorporating the
accessions therein, the Curator constantly receives consignments of shells which he
is requested to identify for members. He has done a great deal of such work during
the past year, and is always most willing to help his fellow workers so far as his time
permits, but the Council wish it to be distinctly uuderstood that such work is no
part of his duties as an officer of the Society, and that those members who avail
themselves of his services in this direction place themselves under a direct personal
obligation to him.

A donation of 5/- has been received towards the Cabinet Fund, but as there is
no need for further extension in this direction the Council has resolved that this sum
and a few other recent gifts should, subject to the approval of the donors, be
devoted to binding the books in the library, and it is hoped that this may be shortly
carried out.

Hon. Treasurer’s Report.

The year 1896 may be regarded as satisfactory, the amount of members’ sub-
scriptions showing an increase of £6 7s. 6d. on that of the last year. The expenses,
however, have been heavier than usual, owing to the issue of an extra number of the
Journal and the lithographing of several plates, though the latter expense has been
partly defrayed by generous donations.

ByAV AUN, CE So) UE Ee

GENERAL FUND.

Receipts. Le &, Payments. & & ah

Balance from 1895 ... .... 13 16 7 | Cost of Journals (Nos. 2, 4,
‘ Subscriptions received in 1896 49 5 O Bo 5 WOlL With) coo coo 5B UG) ©

One Composition Fee... ... 3 3 ©] Expenses of Editor and
Sale of Journals, reprints, etc. 8 3 7 SISCREIIA? o00 000 000 500 LO UG F
Donations ... ... .-. .-. 817 6 | Expenses of Treasurer Aut @
By Advertisements ... .-.. 2 © O/ Photos, Plates, etc. 5 ws 1@ ©
IRCA Gan a0” oot won (ss BL WO
SHAMIM, 500 000 000 1 © ©
Subscription to Y.N.U. o 2 6
Museum Expenses et tO 2) KG
In hand Bute aye ices. luce NS ae Lm
635 5 8 S38 8 8

CABINET FUND.

Receipts. JE & a Payments. i sade
Balance trom’ 1895 1) 2.) 1) 1d) 355i Expenditure mille.) 448s tO ONO
Wonations ny LS OOK nr.) ais OT Omm Ome sling lo ancl aaa err wmie C oer eke OME
fn Bah oe 8 Sy

LIONEL E. ADAMS, Hon. Treasurer.

Audited and found correct, March 2;th, 1897,

E. C. STUMP,
J. H. KILLINGBECK:

PROCEEDINGS: NOV. 13, 1897. 23

LONDON BRANCH.—Annual Report.

Since the last report 13 meetings of this branch have been held. There
were eight field meetings, viz., at Barnes, Shoreham (Kent), Swanley, Box Hill,
West Drayton, Finchley, and Caterham. At Shoreham, on September 26th, 1896,
the members present enjoyed a ramble over the chalk downs and were afterwards
most hospitably entertained by the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen, who showed them his
collection of shells, which includes a fine British specimen of Heléx pomatia m.
stnistrorsum. The Swanley meeting, May Ist, 1897, was fairly well attended and
some rare varieties of Helix hortensis were collected. On Novy. 6th, 1896, Mr.
William C. Smith invited the Branch to inspect his collection and a pleasant evening
was spent by those present. On December toth, 1896, Mr. S. J. DaCosta most
kindly exhibited part of his very fine collection, which contains several types and
numerous rare species. The series of Az/és and its allies were exceedingly good,
and so were the West Indian He/ices. A beautiful set of Cochlostyla and some
brilliant Amphedromus were much admired. A fine set of Ofzsthostoma was
specially noticeable, some pretty Pteropoda, a number of gorgeous Pectens and
some curious mollusca from Lake Tanganyika. But the time was quite insufficient
for the examination of all Mr. DaCosta’s rarities. At the meeting in April, 1897,
_ the Rev. J. W. Horsley contributed a paper on ‘‘ Helix hortensis and Helix
nemoralts, their varieties and nomenclature,” this has since been published in the
“© Journal of Malacology.” The members of the London Branch desire to cordially
thank those gentlemen who have kindly allowed them to see their collections, and
hope other members willextend the same privilege to them during the winter months.

oth Nov., 1897. J. E. Coorer, Hon. Sec.

266th Meeting, December 8th, 1897.
Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Scottish Naturalist, no. 24; The Nautilus, vol. 11, nos. 1-7; La Feuille des
Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 325, 326; The Naturalist, nos. 268, 269 ; The Irish Natura-
list, vol. 6, nos. II, 12; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 45, no. 2; Variation in
colouration and zonulation in Zachea L., by A. E. Boycott (from the author);
Note on some new or interesting species of shells from British Columbia and the
adjacent region, by W. H. Dall (from the author); Science Gossip, vol. 4, nos.
40-43; Armature of helicoid land-shells, by G. K. Gude( from the author); Abstract
of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, May-Oct., 1897 ;
Natural history of economic mollusks of the United States, by E. Ingersoll and J. A.
Ryder ; Report on the European methods of oyster culture, by Bashford Dean;
Report on the present methods of oyster culture in France, by Bashford Dean ;
The physical and biological characteristics of the natural oyster grounds of South
Carolina, by Bashford Dean (from W. E. Hoyle):

New Members Elected:
Miss Maria Glover, 124, Manchester Road, Southport.

Mr. John Bingham Fitzsimons, M.D., 14, St. Owen Street, Hereford.
Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Mr. John Davy Dean, Mr. Frederick James Partridge, Mr, Arthur S. Poore,

Resignation ;
Mr. Graham Renshaw,

24 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

Papers Read:
““ Observations on the pairing of 7 zmax maximus L.,” by L. E. Adams.

“‘The land and freshwater mollusca of the district between Ashton-under-Lyne
and Oldham,” by F. Taylor.

“ Testacella haliotidea in North Staffordshire,” by J. R. B. Masefield.

<¢ Paludestrina ( Hydrobia) jenkinst Smith,” in Ireland,” by L. E. Adams.
“* Sense of smell in Zzmax maximus L.,” by L. E. Adams.

“¢ British snails as human food,” by Peter Lawson.

Exhibits ;

By Mr. F. Taylor: Land and freshwater shells of the Ashton-under-Lyne dis-
trict, to illustrate his paper.

By Miss Helen Taylor: A set of marine shells from Vancouver, British Columbia.

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: Drawings to illustrate his paper on the pairing of
Limax maximus,

By the Manchester Museum: A collection of 150 species of marine mollusca and
Brachiopoda, from Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, B.C. This collection, which has
recently been presented to the Museum, was made by Mr. Walter Harvey, and con-
tains fine specimens, all dredged, and in excellent condition, of Panopea generosa,
Tresus nuttalli, Spisula falcata, Cerostoma foliata, Chrysodomus tabulatus, Pur--
pura crispata, Volutharpa ampullacea, Tritonium oregonense, &c.

Sense of Smell in Limax maximus.—At Clifton, Derby, Aug. 22nd, 1897,
at 10 p.m., on a dark, rainy and windy night, while out in the garden witha lantern,
I observed a full-grown Lzmax maximus making a “‘bee-line” across the lawn
towards a plate about six feet distant, which contained bones and beans—the remains
of the dog’s dinner. Remembering Mr. J. W. Taylor’s mention of Moquin-Tandon’s
experience (‘‘ Monograph,” p. 299), I watched to see if the slug was actually making
its way purposely towards the plate, and I found this to be the case. When the
animal had reached the plate,-I removed the plate another six feet away, and im-
mediately the slug directed its course straight towards it. When about four feet had
been traversed, I again moved the plate in another direction (making the distance
from slug to plate eight feet), and again the animal changed its course and started
direct for the plate. A third time I moved the plate in another direction to a dis-
tance of eight feet, and again the animal changed its course, with no apparent
hesitation, and glided straight towards the plate. The point to notice is that while
Mogquin-Tandon’s experience was in the day-time, mine was in the dark, showing
that the perception of direction was not due to the sense of sight, and even if it
were possible for these creatures to see in the dark, the grass standing up higher
than the animal for a distance of many feet would preclude this possibility. —
LIONEL E. ADAMS, Stafford. (Read before the Soczety, Dec. 8th, 1897).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE. SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, vol. 20, May 25, 1897.

“T Nauti del lias inferiore di Saltria in Lombardia,” by C. F. PARona [with
plate 1]. ‘‘ Il Chenopus uttingertanus Risso e il Chenopus pes-pelecant L. del plio-
cene italiano,” by P. E. VINAssA DE ReEGNyY [with plate 3]. ‘‘ Sulla Zastonia
rugosa Chemn. (J/actra) ritrovata vivente e fossile nel litorale di Anzio e Nettuno
(Provincia di Roma),” by R. MELI.

Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 7, no. 15, June 1;
no. 16, June 12, 1897.
‘* Relations of the devonian and carboniferous in the Upper Mississippi Valley,”
by CHARLES R. Keyes. ‘‘Critical Notes on the Muricide,” by FRANK COLLINS
BAKER.

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3, no. 2, Aug. 5, 1897.
“* Description of new land shells” [Ppzsoma, Endodonta, Flammulina, Sttalx?|
by C. HEDLEY [with plate 11].

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 21, part 1,
July, 1897.
““The opisthobranchs of the older tertiary of Australia,” by MAURICE Coss-
MANN [with plates 1, 2]. ‘Critical remarks on some Australian mollusca,” by
Prof. RALPH TATE.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 45, no. 1 (dated ‘‘t1er Janvier, 1897,” received

September 20, 1897).

“Etudes comparatives sur la coquille des lamellibranches, 2; les genres Phz/o-
brya et Hochstetleria,” by ¥. BERNARD [with plate 1]. ‘‘ Descriptions d’espéces
nouvelles de mollusques, provenant de PArchipel de la Nouvelle Calédonie,” by
J. Hervier. “Note sur le Cerzthzum (Gourmya) ocirhoe, A. @Orbigny,” by L.
VIGNAL.

Vol. 45, no. 2 (dated ‘‘ter Avril, 1897,” received Nov. 9, 1897).

‘* Descriptions d’especes nouvelles de mollusques, provenant de l’Archipel de la
Nouvelle Calédonie,” by J. HERVIER [with plates 2, 3]. ‘‘ Unionidz nouveaux ou
peu connus”’ [5 nn. spp.], by H. Drover. ‘‘ Descriptions de coquilles fossiles des
terrains tertiaires supérieurs (suite),” by C. MAYER-EYMAR [with plate 5].

Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sclences, vol. 6, 1889-97.
‘*A shell gorget from Mexico,” by FREDERICK STARR [cuts].

Notes from the Manchester Museum, no. 4, 1897.
‘* Descriptions of new species of Brachiopoda and Mollusca from the millstone
grit and lower coal measures of Lancashire,” by HERBERT BOLTON [with plate].

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 6, no. 2, July, 1897 (issued Aug. 14, 1897).

‘Notes on Helix nemoralis Linné and Helix hortensis Miiller,” by the Rev.
J. W. Horstry. ‘‘ Note on the C/auszlie recorded from Celebes, with descriptions
of two new species,” by E. R. SyKEs [2 nn. spp. figured]. ‘‘ The British species
of Zestacelle” (cont.), by W. M. WEBB. “‘ Description of a new species of land
shell [Ladbyrinthus assimilans] from Columbia,” by E. A. Sm1TH. ‘‘On the specific
name of Helicella ericetorum Miiller,” by E. A. SMITH [Reply to A. S. KENNARD
in previous number].

26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, nos. 1110, 1111, 1120.

“‘ Descriptions of tertiary fossils from the Antillean region,” by R. J. LECHMERE
Guppy and W. H. Dat. “ Report on the mollusks collected by the International
Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico, 1892-94,” by W. H. Datt.
“‘Cambrian Brachiopoda: genera Jphzdea and Yorkza, with descriptions of new
species of each, and of the genus Acrithele,” by C. D. WALCOTT.

Armature of Helicoid Land-shells, by G. K. GUDE[jvom the author, reprinted
from ‘‘ Science Gossip ”’].

Science Gossip, n.s., vol. 4, nos. 36-43, May-Dec., 1897.

‘“The odontophores of mollusca,” by E. W. WAKE BowELt [figures of Aya-
linia, 4 spp., and teeth of others]. ‘‘ Rontgen Ray Pictures of Shells.” ‘Foreign
varieties of British land and freshwater mollusca,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL.
“‘Colouration and zonulation in Zachea,” by A. E. Boycorr. ‘‘ Colouration and
variation of British extra-marine mollusca,” by A. E. Boycorr.

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 6, nos. 7-12, July-Dec., 1897.

‘‘Tand and freshwater mollusca of the Ballycastle district,” by L. E. ADAms.
“Notes on the marine mollusca of Rathlin Island,” [7urbonilla pusilla, Pyrgos-
telis interrupta, Liostomia clavula, Pulsellum lofotensz, Neolepton obliquatum] by
G. W. CuHasrer. ‘‘ Land and freshwater mollusca from co. Westmeath,” by
G. P. Farran [@. arbustorum new to district]. ‘* Paludestrina (Hydrobia)
jenkinst Smith, a new Irish shell,” by L. E. Abams. ‘‘ Hyalinta excavata in co.
Fermanagh,” by R. F. ScHarrr. ‘“‘ The Portrush raised beach,” by S. A. —
Srewarr [several land and freshwater species recorded]. ‘‘ Land and freshwater
species from Great Killary and Westport,” by R. WELCH. ‘Notes on an expedi-
tion to Rockall,” by R. LLoyD PRAEGER. ‘“‘ He/ix ericetorum Mill. reversed,” by

B. TOMLIN.

‘ La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, vol. 27, ser. 3, nos. 322-326, 1897.

“Note sur quelques coquilles de Cerithiidze de Peocéne parisien,” by L. VIGNAL.
“* Liste des mollusques testacés terrestres et des crustacés isopodes, recueillis aux
environs de Prattelo (Jura Balois),” by A. DOLLFUs.

Variation in Colouration and Zonulation in 7achea, especially 7. xemoralis L.,
by A. E. Boycorr (extract ‘“‘Hereford Times,” Sept. 4th, 1897).

Natural History Society of British Columbia, Bull. no. 2, article 1, 1897.
““ Notice of some new or interesting species of shells from British Columbia and
the adjacent region,” by W. H. DALt [2 plates, 19 nn. spp.]

The Nautilus, vol. 11, nos. 1-7, May-Nov., 1897.

[Space forbids our indicating more than the contents of the last three numbers,
which are:] SEPTEMBER—‘“‘Bolinas, California: the conchologist’s paradise,” by
W. M. Woop [with list of species]. ‘‘ Note on a Californian Hex” [ Epiphrag-
mophora californiensis var. contracoste], by H. A. PitsBpry. ‘‘ New Unios”’ [U.
buxtont, U. suttont|, by B. H. Wricur. ‘‘ Purpura lapillus,” by Mrs. J. D.
WeENTWoRTH. OcroBER—‘‘ New land-shells from Mexico and New Mexico,”
by W.H. Dati. ‘‘ On two new species of Amphidromus,” by C. F. ANCEY. “‘ New
speciesof tertiary mollusca from Vancouver Is.,” by J.C. MERRIAN. NOVEMBER—
‘« New species of Mexican land-shells,” by W. H. DALL. ‘“‘ Description of a new
variety of land-shell from Idaho,” by H. Hrmpuiti. “Notes on slugs,” by
T. D. A. CocKERELL. ‘‘A classified catalogue of American land-shells, with
localities” (cont.), by H. A. PILSBRY.

Journal and Proceedings of the Hamilton Association, no. 13, 1896-97.
“Notes on some recent additions to Ontario palzontology, ” by C. C. GRANT,

27
ON SOME LAND SHELLS FROM TRINIDAD.

By EDGAR A. SMITH.

(Read before the Society, July 14th, 1897.)

Since the publication in this Journal’? of ‘‘A List of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad,” a few additional species have kindly
been brought to my notice by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, who obtained them
during a recent visit to the island, in conjunction with Mr. Lunt, of
the Botanical Gardens at Port of Spain. ‘They are as follows :—

I. Vitrea lunti, n. sp. (figs. 1, 2).

Testa minuta, discoidea, aperte umbtilicata, tenuis, pellucida; spira
paulo elata, ad apicem obtusa; anfractus 44 convext, sutura profunda
sejunctt, strits spiralibus aliisque transversts microscopice cancellatt;
apertura obligua, lunata ; peristoma tenue, margine columellart haud
reflexo. Diam. maj. 1k mm., alt. 3.

Chiefly characterized by the convex whorls, deep suture, open
umbilicus and microscopic cancellation of the surface.

2. Sophina trinitaria, n. sp. (figs. 3, 4).

Testa minuta, anguste perforata, orbicularis, supra obtuse conoidea,
vitrea, tenuis, pellucida, polita ; anfractus 44 convextuscult, lente accres-
centes, infra suturam zona hyalina leviter concava marginati, linets
incrementi tenuissimis sculpt; ultimus infra in medio tmpressus, in
umbtlico angustissimo carina acuta, intrante usque ad columellam
continua, instructus; apertura oblique lunata,; pertstoma tenue, margine
columellarit anguste reflexo. Diam. maj. 24 mm., alt. 1h,

At once distinguished from all the other similar species from
Trinidad by the keel within the umbilical perforation. This is a third
instance of the occurrence of Indian forms in Trinidad, the others
being Ennea bicolor and Diplommatina occidentalis, The question
arises—Are all three importations ?

(x) Vol. 8, pp. 231-—251,

28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

3. Guppya hallucinata, n. sp. (fig. 7).

Testa angustissime perforata, conoidea, ad apicem obtusa, corneofSusces-
cens, nitida ; anfractus 5 convext, sutura profunda sejunctt, linets incre-
mentt confertis microscopicts striatt, lente accrescentes; ultimus postice ad
peripheriam leviter angulatus, subtus concentrice tenuiter striatus ;
apertura oblique lunata ; peristoma tenue, margine columellari superne
leviter reflexo. Diam. maj. 3 mm., alt. 3.

Very like G. semen-lint, but rather more elevated in the spire and
with the upper surface of the whorls merely microscopically striated
with lines of growth and not cancellated. The body-whorl also is less
sharply keeled.

Luntia, n. g.

Testa elongata, gracilis, imperforata, columella tortuosa, antice oblique
truncata, callo reflexo tnduta, labro superne prope suturam conspicue
sinuato, infra sinum leviter tncrassato.

This genus of Stenogyridz is allied to Swdbulina, but is dis-
tinguished by the sinus at the upper part of the labrum. The following
is the only species at present known.

4. Luntia insignis, n. sp. (fig. 8).

Testa parva, elongata, gracilis, tmperforata, alba, ad apicem mam-
millata; anfractus 7, supremt duo magni, leves, cetert convext, costellis
tenuibus arcuatis inferne plus minus desinentibus, supra, ad suturam
productis, instructi; apertura parva, tnverse auriformis ; columella
arcuata, inferne torta, oblique truncata, callo albo crasstusculo, superne
labro juncto, induta ; labrum in medio prominens, supra valde sinuatum,
infra sinum leviter incrassatum. Longit. 54 mm., diam. 14; apertura
tt longa, 1 lata.

The slender costee, being produced above, give the suture a crenu-
lated appearance, and below, as a rule, they do not extend quite
across the whorls. The columellar callus is very thick, the upper part
almost forming a tubercle.

5. Opeas subula (Pfeiffer).

Bulimus subula, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., vol. 2, p. 158; Reeve, Conch.
Icon., pl. lxix., fig. 494.

Opeas subula, Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. America,
part.i., p. 230, fig. 392; Smith, P. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 1, p. 317;
Crosse and Fischer, J. Conchyl., 1863, p. 361, pl. xiv., fig. 6.

Has. : Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Antigua, Grenada, Barbados,
Florida, Mexico, Venezuela, Fernando Noronha, Borneo, Cochin
China, etc. : Trinidad (coll. Ponsonby).

6. Opeas goodalli (Miller).

Bulimus goodalli, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., vol. 2, p. 159; Reeve,
Conch. Icon., fig. 621 ; Gray, Turton’s Man, Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1840, pl. vi., fig. 61,

SMITH : ON SOME LAND SHELLS FROM TRINIDAD. 29

Has.: Cuba, Jamaica, St. Thomas, St. Vincent and some other
islands; also Brazil, Fernando Noronha, Venezuela, Colombia,
Bolivia: Trinidad (coll. Ponsonby).

7. Succinea pusilla, Pfeiffer.

Succinea pusilla, Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, p. 53, pl. v., figs. 27-29;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., vol. 18, fig. 35 (enlarged).

Has.: Ceara, S. America; Guayaquil; Union Island, Grenadines;
Trinidad (coll. Ponsonby and Brit. Mus.).

8. Veronicella sp?
Cockerell, Journ. Malacol, vol. 6, p. 5.
Has.: Caparo, Trinidad (Mr. Urich). Supposed to bea new species.

g. Auricula pellucens, Menke.

Auricula pellucens, Menke, Synopsis, p. 72; Kiister, Conch. Cab.,
AVUMCMURCEEL, JO. 5 DL Me, wey WO, wae (Crosse, Io (Concail, iste,
p. 49; Pfeiffer, Mon. Auric., p. 137 (partim).

Autonoe riparia, Guppy, Proc. Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, 1868, p. 244,
- (S72 0, GAs Aiwa, own, Cowen... v7, VOL O10; AO, joL 14, ie I F
Conch vola7, —: 220, 1894.

This species was omitted by Mr. Guppy from his latest list of the
land and freshwater mollusca of Trinidad, because, having obtained
only a single specimen, he appears to have regarded it as an accidental
introduction. As it has again been discovered by Mr. Lunt, until
proved to the contrary, it should be regarded as belonging to the
indigenous fauna. None of the four specimens sent by Mr. Lunt,
nor that described by Mr. Guppy, are as large as Menke’s type from
Demerara. ‘The shell is very thin, glossy, and sculptured with only
fine curved strize of growth, which distinguish it from the adult form
of A. tornatelliformis and some other allied species from the old world,
which are characterized by a very fine granular surface. I have
never seen the young of these species which are possibly smooth, like
the Trinidad specimens, all of which, on account of the thinness of
the outer lip, have an immature look.

APPENDIX.

The young shell of Stveptaxis deformis'*) is so unlike the adult
that it seems advisable to call attention to the fact by giving a figure
of it. At this age it might easily be mistaken for a species of Vitrea.
The specimen figured (fig. 5, 6) consists of 44 whorls and is 4 mm.
in diameter.

—_$-9-—__-—.

(2) No, 27 in list, J. Conch., vol. 8, p. 244.

30
THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS AND THE
IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOURHOOD.

By J. COSMO MELVILL anp R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, Oct. 13th, 1897.)

A FEw years ago Professor J. R. Henderson, of the Christian College,
Madras, handed over the mollusca obtained during two or three
dredging expeditions, in the neighbourhood of that city, to the Man-
chester Museum for investigation.

Want of time and pressure of other matters have, till now, prevented
our accomplishing this, but we now have the pleasure of detailing the
results of our examination of this very interesting collection.

As might be expected, the fauna is typically Indian, a few species
showing considerable extension of range southwards, which have
been till now mainly considered inhabitants of the North Indian
Ocean or the Arabian Sea.

So far as we can make out, but few collections of marine shells from
Madras have been formed, still fewer catalogued. That published of
the contents of the Madras Museum embraces specimens from other
localities as well, so that we believe the present is the first endeavour
to collate such a list.

There is a large assemblage of dredged material in the British
Museum, mainly collected by Mr. Edgar Thurston, Superintendent of
the Madras Museum, but this has not yet been investigated.

These facts render the accompanying enumeration of greater in-
terest than a mere list of names usually possesses.

We have thought it worth while+to add to each species a note re-
garding its geographical distribution, and, we may remark, it is
astonishing to find how very widely distributed many species are, ¢.g.,
Strombus floridus, S. gibberulus, Nerita polita, etc. ‘The majority of
the mollusca named come from Madras and its immediately neigh-
bouring shores, but a few were dredged in the Pamban Passage, between
Port Lorne, S.E. India, and Rameswaram Island, N.W. Ceylon.

We take this opportunity of expressing our acknowledgements to
Prof. Henderson for the opportunity of examining such rich and well-
collected material, and we are also much indebted to Mr. Edgar A.
Smith, F.Z.S., for having personally aided us in the comparison and
differentiation of some obscure species; and, whilst we have left, as
still doubtful, several of these, we have ventured to describe seven
as new in the present paper.

The total number now catalogued comes just short of 400 species,
and is therefore slightly in excess of those enumerated, three years
ago, as natives of Bombay by Mr. Alexander Abercrombie and one of

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 31

the present authors.'1) We should be inclined to estimate the probable
total of both Madras and Bombay marine mollusca, severally, as about
the same, say, 700 species or so. Both localities possess many
points in common.

An asterisk (*) is appended to all those forms which are included in
the Bombay catalogue just alluded to.

(I). DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

Cerithium carnaticum n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 1).

C. testa attenuato-fustformt, solida, sordide ochracea, interdum
castaneo-variegata; anfractibus novem, inegualiter varicosts, ad suturas
superficialiter canaliculatis, longitudinaliter trregulariter costatts ; costis
rudibus, undigue transversim ruat-liratts ; gunctura costarum lirar-
umgue sepe gemmulatis; apertura ovata, labro extus effuso, paullum
incrassato ; canali brevt. Long. 13, lat. 5 mm., sp. may.

It is curious that this Cerithium has not been described ere this,
for unnamed examples exist in the British Museum. Its affinities
would appear centred near C. adenense Sow. (which, however, is
much larger) and its allies.

It is a rudely-sculptured species, solid, nine-whorled, attenuate, so
impressed at the sutures as to appear channelled ; the unequal varices
and the irregular longitudinal ribs are crossed by thick lire, and at
the junction of these shining papille occur. Mouth ovate, outer lip
effuse, a little thickened, canal short.

Colina selecta n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 2).

C. testa fusiformi, cylindrica, attenuata, solidiuscula, cinereo-brunnea ;
anfractibus undecim, apud suturas paullum impressis, undique transversim
arcle sulculosis , sulcts tmpresso-punctatis , ultimo anfractu producto ;
apertura rotunda, labro exteriore effuso, incrassato, intus castaneo-
lineato. Long. 15, lat. 4 mm.

Allied to C. pimguis A. Ad., the typical form of which is from the
Cape, while varieties occur in various tropical regions, e.g., Lifu and
the Paumotu Is. Our species resembles more C. tentatum Sow., but
is not so pupiform in shape, nor is it noduled transversely. After exa-
mination of all forms of C. pémguis and allies, we have come to the
conclusion that this is distinct from any. It is an elegant shell, and of
marked peculiarity in appearance.

Rissoina (Morchiella) thaumasia n. sp. (Pl. L,, fig. 3).

LR. testa fustformi, versus apicem attenuata, solida, ochraceo-alba ;
anfractibus novem, turritis, apud suturas paullum canaliculatis, septem
superioribus profunde decussatis,; costis longitudinalibus prominentibus,
interstitis quast-punctatis, anfractu penultimo et ultimo distincte trans-
versim acutiliratis; costis longitudinalibus fere evanidis; apertura
obliqua ; labro extertore multum incrassate. Long. 5, lat. 1:50 mm.

1 Mem. Manchester Soc., ser. 4, vol. 7, p. 17-51, 1893.

32 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1898.

A beautifully sculptured A7ssozina, allied, of course, to 2. antont
Schwag., 2. spirata Sow., etc., but differing from all in the decussate
and strongly longitudinally ribbed sculpture of the seven upper, and in
the acutely carinate transverse liree of the two last whorls. The mouth
is oblique, outer lip extremely thickened. There is one specimen in
this collection and three, precisely similar, unnamed in the British
Museum, also from Madras (coll. Thurston). @avpdovos, wonderful.

Syrnola maderaspatana n. sp. (Pl. L, fig. 4).

S. testa fusiform, versus apicem multum attenuata, perlevi ; anfrac-
tibus quatuordecim, apicali incluso, vitreo, pellucido, ceteris ad suturas
canaliculatis, pallidissime ochraceo-vinctis, apud suturas utringue pellu-
cide albo-ligatis ; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam sub lente ochracea
linea succincto ; apertura oblonga ; labro recto, marginem apud colum-
ellarem paullum reflexo, uniplicato. Long. 10, lat. 2°50 mm.

An interesting shell, which at first gave difficulty as to precise loca-
tion. Had no plait been present, we should have deemed it a
Eulimella; it is nearer in facies to an Odeliscus than a Syrno/a, but its
distinct columellar plait places it in the latter genus. At first we
compared it with Odeliscus turritus Ad., but the mouth processes are
altogether different. The apex is in very perfect condition, and shows
a translucent bulbosity.

Turbonilla coromandelica n. sp. (Pl. L, fig. 5).

T. testa pergracili, multum attenuata, albida, pellucida, delicatula ;
apice heterostropho vitreo; anfractibus quindecim, ventricosulis, un-
digue longitudinaliter arcte recticostatis , interstitiis levibus, nitidis ;
apertura trapezotde ; labro extus tenut, simplice, columellarem apud
marginem paullum refiexo. Long. 7, lat. 1°50 mm.

Many examples of an exceedingly graceful, attenuate, shining-white
Turbonilla, which does not correspond with any example in the
British Museum collections, nor have we seen it described or figured
in any monograph. It does not approach any species nearly that we
are cognizant of, the whorls being fifteen in number, delicate, pellucid,
ventricosely tumid, shining, closely longitudinally straightly ribbed,
the interstices being quite smooth, mouth unequally square, outer lip
thin, simple, and slightly reflexed at the columellar margin.

Cadulus anguidens n. sp. (PI. L., fig. 6).

C. testa paullum arcuata, apud apicem attenuata, pellucide albida ;
apertura rotundo-ovata, margine obliquo ; apertura posteriore parvo,
rotundo, simplict, teuut. Long. 8, diam. oris 1, apicalis 0°50 mm.

A graceful attenuate slightly arcuate Cadu/us, gradually increasing
in diameter till the oblique aperture is reached. The shell is sub-
pellucid, white, quite smooth, posterior or apical orifice minute,
simple, round, thin, the mouth being roundly-ovate, with very oblique
margin. Two specimens, differing from any in the National collection.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS, 33

Sanguinolaria hendersoni n. sp. (Pl. I., fig. 7).

S. testa tenut, Jere levi, subnitida, obscure concentrice tnequaliter
striata ; valots postice et antice paullulum hiulets ; margine postico
subtrapezoide, paullum producto ; antico prolongato, rotundaty, ventrali
rectiusculo ; dorsalt leniter utrinque declivi ; umbonibus levibus, rosets,
cetera superficie pallide rosea. Long. 23, lat. 35 mm.

A beautiful addition to a circumscribed genus. To no known
species does it nearly assimilate, save in colour, coming perhaps
nearest to the West Indian S. sanguinolenta Gm., which, however,
is far more produced and gaping posteriorly. The type, from Mr.
Henderson’s collection, is of the dimensions given above, but three
other specimens, smaller but quite perfect (long. 20, lat. 32 mm.)
exist in J. C. Melvill’s collection, which were obtained at a sale at
Stevens’ auction rooms, in Dec., 1866, without label of Iccality. We
have much pleasure in naming this species after its discoverer.

(II.) GENERAL CATALOGUE.

We have carefully compared the following list with that’ compiled
by Mr. Edgar Thurston, C.M.Z.S., Superintendent of the Madras
Government Museum, when investigating the Zoology of Ramésvaram
Island, and the Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon, and find 106 species in
common. Probably the very few of Mr. J. R. Henderson’s Mollusca
collected at Pamban, were obtained about the same time as Mr.
Thurston’s ; the majority gathered 250 miles further north show on
the whole a great dissimilarity.

Mr. Thurston’s catalogue enumerates about 425 Marine Mollusca,
inclusive of a few brackish water or fluviatile forms, such as
Tympanotonos, Potamides, and Melanie, from Pamban and Tuticorin,
which we have not mentioned though they occurred in Mr,
Henderson’s gatherings. Like ourselves, he has not attempted
differentiation of the Chitonidz. Our two species, both small and
insignificant, are probably new, for as Mr. E. R. Sykes informs us, no
Chitonidze are yet recorded from Madras.

Amongst Mr. Thurston’s more interesting records we note Conus
longurionis Kien., which has lately occurred on the Malabar Coast
(Townsend), C. geplum Chemn., from Muttuwartu; JZitra zebuensis
Ry., from the same place, this being one of the finest of the genus,
also AZ. acupicta Rv., Cyprea lentiginosa L. (also found along the whole
W. Coast of Hindustan) Perocera scorpio L., Ovulum formosum Ad.
Ry., and others. We should hope’that many of these will ultimately
be found to reach the vicinity of Madras.

That portion of Mr. Thurston’s preface which gives a glimpse of
the appearance of the Madras coasts, is interesting, and well worth

1 Bull. Mys. Madras, No. 3, 1895.
©

34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

quoting here. He says (/¢. p. 79) :—‘‘ A casual observer walking
along the sandy, surf-beaten beach at Madras, will probably find
nothing to attract his attention excepting a number of coarse shells
destined for the manufacture of chundm (lime), an occasional
flattened jelly-fish, and swift-footed crabs (Ocypoda), which on the
approach of man, scamper away, and disappear like rabbits into their
burrows. But if the same observer walks along the shore at Pamban,
he cannot help noticing that it is strewn with broken fragments of
dead coral, among which branches of madrepore are most conspicuous ;
and sponges washed on shore by a recent tide, or dried up above
water mark. And if he trusts himself upon the slimy blocks of coral
which are exposed at low tide, and turns them over so as to display
their under-surface, he will find there a wealth of marine life, crabs,
boring anemones, annelides, shell-fish, trepangs, (béches-de-mer), and
bright-coloured encrusting sponges. And the Madras beach may,
allowing for differences of species, be taken as fairly representative
of the coast of the Presidency, with the exception of the coral-fringed
shores of the islands which skirt the coast of the Gulf of Manaar.”

Ciass GASTROPODA.
ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
Famity BULLIDZ.
Bulla ampulla L.—Rather small specimens. Philippines.

FamMiILy RIJNG/CULIDA.
Ringicula propinquans Hinds*—Five or six, quite normal.

Philippines.
ORDER PROSOBRANCHIATA.

FAMILY TEREBRIDA.

Terebra (Euterebra) eximia Dh.—Exclusive of the new species,
this is the most interesting shell in the collection. It is the second
known specimen only, the type’ in Mus. Deshayes being equally
finely marked but smaller, ours measuring 48 mm. ‘The sculpture
is peculiar and very beautiful.

Terebra (Euterebra) marmorata Dh. (PI. I., fig. 8).—Many
typical examples. Australia.

Terebra (Euterebra) similis E. Sm.—Described? from a
unique individual, this being bleached. The two before us from
Madras, and one from Karachi (Townsend coll.), were dredged living,
are pale ochraceous yellow to fawn colour, and exhibit the character-
istic sculpture. The locality having been hitherto unknown makes
the discovery of these specimens of unusual interest.

zr Reeve, Conch. Icon., Plate xxi., fig. 106.
2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vol. 11, 1873, p. 265.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 35

Terebra (Subula) crenulata L.—Several. A widely dis-
tributed species extending from the Indian Ocean to Central
Polynesia.

Terebra (Subula) dimidiata L.—Common It is also found at
Singapore, Philippines, and Central Polynesia.

Terebra (Subula) duplicata Lm.—In all stages of growth. A
very common Indian Ocean form. Zanzibar, Madagascar, Moluccas,
Singapore, China, to Fiji Islands.

Terebra (Abretia) cerithina Lm.—A few typical specimens.
Also occurs from Philippines to Society Islands.

Terebra (Abretia) tenera Hinds.*—One only, but perfect and
a match for Bombay and Ceylonese specimens, with which we have
compared it. Ceylon and Straits of Malacca.

Terebra (Hastula) aciculina Rv.—Three specimens. The
‘smaller size, colour, longer plications, and broad base distinguish this
species from 7: cinerea Born, with which it is often confounded. It
_ occurs at Singapore, Manila, Marquesas, and Sandwich Islands.

Terebra (Hastula) strigilata L.—Also from Polynesia and
Sandwich Islands.

Terebra (Myurella) cingulifera Lm.—Typical. Also recorded
from Philippines, New Ireland, Lifu, Fiji, and China.

Terebra (Myurella) monilis Quoy.—Several. According to
Tryon this is but a synonym of 7. straminea Gray. Philippines,
China.

Terebra (Myurella) myuros Lm.—Two examples of this well
known species, which also occurs at Moluccas, Lifu, and New Treland.

Terebra (Myurella) persica E. Sm.—Very beautiful, being
highly chased and shining, though much grooved and latticed. A
remarkable extension of its range as hitherto recognised. Persian
Gulf.

Terebra (Myurella) ¢f turrita Dkr.—An interesting little form,
which may be distinct, but there is only one specimen, so it is hard to
come to a satisfactory conclusion on the subject.

Terebra (Myurella) undulata Gr.—Also recorded from Philip-
pines and Fiji.

FAMILY CONIDA&

Conus mutabilis Chemn.*—Red Sea, St. Domingo, China.

Conus (Coronaxis) hebraeus L.—Widely distributed. East
Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius, Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia to Fiji.

Conus (Coronaxis) pusillus Chemn.—A pretty little shell,
which Tryon places as a variety of C. ceylonensis Hwass. Red Sea,

36 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

Ceylon, West Africa, Mauritius, Australia, New Caledonia, Sandwich
Islands, Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas.

Conus (Coronaxis) vermiculatus Lm. (=C. 4ebreus L. var.)

Conus (Nubecula) gubernator Hwass.— A well known
species, occurring also at Ceylon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Philip-
pines, New Caledonia, and Seychelles Islands,

Conus (Dendroconus) betulinus L.—Two examples. This
species also occurs in East Africa, Isle of Bourbon, Java, Ceylon,
China, and Philippines.

Conus (Dendroconus) figulinus L.—Also from Amboyna,
Java, Ceylon, New Caledonia, Lifu, and Philippines.

Conus (Dendroconus) ponderosus Beck. (=C. guercinus
Hwass var.?)— Our specimens are old and heavy, without the
revolving lines which characterise C. guercinus ; Tryon places them
together, but we have always considered them distinct. Red Sea,
East Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius, Philippines, Fiji, and Sandwich
Islands.

Conus (Leptoconus ) amadis Martini. — Small specimens.
Ceylon, Java, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

Conus (Leptoconus) generalis L.—Of ordinary character.
Also recorded from Ceylon, Red Sea, Isle of Bourbon, East Africa,
East Indies, Philippines, Lifu, and New Caledonia.

Conus (Rhizoconus) capitaneus L.—Quite typical. Philip-
pines, Ceylon, Australia, Lifu, Polynesia, Mauritius.

Conus (Rhizoconus) lineatus Chemn.—A well known species,
with a wide distribution. Red Sea, East Africa, Ceylon, Philippines,
Australia, Lifu.

Conus (Rhizoconus) lithoglyphus Meuschen. — Also from
Ceylon, Philippines, and Lifu.

Conus (Rhizoconus) magus L.
Lifu, Philippines.

Conus (Rhizoconus) mustelinus Hwass.—-Mauritius, Ceyion.

Conus (Rhizoconus) punctatus Sow. — Small specimens.
Guinea, Ceylon, Moluccas, West Indies.

Conus (Rhizoconus) senator L.— Tryon considers this a
synonym of C. A/anorbis Born, stating that the description in the
‘Systema Nature’ shows the identification of C. sexafor to be wrong,
and Hanley was unable to find it in the Linnean Collection. Mauri-
tius, Ceylon, New Caledonia, Philippines.

Typical. Madagascar, Borneo,

Conus (Rhizoconus) vexillum Gm.— Also recorded from
Mauritius, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, Lifu, and Samoan Islands,

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 37

Conus (Lithoconus) virgo L.—Typical. Red Sea, East Africa,
Ceylon, Philippines, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

Conus (Chelyconus) adansoni Lm.—According to Tryon, this
is but a variety of C. mediterraneus Hwass, ‘‘ Shell more cylindrical.”
It occurs likewise at Senegal.

Conus (Cylinder) omaria Hwass.—Typical. Red Sea, Ceylon,
Philippines, Australia, Polynesia.

Conus (Hermes) nussatella L. — Small, typically marked
specimens. Red Sea, East Africa, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, North
Australia, Lifu, Polynesia.

Pleurotoma amicta E. Sm.*— Also common at Bombay.
Described originally from the Sandwich Islands.

Pleurotoma (Surcula) tornata Dillw.—Generally known as
_£. javana L.. ; but that author’s description is of a ribbed shell, better
known as /. nodifera Lm., which this is not. One example, and that
a fine albino. Also from Java and East Indies.

Pleurotoma (Turris) marmorata Lm.—Five, in good condi-
tion. Red Sea, Malacca, Japan, Australia, Polynesia.

Pleurotoma (Turris) variegata Kien.—Two, well marked.
Indian Ocean, Japan, Philippines.

Pleurotoma (Gemmula) ceylonica E. Sm.—Characteristic,
but imperfect at the mouth.

Pleurotoma (Gemmula) multiseriata E. Sm.—Two shells,
both in fine condition, and better than the type. There is consider-
able resemblance between this and one or two of the Eocene species
from Barton. Ceylon, Persian Gulf, China Sea.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) crenularis Lm. — Four, all typical.
Bombay, Tranquebar, Singapore, Australia.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) major Gr.—Three specimens of a very
distinct species, the habitat of which has, apparently, hitherto been
unknown.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) nodifera Pease.—Many, all typical and
fine. Recorded from the Sandwich Islands.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) regia Beck.—Similar to Lifu examples.
Also recorded from Amboina and Moluccas.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) tayloriana Rv.—This, and P. major Gr.,
are perhaps only forms of P. crenularis, but are very distinct, and
always recognizable. Bombay, Tranquebar, Singapore, Australia.

Pleurotoma (Clavus) echinata Lm.— Fine, quite typical.
West Coast of Africa.

38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1898.

Mangilia horneana E. Sm.—We suspect this little Pleurotomid
has a wide range, as it occurs at Bombay, though not catalogued in
the last list of the molluscan fauna of that region, and Karachi also
(Townsend). It has some superficial resemblance to our JZ. Aimerodes
from Lifu,’ but is quite distinct.

Mangilia (Cythara) cithara A. Gd.— One typical example.
Fiji (Gould), Paumotu Islands (Pease), Lifu (Hadfield).

Mangilia (Cythara) fusiformis Rv.—One example only, but
that in superior condition ; ochraceous brown, obliquely longitudin-
ally ribbed, and transversely lirate, the interstices being much minutely
and exquisitely longitudinally striate. Philippines.

Clathurella nexa Rv. — Identical with Bombay specimens.
Samoa, Lifu, Philippines, Fiji Islands.

FamMity CANCELLARIIDA.

Cancellaria (Merica) melanostoma Sow.— One, very perfect.
A rare form. China, Japan, Philippines.

Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) articularis Sow. (=C. scalata
Sow.) Red Sea, Ceylon, Mauritius, Moluccas, New Caledonia.

Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) crenifera Sow. — Not quite
typical. Also occurs at the Philippines.

Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) scalarina Lm.*—Perfect, but
smaller than the ordinary form, from which they also differ in being
more deeply coloured, and darker at the aperture. Mauritius.

Famity OLIVID.
Oliva (Strephona) gibbosa Lm.—Common. Ceylon, West
Africa.

Oliva (Strephona) ispidula L.
pines, Fiji and Loyalty Islands.

In the usual variety. Philip-

Oliva (Strephona) maura Lm.—Present only as var. sepw/-
chralis Lm.

Oliva (Strephona) tricolor Lm. — We consider this species
distinct from O. e/egans, with which it is associated by Tryon.

Agaronia nebulosa Lm.*—In all stages of growth. Ceylon,
West Africa.

Ancilla (Ancillaria) ampla Gm.—-Some pretty specimens. Red
Sea, Ceylon, Mauritius, Philippines.

Ancilla (Ancillaria) crassa Sow.—One poor example. Red Sea.

1 J. Conch., vol. 8, p. 281, pl. ix., fig. 16, 1806.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 39

FAMILY HARPID.

Harpa conoidalis Lm.*— Three; one typical, two juvenile,
approaching the var. s¢vzatu/a. It is hard to distinguish where Z.
conoidalis begins and ZH. articularis Lm, ends. Ceylon, Philippines,
Mauritius.

Harpa minor Rumph.—One, full grown. Indian Ocean, South
Africa, Madagascar, Fiji and Loyalty Islands.

FaMILy MARGINELLIDA.

Marginella (Volutella) angustata Sow. — Very large, the
markings more or less covered by callosities; the ordinary form
likewise occurring. Ceylon, Australia.

Marginella <4 shoplandi Melv.—Three, which though dead,
much resemble a new species from Karachi and the Persian Gulf.
When in perfect condition it is transparent and exceedingly polished
and shining.

Marginella (Cryptospira) quinqueplicata Lm. — Beautiful
specimens. Bay of Bengal, Sumatra, Malacca.

Marginella (Gibberula) monilis L.
Red Sea, Island of Socotra.

FAMILY VOLUTIDAz

Voluta (Aulica) vespertilio L.— Small ordinary specimens.
Philippines, Moluccas.

Two specimens. Senegal,

FamMity M/TRIDAE.
Mitra episcopalis L.— Several, adult and young. Ceylon,
Philippines, Polynesia.
Mitra (Scabricula) crenifera Lm.—An ovate variety, prettily
marked. Mauritius, Manila, Red Sea, Indian Ocean.

Mitra (Cancilla) interlirata Rv.—Four, typical. Placed by
Tryon as a synonym of JAZ. flammea Quoy, but sufficiently distinct, in
our opinion. China, Philippines, Australia, Polynesia, Sandwich Is.

Mitra (Mitreola) litterata Lm.—A few small specimens of
ordinary form. Red Sea, Java, Mauritius, South Africa, Philippines,
Loyalty Islands.

Mitra (Costellaria) crebrilirata Sow.—Hight, showing some
variation in size, and varying in colour from ochraceous to leaden grey.
Indian Ocean, Japan, Philippines, Polynesia.

FAMILY FASCIOLARITDA.

Fusus longicauda Bory.—A common East Indian species, at
one time confused with / colus Lm. Ceylon.

1 Manchester Memoirs, vol. 41, no. 7, p. 8, 1897.

40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO 2, APRIL, 1898.

Fusus forceps Perry.—This shell which is more usually known
as F. turricula Kien., issmaller than /: /ongicauda Bory, and ribbed
on the body whorl, the interstices being darker. China.

Fasciolaria filamentosa Lm.—A prettily-coloured small variety.
Red Sea, Ceylon, Philippines, Australia, Loyalty Islands, Central
Polynesia.

Latirus (Peristernia) pulchellus Rv.—Two, small, but highly
coloured, the pale pink mouth being characteristic. The columella
of this Peristernia does not possess folds, at all events, externally, thus
separating it from others of the genus. Zanzibar, New Caledonia.

FaMILY 7URBINELLIDA.

Cynodonta turbinella L. (=C. cornigera Lm.)—The spines
are unusually well developed. Red Sea, Moluccas, Philippines,
Mauritius, Central Polynesia.

Pyrella spirillus L.—Four, one in very young state, showing a
very bulbous apex. Tranquebar.

Ficula ficus L. (= /evigatus Rv.)—Many, all the ordinary —
form. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Singapore.

Ficula reticulata Lm.— Typical examples. | Sooloo Archi-
pelago, Indian Ocean, East Indies, Japan. .

Rapella (Melongena) paradisiaca Rv.— Shewing some varia-
tion. Ceylon, Red Sea, Mozambique, Natal.

Rapella (Melongena) pugilina Born. — Quite young, but
unmistakeable. Indian Ocean.

Hemifusus lacteus Rv.—Two of this rare form. Philippines.

FAMILY BUCCINIDE.

Cyllene fuscata A. Ad.*—Also from Malacca and Singapore.
According to Tryon this is a synonym of C. dugubris Ad. Rv.

Pisania spiralis Gr.*—Several. Mauritius.

Tritonidea tranquebarica Gm.—Several specimens.

Tritonidea undosa L.—Fine, with operculum. Malacca, Aus-
tralia, Philippines, Fiji, Paumotus, and Loyalty Islands.

Engina armillata Rv.—A very fine shell, in a beautiful state of
preservation. Philippines, Arakan.

Engina pulchra Rv.—One, of the pale white wreathed variety.
Panama, Galapagos, and Loyalty Islands.

Nassaria suturalis A. Ad.* (= J. acuminata Rv.)—Five ; this
Nassavia seems generally, but sparsely, distributed from Karachi
through Bombay and Ratnagiri to the Laccadives and Ceylon, and
now found in Madras. China Sea, Indian Ocean.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS, 41

Latrunculus! spiratus Lm.*—Several, one operculated. Cey-
lon, Philippines.
Latrunculus zeylanica Brug. — Several, of ordinary form.

Ceylon.
FamiLty VASS/D4.

Nassa (Arcularia) callosa A. Ad.—Very finely grown, showing
the white callosity at the mouth. Philippines, Indian Ocean, Lifu.

‘Nassa (Arcularia) labecula A. Ad. (=J. jonast Dk.)—This
may be only a variety of the preceding species, from which it is dis-
tinguished principally by form and sculpture. Port Jackson, Australia.

Nassa (Arcularia) leptospira A. Ad.—Quite typical. Philip-
pines (Cuming), Japan, Ascension Island (Pease).

Nassa (Alectryon) monile Kien.—A very handsome variety.
Philippines, Australia, Central Polynesia, Lifu (Hadfield).

Nassa (Alectryon) mucronata A. Ad. (=. monile Kien. var.*)
—Very fine, in better condition than our Bombay examples. Loyalty
Islands, Australia, Philippines.

Nassa (Alectryon) scalaris A. Ad.—Our specimens possess
some of the characters of JV. monile and JV. papillosa. Philippines
(Cuming).

Nassa (Niotha) splendidula Dkr.—Only one of this choice
shell, which appears almost typical. A brightly banded and highly
sculptured Massa, in shape like a small . stigmaria. Philippines,
Malacca, Lifu, Polynesia.

Nassa (Niotha) stigmaria A. Ad.—The typical form, which
comes near JV. rveticosa A. Ad., NV. candens Hinds, and WV. cremata
Hinds, all high-class Masse, with elaborate sculpture. Varieties of
this species occur throughout the Indian Seas, and are especially
frequent in the Andaman Isles. Philippines, Malacca.

Nassa (Hima) plebecula A. Gd.— One, undoubtedly this
species, which Tryon unites with MV. paupera A. Gd. Japan, Aus-
tralia, Lifu (Hadfield).

Nassa (Hima) stolata Gm.—Many, varying in size and form.
Some are elongate, others ventricose and more robust, shewing
the same form that occurs so plentifully on the western and southern
shores of India. More generally known by the now superseded name
ornata Kien,

Nassa (Zeuxis) canaliculata Lm.— Many, very handsome,
well developed, and rich in colour, varying from orange-brown to
grey. Philippines, Polynesia.

1 Itis with regret that-the familiar name 2éu7n2 Lm. can no longer be used, having
been employed twice by that author—firstly, as a synonym of Anczl/a Lm. in 1801, and subse-
quently (1822) applied to the old Buccinum spiratum L. and its allies.

42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1898.

Bullia (Dorsanum) belangeri Kien.*—Many very fine living
examples. Arakan, Ceylon.

Bullia (Dorsanum) cumingiana Dkr.—Two, evidently of this
species, the habitat of which is unrecorded.

Bullia (Dorsanum) livida Rv.—Two, fine examples.

Bullia (Dorsanum) vittata L.—Many, some albino, fine living
shells. Ceylon, Zanzibar.

FaMILy COLUMBELLIDA

Columbella (Mitrella) euterpe Melv.*—Many examples, agree-
ing precisely with the original description, the types having been
unfortunately mislaid.

Columbella (Mitrella) flavilinea Melv.*—Three specimens.

Columbella (Nitidella) ala-perdicis Rv. (=C. /evigata L. var.)
Two, in young condition. West Indies.

Columbella (Anachis) terpsichore Leathes.*—Found both in
the Eastern and Western Hemisphere. One specimen, but large and
in fine condition. West Indies.

Columbella (Pygmza) flavida Lm.—Synonymous with C. ae
Brug. Indian Ocean, Japan, Mauritius, Seychelles, New Caledonia,
Polynesia.

Columbella (Pygmza) versicolor Sow.—A variable species,
of wide distribution, and with—according to Tryon—a long array of
synonyms. ‘The oldest name for this species is C. scripfa Lm., but
Linnzus had previously used this name for a well-known Mediter-
ranean species. Indian Ocean, Japan, Philippines, Australia, Polynesia.

FamMity JZURICIDA.

Murex brevispina Lm.—Quite typical. Red Sea, Indian Ocean,
South Africa, North Australia.

Murex tribulus L.*—Several. Owing to the shortness of the
spines, and the variable transverse nodulosities on the last whorls,
we should consider our specimens as coming under the var. or sub-
species JZ. fenuispina Lm. We cannot see our way to allow true
specific rank to this ancient species.

Murex (Haustelium) haustellum L.—One only, but fine.
Ceylon, Indian Seas, Red Sea, China, Mauritius, Philippines.

Murex (Chicoreus) microphyllus Lm.—Large, and in fine
condition. Ceylon, Indian Ocean.

Murex (Ocinebra) contractus Rv. — Exactly corresponding
with Bombay examples. New Caledonia, Philippines, Fiji Islands.

Murex (Phyllonotus) anguliferus Lm.—JIn all stages of
growth. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Seychelles, Isle of Reunion.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 43

Rapana bezoar L.—-One specimen, of the typical ribbed form,
in fine condition. China, Japan, Philippines.

Rapana bulbosa Soland.—Many, very fine, and in all stages of
growth, with opercula. China, Japan, Philippines.

Purpura rudolphi m.—Hardly typical, and somewhat juvenile,
but strongly filletted and well marked. Philippines.

Purpura tissoti Petit.* — Identical with Bombay examples.
The late Mr. Tryon’s remarks as to this species! prove that he did
not know it, and that Mr. Swift, whom he quotes, was also
misled into considering it a var. of the West Indian Cantharus coro-
mandelianus Lm.

Purpura (Stramonita) bufo Lm.*—-Many specimens in every
stage of growth, with opercula, and showing some variety. Philippines.

Purpura (Polytropa) sacellum Chemn.*—Also common at
Bombay. Many, both young and mature.

Purpura (Cronia) amygdala Kien.—Typical; the close ribs
thickly covered over with small arched scales. Australia.

Sistrum iostoma Rv.—Quite typical. The habitat of this
species is hitherto unrecorded.

Sistrum konkanense Melv.*—Described as a Récénula, but
Sistrum has priority. The range of this species, it is interesting to
observe, is being gradually extended both north to Karachi, and
south to Ceylon, and eastward. ‘The example before us is hardly
typical, being not so elongate as the Bombay shells.

Sistrum margariticolum Brod.—Several of a shell which has
not been fully understood by students till recently, but which, in our
opinion, is a good species. Mauritius, Loyalty Islands, Australia.

Sistrum tuberculatum Blainv.*—-Common and very variable.
The animal is described by Gould in the “Mollusca” of the Wilkes’
Expedition as being deep grass-green, with the mantle, locomotive
disc, and tentacles light sea-green, finely dotted with white. Japan,
Philippines, to Sandwich Islands.

Sistrum undatum Chemn.—Several typical examples. Tranque-
bar, Natal, China, Japan, Australia, Polynesia to Paumotu Islands.

Famity Z7RITONID..

Aquillus chemnitzi Gr. (=4. tranguebaricus Lm.) —Some small
specimens. Panama, West Coast of Africa, West Indies. We consider
Aguillus has precedence of other names proposed for this genus, and
is not too like Agu:/a in ornithology to be discarded in consequence
of such similarity ; doubtless the derivation was from ‘aqua,’ water.

1 Man. Conch., vol. 2, p. 164, under Cantharus.

44 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1898.

Aquillus (Lotorium) lotorium L.-— A common Ceylonese
species. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Central Polynesia.

Aquillus (Simpulum) aquatilis Rv.*—One, exceedingly fine
and well marked. Loyalty Islands.

Aquillus (Lotorium) retusus Lm.— Some typical specimens.
Indian Ocean, Mauritius.

Aquillus (Lotorium) tripus Chemn.—-Small, well-marked speci-
mens. Indian Ocean, China.

Distortrix cancellinus Roissy.—One specimen. Ceylon, China,
Philippines, St. Thomas and other West Indian Islands, Monte
Christi and Xipixapi, West Columbia.

Gyrineum' crumena Lm.—Many examples, of ordinary form.
Ceylon, Philippines.

Gyrineum (Bursa) margaritula Dh. — Typical examples.
Indian Ocean.

Gyrineum (Bursa) spinosa Lm.*—A large number of speci-
mens, in all stages of growth, with opercula. Red Sea, Indian Ocean,
Philippines, Mauritius.

Gyrineum (Lampas) affinis Brod. — Several, quite typical.
Philippines, Loyalty Islands, Samoa, West Indies.

Gyrineum (Apollon) tuberculata Brod.* —- Medium sized
specimens. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, China, Malacca, Manila, Tahiti.

Famity CASSTDIDAZ.

Cassis (Semicassis) canaliculata Lm.— Several examples.
Ceylon, Philippines.

Cassis (Semicassis) sulcosa Brug.—Not quite typical; our
examples agreeing very well with C. wdudata Gm., which Tryon con-
siders a variety only. Mediterranean, Portugal, West Coast of Africa,
West Indies, Brazil, West Coast of North America from Panama to
Guaymas.

Cassis (Phalium) areola L.—Two good specimens. Indian
Ocean, Malacca, Philippines, New South Wales.

FaMILY DOLIID.
Dolium chinense Dillw. (=D. variegatum Lm. var.)—China,
North Australia.
Dolium costatum Mke.— Of ordinary form. East Indies,
Philippines, Mauritius.
Dolium fasciatum Brug.—One only, with unusually fine varix.
Philippines, China, Japan.

t The well-known name Ranel/a Lm. (1812) is superseded by Gyrineuwne Link (1807) and
Bufo Montfort (1810).

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 45

Dolium fimbriatum Sow. (=D. costatum Mke. var.)—Several
small specimens. Senegal, Manila, Japan.

Dolium perdix L.—One specimen of this widely-distributed
species. Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Lifu, Polynesia, West Africa,
West Indies, Brazil.

FaMILy CYPRAIDA.

Simnia sowerbyana Weink.—One, in fine condition, of pale-
flesh colour, transversely indistinctly banded with white. ‘his is
Ovula spelta Sow. & Rv., not Lm. South Seas.

Cyprea (Aricia) annulus L.*

Cyprza (Aricia) arabica L.*

Cyprza (Aricia) caput-serpentis L.

Cyprza (Aricia) moneta L.*

Cyprza (Aricia) reticulata Martyn.-—A medium-sized form of
var. intermedia Gr.

Cyprza (Luponia) errones L.

Cyprza (Luponia) lynx L.

Cyprza (Luponia) ocellata L.*

Cyprza (Luponia) pallida Gr.*—Extremely fine.

Cyprza (Luponia) vitellus L.—With few exceptions, all the
above common species are of the most ordinary character, and call
for no special comment; they are of the usual types met with on
the Indian coasts. Nearly all are widely distributed over the whole
Indo-Pacific region.

Erato pellucida Rv.*—A widely-distributed species of Erato;
we have seen it from the shores of Beluchistan, also Karachi, Bom-
bay, and Ratnagiri.

FaMILy STROMBIDA.

Strombus lentiginosus L.—Typical. Philippines, Zanzibar,
New Caledonia to Fiji.

Strombus (Canarium) urceus L.—Two good specimens, with
dark orange-coloured mouth. Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australia.

Strombus (Canarium) gibberulus L.* — Normally-marked
examples of this widely-distributed species. Zanzibar, Natal, Red
Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippines, Lifu, New Guinea, Fiji
and Paumotu Islands.

Strombus (Gallinula) marginatus L.—Several pretty speci-
mens. Formosa, China, Philippines.

Strombus (Galiinula) isabella Lm.—Three, shewing we think
peculiarities specific from S. canarium 1.., with which this shell has
been united by some authors. The mouth is wider, and the outer

46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL 9, NO 2, APRIL, 1808.

lip more effuse and angular, and not so incrassate; colour a pale
unicolorous isabelline yellow, which no doubt suggested to Lamarck
the trivial name.

Strombus (Conomurex) luhuanus L.—Three, quite typical.
Australia, New Guinea, Philippines, Loyalty and Fiji Islands.

Pterocera (Harpago) chiragra L. — Only in young state.
Indian Ocean, Philippines, Loyalty Islands, Polynesia.

Rostellaria curvirostris Im.—Several, mostly in a young state.
Red Sea, Moluccas.

FaMiLy CERIT AIDA.

Cerithium carnaticum M. & S., vide antea, p. 31.

Cerithium ¢% corallinum Defr.—Three examples, which we con- |
sider very near to, if not identical with, this species.

Cerithium litteratum Born.—Several specimens. West Indies,
Florida.

Cerithium morus Lm.—A well-known, variable, and widely-
distributed species. | Madagascar, Red Sea, Philippines, Australia,
Loyalty and Fiji Islands.

Cerithium nodulosum Brug.—One fine specimen. Singapore,
Moluccas, Philippines, Lifu (Hadfield).

Cerithium vulgatum Brug.—Some typical examples. There are
few shells with such an enormous synonymy of varietal names as
this species, although it does not vary more than is usual in the
genus. Tryon figures a number of these so-called varieties, but does
not recognise their claim to separation from the type. Southern
Europe, West Africa, Cape of Good Hope.

Cerithium yerburyi E. Sm.—Allied to C. morus L. but more
attenuate. Originally described from Aden, but no doubt it will be
found all along the Indian Coasts.

Colina macrostoma Hinds.—A very interesting form, of which
only one occurred in Prof. Henderson’s dredgings. Straits of
Malacca, Borneo.

Colina selecta M. & S., vide antea, p. 31.

Pyrazus palustris L.—Two, of typical form. India, Java,
Australia, Loyalty Islands.

FaMity PLANAX/IDA.

Planaxis nigra Quoy.—Six, of aplain-coloured,smooth,unpolished
shell. New Ireland, Fiji and Sandwich Islands, South Africa.

Planaxis sulcatus L.*— Eighteen, all well grown and
unusually large. Indian Ocean, Sandwich Islands, Australia, Philip-
pines, Mauritius, South Africa.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS, 47

FamMiry ZURRITELLIDAE.

Turritella triplicata Stud.—Vhree, of normal coloration. Medi-
terranean, West Africa, Canary Islands, Coast of Spain.

Turritella (Haustator) columnaris Kien.—One, in poor
condition. Ceylon.

Turritella (Zaria) duplicata L.*—Many, including some perfect
and large albino varities ; also var. £. aftenwata Ry. is present in all
stages of growth. Indian Ocean generally.

FaMILy ZLJ77TORINIDA.

Littorina scabra L.—Plentiful, of typical form. Including its
varieties, this species stretches nearly round the world, extending from
West Africa around to Arabia, but has not yet been found in the
Mediterranean Sea. Indian Ocean, China, Fiji, Sandwich, and
Philippine Islands, Mazatlan, Florida, Ceylon, Japan, West Coast of
Africa, West Indies, Polynesia.

Famity SOLA RIIDA.

Solarium delectabile Melv.* — Described. in 1893 from
Bombay specimens collected by Mr. Abercrombie. Our Madras
specimen is unmistakable, though not in prime condition. ‘This dis-
covery extends the range of this very beautiful little So/ariam, which
will probably be found before long distributed around the Indian
coasts.

Solarium modestum Phil.—Two pretty specimens, This may,
perhaps, be a variety of S. perspectivum, from which it differs in the
colouring only. Society Islands, China.

Solarium perspectivum L.—One specimen is more conical
than usual. It also occurs in statu juventtz, Amboyna, Indian and
Pacific Oceans, China, to Australia.

Solarium pictum Phil.—One, rather worn. New Guinea.

FaMILy “ZS SOLID.

Rissoina (Phosinella) deshayesi Schwartz.—With some little
diffidence we name our solitary large clathrate Azssodwa as above.
Singapore (in Mus. Brit. unnamed), Philippines.

Rissoina (Phosinella) sp.— To some extent agreeing with
Lifu examples of 2. guasil/us M. & S., but coarser in texture. We
also have the same form from Thursday Island, sent in shell sand,
collected by Mr. Arnold Henn.

Rissoina (Morchiella) thaumasia M. & S., wde antea, p. 31.

Fenella cerithina Phil*.—Two, rather worn. A small, prettily
decussated species. Mauritius, Island of Rodriguez, Red Sea,
Persian Gulf, Japan.

8 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. NO. 2, APRIL, 1898.
4 ? ) Bb]

Iravadia trochlearis A. Gd.* —Many, in excellent condition,
Evidently abundant throughout the Indian Ocean. We have many
specimens from Bombay, and have seen it from Ceylon, Karachi, and
Persian Gulf. Japan, Hong Kong.

FaMILy CAPULID:.

Amathina tricostata Gm.—Very perfect, though not large. Only
one example. East Indies, Japan.

Crucibulum (Dispotza) extinctorium Lm. (=C- scutellatum
Gr. var.)—Three, fine. West Indies, Ceylon, West Coast of America
from Chili to Mazatlan.

Crepidula (Crypta) scabies Rv.—Many specimens, in good
condition. Ceylon, Singapore, China Sea, Japan.

Crepidula (Ergza) walshi Herm. (=C. A/ana Ad. Rv. var).—
Many good and characteristic examples. Abundant also at Bombay.
Japan, Singapore, China, Ceylon.

Calyptrza diaphana Rv. (=Jitrularia equestris 1. var).—Many
examples. Tryon has “interpreted this species in accordance with
general usage, the Linnzean species being indeterminable.” He gives
a long synonymic list of forms representing such variety in shape and
sculpture, that it is not surprising that they were described as distinct
species by the older school of conchologists. China Sea, Philippines,
Indian Ocean, Prince’s Island, West Africa, West Indies, West Coast
of Central America, Galapagos Islands.

Calyptrza fibulata Rv. (=JZtrularia eguestris L. var.)—Several
good examples. Philippines, West Indies.

FaMILy XZNOPHORIDA:,

Xenophora solaris L.—One beautiful example. Malacca,
Singapore.

FamiIty LAMELLARIIDA.

Lamellaria perspicua L.—Neither we nor Mr. Edgar Smith
can discover any means of differentiating the Madras form from that
found in English waters.

FamMILy VAT/CIDA.

Natica lineata Lm.*—Medium-sized specimens, of typical form,
Singapore, Philippines.

Natica marochiensis Lm. (=M maroccana Chemn.)— The
many examples in this collection of a small cinereous shell, quite
plain, and concentrically wrinkled in a characteristic manner round
the sutures, we cannot exactly identify, but presume it is one of
the many forms of Lamarck’s protean species. West Africa, West
Indies, Panama to Mazatlan, Society and Philippine Islands, Lifu,

Australia,
(To be continued).

THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE
DISTRICT BETWEEN ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE
AND OLDHAM.

13s FARKD), “TAN ILOIR.

(Read before the Society, December 8th, 1897).

~ Tuis district is a long narrow slip of country through the whole length
of which flows the river Medlock, one of the main sewers of Oldham.
It is hemmed in by the cotton-spinning towns of Ashton-under-Lyne,
Oldham, and Mossley, with their adjoining townships, and is probably
the smokiest district in the kingdom. from the main valley, branch
off several smaller valleys, the most important one being Holden
Clough ; these valleys are scantily clothed with trees and other vege-
tation, which is rapidly dying off (even the nettle being now a rare
plant), and exposing the ground to the weather; the woods are now
series of landslips and swampy places.

At first sight this district appears to be a very poor conchological
ground indeed, the carboniferous shales, the heavy clayey soils, and
the scanty herbage, are certainly not conducive to the full develop-
ment of the land mollusca ; but on a close search we find a few very
interesting and uncommon forms of the smaller species, especially of
the genus Hya/inia.

On the higher parts of the district occur numerous ponds and
ditches, which are almost choked with an abundance of vegetation ;
from these we take a number of the water-loving species, and froma
short length of canal at Bardsley, in the centre of the district, we reap
an abundant harvest.

The part of the district worked most thoroughly for land species is
a portion of Holden Clough, the whole length of the valley from Old-
ham Park through Parkbridge, Bardsley, and Riversvale, to Daisy
Nook; and for freshwater species, Fitton Hill, Parkbridge, and the
canal at Bardsley.

This list is not given as a complete one, for owing to the rough
nature of the ground it is a most difficult district to work.

Arion ater (L.)—Very common throughout the district, the only
variations noticed being the var. dswxnea, and a form approaching
var. pallescens.

A. subfuscus (Drap.)—Occasionally met with on the canal-bank
at Bardsley, in the wood below the canal, and at Riversvale a light-
coloured form commonly occurs.

_A. hortensis (Fér.)—-Abundant throughout the district

50 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

Limax maximus (L.)—One fine example under a stone in the
wood at Bardsley, during the spring of last year ; another during June
of this year (1897) at Riversvale.

L. flavus (L.)—An example in Coldhurst Street, Oldham, about
three years ago, and another in Vineyard Street, Oldham, last June.

Agriolimax agrestis (L.)—Our commonest slug, occurs every-
where ; it varies considerably from a milky white, with intermediate
shades, to an inky black.

A. levis (Mill.)—Common in clumps of rushes in wet places near
Daisy Nook, and in Riversvale. -

Succinea elegans (Risso).—Not uncommon in a ditch at Rivers-
vale on a luxuriant growth of Ranunculus lingua.

Hyalinia cellaria Mill—Common at Bardsley on the canal-
bank, and in the wood below; in the year 1891 I took four good
examples of the var. a/érda at the bottom of a brick wall in Evelyn
Street, Oldham.

H. alliaria (Miller).—-Fairly common throughout the district, the
beautiful var. vz7zdu/a occurring in great numbers at the roots of grass
ona short grassy bank on the towing path of the canal at Bardsley ;
out of about five hundred specimens taken here, only a single speci-
men was referable to the type.

H. nitidula (Drap.)—Very common at Bardsley and Riversvale.

H. radiatula (Alder).—Very common on a grassy patch on the
towing path of the canal at Bardsley.

H. pura (Alder).—Sparse in moss at Riversvale ; the var. 2ztidosa
common in the wood below the canal at Bardsley.

H. crystallina (Miull.) Common throughout the district in
woods and on moist banks.

H. fulva (Miull.)—Not uncommon under stones and logs in the
woods at Parkbridge and Bardsley.

H. nitida (Mill.)—Rather plentiful on the canal bank at Bardsley.
In the summer of 1894 this species was extremely abundant; one
evening, after a very hot day, Mr. Hanson and I could have taken
hundreds. ‘They were creeping over the bank, enjoying, I suppose,
the coolness of the evening; also not uncommon in Holden Clough.

H. excavata (Bean).—By far our commonest //yalinia ; the type
may be taken in abundance at Bardsley. About four years ago I
came across a small colony of the var. wz¢viza on the bleak hillside
opposite Parkbridge station. I have also taken a number of this
variety, along with the type, in the runs of field-mice in the wood
below the canal at Bardsley ; I presume they feed on the droppings
of the mice.

TAYLOR : MOLLUSCA BETWEEN ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE AND OLDHAM. 51

Helix rotundata (Miull.)—Common throughout the district ; at
Bardsley a few of the var. a/ba taken with the type.

H. pygmeza (Drap.)—Common in wet places in Holden Clough,
and in the wood at Riversvale.

H. pulchella (Mull.)—-This beautiful little shell I have only taken
in one locality, at the foot of the wall on the river bridge near Rivers-
vale House ; all specimens taken were of the typical form.

H. aculeata (Mull.)—Sparse in the wood at Riversvale.

H. nemoralis (L.)—Four mature specimens and several young
ones in different stages of growth, from aclump of Epclobium hirsutum _
in Riversvale.

H. arbustorum (L.)—-Several mature, and numbers of immature
specimens in the wet places in Riversvale.

H. hispida (L.)—A few examples ina clump of rushes near Daisy
Nook, and common near the aqueduct in Riversvale.

Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa). — Common, adhering to the
under-sides of stones under the wall in the wood at Bardsley, and
near Daisy Nook.

Vertigo substriata (Jjeffr.)—Fairly plentiful in a wet place in
Holden Clough, and also in wet places at Riversvale.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill.)—Common throughout the district,
the var. /ubricoides occurring with the type at Bardsley.

Carychium minimum (Miull.)—Abundant in moss under stones
and at the roots of grass at Parkbridge, Bardsley and Riversvale.

Planorbis fontanus (Lightfoot)—Common in the ditches on
Fitton Hill and Parkbridge, and not uncommon in the canal
beyond Bardsley Bridge.

P. nautileus (L.)—Common all over the district, in every pond
and ditch I have visited, the var. cv7s¢a occurring with the type ; in
a ditch on Fitton Hill, a scalariform monstrosity occurs sparingly.

P. albus (L.)—-Very abundant throughout the district, most shells
being covered with hard black dirt.

P. spirorbis (Mill.)—Occurring in numbers in the ponds near
the “Sportsman’s Arms,” Fitton Hill.

P. vortex (L.)—Abundant in the canal at Bardsley, and in a pond
at Riversvale.

P. carinatus (Mill.)—Common and fine in the canal at Bardsley.

P. corneus (1..)—Abundant in the canal at Hollinwood, but only

sparse in the same water at Bardsley; very common in pits at Park-
bridge, albino examples being taken commonly with the type;

52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

also extremely abundant in the reservoir of Messrs. Bradbury & Co.
Oldham.

Physa fontinalis (L.)—This delicate species is very common in
the canal from end to end.

Limnza peregra (Miull.)—Abundant in every pond and ditch,
the prevailing form in the canal being the var. ovata. From among
a number of the var. acuminata taken from a well on Fitton Hill, I
picked a beautiful scalariform shell.

L. auricularia (L.)—Very common in the canal at Bardsley in
the early spring, but seems to decrease in numbers at the approach of
summer, though a few may be taken throughout the year.

L. stagnalis (L.)—Very abundant in many pits at Parkbridge
and Bardsley, and also in the canal there.

L. palustris (Miill.)—A few decollated specimens in a ditch on
Fitton Hill ; common in ponds and ditches in same neighbourhood,
and at Parkbridge a form approaching var. e/omgata occurs.

L. truncatula (Mill )—-In a swamp on Fitton Hill this species
is very abundant, and may also be taken sparingly in moist places in
the woods.

L. glabra (Miill.)—On the reeds in the ditches on Fitton Hill
this species is common. (

Ancylus fluviatilis (Miill.)— Very common in the canal at
Bardsley.

Velletia lacustris (L.)—This species occurs in numbers on reeds
in most ponds and ditches in the district; very fine specimens are
taken from an old disused wharf on the canal beyond Bardsley Bridge.

Vivipara vivipara (1.)—Common in the Bardsley canal, but
not so common nor so fine as formerly ; all the individuals I have
taken from this locality have contained young.

Bythinia tentaculata (L.)—The commonest shell in the Bardsley
Canal. It varies considerably from a pure white to a dark-red brown.

Valvata piscinalis (Mill.)— A few from the canal at Bardsley.
It swarms in a small pool at the bottom of Oldham Park; I was very
much surprised to find it there, for the pool is almost full of ashes,
old buckets, and other rubbish from the adjoining tip.

Spherium corneum (L.)—Abundant throughout the district in
ponds and ditches ; in the canal a light-coloured form occurs, prob-
ably var. flavescens.

S. rivicola (I.each).—This species seems somewhat migratory
with us, some years it may be taken in great numbers in the canal
at Bardsley, at other times being very scarce.

TAYLOR : MOLLUSCA BETWEEN ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE AND OLDHAM. 53

S. ovale (Jeffr.)—In the collection of Mr. E. Collier, of Man-
chester, is a fine set marked “ Hollinwood canal,” and Mr. R.
Standen has taken it im this locality, but never any specimens so
large as Mr. Collier’s.

S. lacustre (Miull.)—Common in most ponds and ditches in the
district, odd specimens of the var. drochoniana occurring at Parkbridge.
Some years ago I took a few specimens of a form I took to be var.
votundata from the Bardsley Canal.

Pisidium amnicum (Mull.)—A few good examples from the
Fairbottoms end of the canal, and one specimen from the canal
beyond Bardsley Bridge.

P. fontinale (Drap.)—Not uncommon in a pit at Parkbridge ;
occurs in myriads in the pool in Oldham Park. The beautiful var.
henslowana may be taken commonly at the Fairbottoms end of the
canal.

P. pusillum (Gm.)—Very fine specimens of this species may be
taken on Fitton Hill, where it is abundant in every pond and ditch ;
at Parkbridge and Bardsley the var. obtusadi's is very common.

P. milium (Held.).—Well distributed at Bardsley, Fitton Hill, and
Parkbridge, at the latter place it is clean and fine.

Anodonta cygnea (L.)—Very abundant in the canal at Bardsley,
and in pits at Parkbridge.

A. anatina (1 )—One specimen from the Crime Lake, and another
from the canal near the pumping station.

Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall.)—Not uncommon in the canal
adhering to the walls and old boats, and occasionally to the valves
of Anodonta cygnea.

MR. J. T. MARSHALL’S CRITICISMS: AN ANSWER.

IBY (Gs We CIBLANS IMEI.

(Read before the Society, Jan. 12th, 1898).

In this Journal for January, 1897 (vol. 8, p. 348), Mr. Marshall
severely criticised my remarks upon his supposed new _ species,
Scintilla eddystonia. His comments cannot pass unanswered, and I
will deal with them serzadim.

My error in substituting Scacchia for Scintilla was a mere lapsus
calami for which I ask my readers’ indulgence.

Mr. Marshall misquotes my comparison of the shell with Scacchia
elliptica, a comparison wholly correct in its original form.

54 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

Before proceeding further it was necessary for me to establish the
identity of my Plymouth specimens with Mr. Marshall’s “ new shell,”
for there was a possibility that the shell had been correctly described,
and that the artist had so misrepresented it as to give it a wholly
different dentition, and one which by chance agreed entirely with that
of my shells. I mounted two valves, sent them to Mr. Marshall for
examination and received the following answer :—‘‘I can only speak
of one of your Plymouth valves, which 1s similar to Svz¢zlla eddystonia
in size and every other respect ; the smaller valve I have not ventured
to touch. The dentition of the Plymouth shell is similar but not
identical with that of Diplodonta.” Now, I have carefully re-examined
these shells, and have compared them with a full series of Mediter-
ranean Diplodonta, ranging from less than 4, of an inch across to the.
full size. I have submitted both to a number of competent and well-
known conchologists not one of whom finds any difference. The
hinge structure Is that of Dzp/odonta as given in Woodward’s ‘ Manual.’
Quite recently a number of minute Dzf/odonta from Bantry Bay have
further confirmed the correctness of my opinion. ‘There is never any
trace of a lateral tooth or anything that could be easily mistaken for
one. ‘There is a ledge bounding the groove for the insertion of the
remarkably placed ligament, but that could scarcely be mistaken
for a tooth. I must therefore conclude that I was right in supposing
that Mr. Marshall mistook the uncleft cardinal for a lateral.

Mr. Marshall seems also to have misconceived the figure accom-
panying Jeffreys’ description of Dzodonta barleei which he states
‘could not be better.” There are on the same plate obvious errors
of drawing, and in the present instance the figure does not agree with
Jeffreys’ description and especially with his statement that the shell
bears some resemblance in form and size to Montacuta substriata.
Who would dream of likening this species to the figure with its wholly
different form and nearly central umbo? ‘The comparison is quite
applicable, however, to the actual shells.

In a foot note to his paper on the Marine Shells of Scilly in this
Journal for October, 1897 (vol. 8, p. 433), Mr. Marshall has
again erred in the way of careless misquotation. I did not say that
the earlier stations of the 1870 ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition were zz the
S. and S.W. of Ireland. I should almost as soon have thought of
saying that Iceland was zz the N.W. of Scotland. All these stations
however lie between the meridians of Valentia and Galley Head at a
distance of some 180—r190 miles from land, and I venture to think
that my description of their position was far better than Mr. Marshall’s
vague talk about the entrance to the British Channel.

55
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND,

267th Meeting, January 12th, 1898.

Mr. R. D. Darbishire in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Nautilus, vol. 11, no. 8; Journal de Conchyliologie, index to vols. 21-40;
Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3, no. 3; The Annals of Scottish Natural
History, no. 25; The Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 1.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

From Mr. A. G. Stubbs: Beautiful specimens of Helix pulchella H. rotundata,
and Vitrina pellucida var. depresstuscula, from Tenby; Helix lapicida, Buliminus
obscurus, Fupa secale, Claustha laminata, type, and var. a/é7na from Cranham

Woods, near Gloucester.
New Members Elected.

Mr. Frederick James Partridge, 11, Duchess Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Mr. John Davy Dean, 29, Manley Road, Alexandra Road South, Manchester.
Mr. Arthur S. Poore, 47, Griffin Road, Plumstead, Kent.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Messrs. Francis R. Clifton ; Walter E. Collinge; E. B. Landis, M.D.
Resignations.
Rev. W. C. Hey; Rev. G. G. E. Storrs; Mr. Walter Garstang; Mrs. Julia

_ Hodgson.
Papers Read.

“Mr. J. T. Marshall’s Criticisms : An Answer,” by G. W. Chaster.

““Notes on the Land Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire’’; and ‘‘ Helix
nemoralts monst. s¢xzestvorsum im Lancashire,” by R. Standen.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Standen: Helix memoralis monst. senestrorsum from Lancashire
(Mr. R. Wigglesworth’s collection).

By Mr. T. Rogers: A new species, Hxvodonta waterhousie Hedley, from
_Lord Howe Island; also Vetvea lunte E. Sm. ; Sophina trinitaria E. Sm. :
Guppya halluctnata E. Sm. 3 and Cecelioides minutesstma Guppy, from Trinidad.

268th Meeting, February 9th, 1808.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

A Catalogue of recent Cephalopoda, Supplement, 1887—96, by W. E. Hoyle ;
On the Marine Mollusca of Madeira, with descriptions of thirty-five new species and
an index-list of all known sea-dwelling species of that island, by Rev. R. Boog
Watson ; the Eleventh Annual Report of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee,
and their Biological Station at Port Erin, by W. A. Herdman; Life Conditions of
the Oyster: Normal and Abnormal, second Report of the Committee, drawn up by
Prof. Herdman and Prof. Boyce ; Land und Siisswasserkonchylien von Kiikenthals
Reise, by W. Kobelt ; Catalogue of the Hadfield Collection of Shells from the
Loyalty Islands, parts 2 and 3, by Melvill and Standen ; (@// from their respecttve
authors). The Nautilus, vol. 11, no. 9; the Journal of Malacology, vol. 11, nos.
3 and 4, Sept. and Dec. 5, 1897 (issued Jan. 22nd, 1898); the Naturalist, no. 493;
the Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 2.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted:

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A series of Saxicava rugosa, and var. pholadis from
Giltar, Tenby ; and Zhracca papyracea from Pendine.

56 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL..9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1898.

By Mr. J. Madison: Some large Sphertum corneum var. scaldiana from the
Worcester Canal reservoirs at Cofton.

By Mr. R. Welch: Aydrobta senkinst and var. cavinata from Carrigans-on-the-
Foyle, Co. Donegal.

New Members Elected.

Mr. Francis R. Clifton, 24, Park Street, Stoke Newington.

Mr. Walter Edward Collinge, F.Z S., Mason University College, Birmingham.

Mr. E. B. Landis, M.D., English Church Mission, Chemulpo, Corea.

Resignation.

Mr. Harold Barke.

The late Archdeacon Anson.

The Chairman said he was certain all the members present would sympathize
with his feelings of regret at the death of Archdeacon Anson, who, though not a
member of the Society, had taken great interest in the study of conchology and had
been instrumental in obtaining the Lifu Mollusca collected by the Rey. James and

Mrs. Hadfield.
Letter Read.

The following letter to the President was read :—
‘INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ZOOLOGY, 18908.
‘* 3, HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W.
** January roth, 1596.
‘To the President of the Conchological Society.
59 SOR,

““We beg to call your attention to the forthcoming meeting of the
International Congress of Zoology, which will commence its meeting in
Cambridge on August 23rd, 1898, under the presidency of the Rt. Hon. Sir
John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.

** Tt is expected that the Congress, which is international in character as
well as in name, will be attended by eminent zoologists, representing every
branch of zoological science, from the Continent, from America, and from
the Colonies.

‘A detailed programme of the proceedings will be forwarded to you at
a later date. Meanwhile we venture to express our hope that your Society will
be able to assist in defraying the expenses of the Congress by making a dona- .
tion from its funds. We shall further be much obliged to you if you will take
the earliest opportunity of announcing the date and place of meeting to the
members of your Society, and will extend to them the cordial invitation of the
Executive Committee to be present.

‘““We remain, Sir,
“*Vour faithful servants,
“* F, JEFFREY BELL |
““G. C. BOURNE Secretaries.”
‘* ADAM SEDGWICK I

Papers Read.
*“The Mollusca of the Falkland Islands,” by J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen.
“Note on Zerebra eximza Dh.,” by R. Standen.
Exhibits.

By the Manchester Museum: The collection of marine shells from Lively Island,
Falklands, dealt with in Messrs. Melvill and Standen’s paper.

By Mr. R. Standen: Specimens of Zervebra extmia Dh., from Madras (Manch.
Mus. Coll.) and Borneo, to illustrate his note.

PROCEEDINGS : MARCH 9, 1898. 57

By Mr. J. Madison: Sphertam corneum var. scaldiana from Worcester Canal
Reservoirs, Cofton.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: Saxtcava rugosa, and var. pholadis from Giltar, Tenby ;
and Thracta papyracea from Pendine; also a remarkable series of Planorbis spirorbis,
in four boxes—(a) extremely large and perfect normal types; (0) a series of over 20
specimens showing angular compression and a general tendency towards distortion ;
(c) twenty-eight examples showing extraordinary contortion, chiefly in the last
whorl, which is in many cases separated from the rest (subscalariform), and in
several is curled round either base or apex of shell in a sort of knot; some specimens
have begun in a subscalariform manner, and finished quite normally, these present
the appearance of a small table; (¢) twenty-four specimens, truly scalariform,
varying from a simple coil, more or less regular, to a perfect ‘‘corkscrew” form.
All these specimens, which undoubtedly present the most remarkable assemblage of
distorted shells ever shown at a meeting of the Society, were taken in Black Rock
Stream, Tenby, in 1897-8.

By Mr. L. E. Adams: An album formerly belonging to the late Mr. A. Adams,
and containing a large number of autographs of eminent British and Foreign
Conchologists.

By Mr. W. Moss: A number of 7/yvadinze from Anglesea and elsewhere, upon
which he made some remarks which gave rise to an animated discussion. Mr.
Moss further expressed the hope that any members who might have an opportunity
of procuring living Hyalinia glaber or Hy. draparnaudi during the season, would
send him specimens either alive or in spirit for dissection.

269th Meeting, March oth, 1898.

Mr. J. RK. B. Masefield, President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Zoological Bibliography and Publication, Report of the British Association Com-
mittee; Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 20, part 2, Dec.
1897; The Nautilus, vol. 1, no. 10; Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 42, part 1; The Naturalist, no. 494; The
Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 3; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, vol. 28,
nos. 328 and 329; Annales de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, vols.
28-31, 1893-96; Note on some rare Cephalopods, and two Cephalopods from Tene-
riffe, by Einar Lonnberg ; Mollusques terrestres et d’eau douce de Kaméroun, by
Adolf @Ailly; Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu
Berlin, 1896.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Specimens of the monstrosities of Planorbis spirorbes from Tenby.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mr. Henry Woods, M.A., F.G.S. ; Mr. John Wishart, B.Sc.

Proposed Excursion.

The President announced that he was organising a Conchological Excursion on
May 21st to the neighbourhood of the Churnet Valley, to which all members would
be cordially invited. For particulars see page ili. of cover.

Papexs Read :

“On Laterus armatus Ad.,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.

“Observations on abnormality in Planorbés spirorbis, and other freshwater
shells at Tenby,” by A. G. Stubbs.

‘*“Note on Scalaria timbriolata Melv.,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.

59 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1898.

Exhibits :

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: Two specimens of Scalavia fimbriolata from the
Persian Gulf, to illustrate his note ; also a very unusual monstrosity of A/z¢ra episco-
palts L., in which the whorls just below the sutures are extremely thickened, their
incrassation being perfectly regular, and giving the appearance of a projecting band
of ivory whiteness, free from the usual orange markings of the body whorls. The
shell thus looks scalariform. A very richly coloured and perfect normal form was
also shown for comparison.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A series of Physa hypnorum, P. fontinalis, Limnea
peresra, L. palustris, Planorbts nautileus, and P. sptrorbzs, to illustrate his paper.

By Miss G. M. Harrison: A small series of marine shells from the Cape of Good
Hope, collected by herself, including fine examples of Z2rbo cedaris, Liotta granu-
losa, Oxystele zonatus, Gibbula cicer, and G. multicolor.

By Mr. R. Standen: A small set of interesting marine shells, presented to the
Manchester Museum by Miss E. C. Wilson, who had herself collected them at
Grand Canary, amongst them being the specimen of Lafzrus armatus, dealt with in
Mr. Melvill’s paper, Ravzella scrobiculator, Patella aspera, Pecten corallinordes,
Gibbula candei, Trochus sauctata, 7. tanist, and Cardita fabula.

By Mr. H. Bolton: The series of Azthracosta turgida and Tellinomya robusta,
from the Lancashire Coal Measures, contained in the Manchester Museum.

————___ -@+@—___— -

Amalia gagates (Drap.) in Northamptonshire.—Last June (1896) I came
upon a colony of the above species ina town garden in Northampton. The slug
has not yet been met with in the surrounding district, and it is possible that it has
been introduced at some time in plant mould. I may mention that this species,
though often found far afield, thrives particularly well in gardens.—LIONEL E.
ADAMS, Northampton (Read before the Soctety, August 12th, 1896).

Helix nemoralis monst. sinistrorsum in Lancashire.—On June 15th, 1897,
Mr. R. Wigglesworth, of Clayton-le-Moors, took a fine living specimen of this
rare monstrosity in a lane leading to Low Moor, Clitheroe, and has since very
kindly presented the shell to me. It is a well-grown example, in the best possible
condition, of typical /zbeZ/e/a with the three lower bands coalesced. Careful search
was made for others but without success, although normal examples were plentiful
enough. It is interesting to note that this is but the second instance on record
of the occurrence of reversed H. #emoralis in the County Palatine—the first being
recorded by me in this Journal, vol. 6, p. 175.—R. STANDEN (ead before the
Soczety, January 12th, 1898).

New forms of Helix terrestris Penn.—During the mild weather of February
last (1897) I visited the colony of &. ¢evrestrzés and found them feeding in numbers
on the blades of grass. Amongst them were several individuals with interrupted
bands, which presented a tesselated appearance, and one with the band widened
so as to cover the whole shell with the exception of the projecting ridges. These
two forms correspond to V. sacwlata of A. virgata and V. fuloa of H. caperata,
therefore I suggest these names for the similar forms of A. ferrestris. I took
several B. obscurus with the above covered with chalk, which gave them the
appearance of being banded with white —C. E. Wricut, Kettering, March 2oth,
1897 (Read before the Socrety, \uly 14th, 1897). &

59
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the Department of Geology, British
Museum (Natural History). Part 3. Bactritidee, and part of Ammonoidea ;
by A. H. Foorp and G. C. Crick. London, 1897.

The present catalogue is a welcome contribution to our knowledge of a group
of Mollusca which attained a considerable development in paleeozoic times. The
study of the Goniatites which are here chiefly dealt with, is so beset with ditfcul-
ties that thorough workers haye been few, and most collections of any repute will
be found to include specimens which have not been identified by their owners.
Neither the word Gonzatites, as a genus, nor Goniatitidze, as a family, occur in the
catalogue, being replaced by the much later and less familar Glyphzoceras and
Glyphioceratide. Apart from these changes, the catalogue will prove a most use-
ful help to students of the palzeozoic mollusca, by reason of the fact that practically
all known British species of the various genera are described. Further, the suture
line is figured, which will certainly lead to a speedy addition of new species and a
_ better knowledge of the ranges of all.

The main features of the catalogue we take to be these :—(1), A uniform plan of
description throughout, which is explained on p. 18; (2), Careful definition of
terms; (3), Peripheral and side views of many species with a drawing of the suture
line in many cases ; (4), A careful bibliography ; (5), Descriptions of new species.
The figures are incorporated in the text in immediate relation to the description,
and are from carefully executed blocks.

The bibliography in many cases is a study in itself, thirty-seven references, for
instance, being given to Glyphioceras (Gontatites) sphericus. The work is a monu-
ment of thought and care, and Messrs. Foord and Crick are to be congratulated
upon the completion of a well-executed and difficult task.

“Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca” in the Department of Geology, British
Museum (Natural History) Part I. : The Australian tertiary mollusca; by G. F.
Harris. London, 1897.

This voiume is the first of a new series of catalogues which are interded to
describe the fossil Mollusca of different parts of the world. Dr. Woodward has
been fortunate in having induced Mr. Harris to undertake the preparation of this
volume, for it is no mere catalogue in ihe ordinary sense—a mere list of names and
synonyms. The method of its preparation is thoroughly comparative and special
pains have been taken to ascertain, wherever it was possible, what characteristics
were to be regarded as stages in the development of the individual and what as stages
in the phylogeny of the group. It is also shown that many differences which have
been relied upon for the separation of genera and species are either indicative of
stages of growth or are merely individual variations. In Conzes cuspzdatus the
elevation of the spire belongs to the latter category. The author as the result of
these enquiries arrives at the rule that when the scheme of ornament appears early in
the course of individual development it is a criterion for the discrimination of species,
but when it does not appear till later life it merely characterises the individual.
This is, in short, a book which should be studied by every philosophical conchologist.
The Nautilus, vol. 11, nos. 8-ro, Dec.—Feb., 1897-95.

““New West American shells,” by W. H. Datu [Szegaretus oldroyd:, Pecten
3 n.spp.]. ‘‘ Note on two species of Heltezna,” by C. F. ANCEy [H. rabez Pilsb.
=H. rvufocallosa Anc.]. ‘* Oxychona wnmasked,” by H. A. PiLspry [Oxychona
=Drymeus|. ‘‘A new plicate Unio,” by B. H. Wricur [U. walker? n.sp. ].
“Polygyra ferrisst n.sp.,” by H. A. PitsBpry[Tenn. and N.C.]. ‘A classified

60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

catalogue of American land shells, with localities” (cor¢.), by H. A. Pitspry.

Jan., 1898 : ‘‘Some new eocene fossils from Alabama,” by T. H. ALDRICH [4 n.sp.]
“A proposed census of Michigan mollusca,” by B. WALKER. ‘‘ On a new species
of Vitrea from Maryland,” by WM. H. Dati [/. raderz]. “‘A new undulate Unzo
from Alabama,” by B. H. WriGuyv [U. ¢rzumphans). ‘‘Modiola plicatula Lmck.,
an extinct locality,” by R.E.C.s. [Copley Square, Boston]. ‘‘A classified catalogue
of American land shells, with localities” (cor¢.), by H. A. PILsBRY.

Feb., 1898: ‘‘ Unzo (Lampstli’s) amphichenus n.sp.,” by L. S. FRIERSON
[Sabine River, La., figd.]. ‘‘ Notes on Quebec Pupidze and other shells,” by A. W.
HANHAM. “ Description of a new Uzzo0,” by B. H. WricHt [U. reclusus, Ocklock-
nee River, Fla.J]. ‘‘New Pés¢dia,” by Dr. V. STERKI [P. szngleyz, Tex., Mexico ;
P. splendidulum Me., Va., Mich.] ‘‘ A classified catalogue of American land shells,
with localities” (cor¢.), by H. A. PILSBRY.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 6, nos. 3 and 4, Sept. and Dec , 1897 (issued
Jan. 22, 1898).
**On some new species of land shells from the Island of Socotra,” by E. A.

SMITH [10 n.spp. Hunea, Buliminus, Stenogyra, Auricula, Lithidion, pl. 5).

“Species of Plectopyl’s, recently described in ‘ Science Gossip,’” by G. K. GupF.

“‘The British species of Zes¢ace//a (cont.)—Distribution and reproductive system,”

by W. M. Wess [pl. 6]. ‘‘ The distribution of British non-marine mollusca—(r)

Hand list for Essex.”

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1897,
part 2, April-September.

““New species of mollusks from Uruguay,” by H. A. PitsBry [14 n.spp.
mostly figured on pl. 6 and 7]. ‘: External features of young Cryptochiton,” by
H. Hearty. ‘“ Cyprea lynx deformed by disease,” by J. Forp [with cuts].
‘* Patagonian tertiary fossils,” by H. A. Pitspry [7vophon inornatus n.sp. figured,
Turritella tnnotabiles n.sp. }.

‘‘Catalogue of the Hadfield Collection of Shells from the Loyalty Islands,”
parts 2 and 3, by J. C. MELVILL and RK. STANDEN [reprint of papers in this
Journal, issued separately by the Manchester Museum as a handbook].

‘‘ Zoological Bibliography and Publication,” by F. A. BATHER and others.
[The second report of a committee appointed by the British Association].

“Armature of Helicoid Landshells,” by G. kK. Gupr. [/7om the author, re-
printed from ‘Science Gossip;’ Plectopy/is, n.spp. described and figured].

The Naturalist, no. 494, March, 1808. :
“ Occurrence of Achatina acicula in Lincolnshire,” by J. H. Cooke.

Journal de Conchyliologie. Index général et systématique des matiéres con-

tenus dans les volumes xxi a xl. Paris, 1897.

‘(A Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda, Supplement, 1887—96,” by W. E.

HOYLE.

(Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edint., 1897, 13 p., 8vo.).[ A list, with references, of the

species published since the issue of the Catalogue in 1886].

‘(Life Conditions of the Oyster: Normal and Abnormal,” by W. A. Herp-

MAN and R. BOYCE.

[An interesting and valuable report of a Committee appointed by the British
Association to enquire into the life conditions of the oyster under normal and
abnormal environments].

Liverpool Marine Biology Committee: Eleventh Annual report, by W. A.

HERDMAN

61
ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

(Continued from vol. 8, p. 395).

By Joe MAINS AIE IE:

(Read before the Society, July 14, 1897).

SCNPEOR@IDAY

Dentalium entalis var. anulata Jeffr.—In deep water off the
coasts of Yorkshire, Durham; and Aberdeen ; Sound of Sleat, 60—
go f.; the Minch, 45—70 f. :

Var. infundibulum Jeffr.—Generally distributed in suitable
localities.

The ‘“‘ring-like marks of growth” which Jeffreys attributes to the
var. anul/afa are individual, and common to all specimens; gracz/ts
would have been a more suitable name. Examples from some of the
above records are much more slender than the Shetland form. It
lives in fine sand in deep water, while the var. ¢z/undibulum occurs
on rough ground ; the latter is really a stunted form, caused by the
action of a rough bottom wearing away and successively breaking off
the point. Numbers of the ends of D. enéa/is are sometimes brought
up by the dredge, having been cut off by the scraper. This would
indicate that the apex of the shell protrudes above the surface of the
sea-bed,

D. vulgare Da Costa.—Bantry Bay specimens are coffee-coloured.
Monstrosities are rare, but an example from Guernsey is abnormally
curved.

D. striolatum Stps.—Fverce Channel, 570 f. (‘Triton’). D. agile
G. O. Sars also occurred at the same locality and depth (!)

Cadulus jeffreysi Mtros.— Feerce Channel (‘Triton’). — Var.
tumidula G. O. Sars also occurred in the same cruise (!)

Siphodentalium lofotense G. O. Sars.—Generally distributed
throughout the Hebrides on suitable ground—muddy sand in to —g5
f., with Axinus croulinensis. Without going through the tedious and
laborious process of mud-sifting, no one can hope to obtain this
species in any number. I will enumerate the localities that I have
collated—Off Cumbrae (Robertson) ! Strachur, Loch Fyne, 22—56 f.,
and Shuna Island, 27 f. (Knight)! Rum Island, 33 f.; Sound of
Sleat, 20—g95; Loch Hourn, 20f. and 75 f.; Gairloch, 12 f. and
30 f.; Minch off Barra, 50 f. ; and Loch Boisdale, 10—-30 f. (Somer-
ville and J.T.M.); off Skate Island, 107 f. (Scott)! Rathlin Island,
(Chaster) ; off the western side of Lundy Island, 36 f.; Tarbert,
75 f.; Oban, 18—25 f.; Loch Inver, 2o—25 f.; West Orkneys, 45 f.
It varies in the degree of curvature and in slenderness.

62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

S. vitreum Sars has been dredged off the Feerces by the ‘ Light-
ning, and S. guzngquangulare Forbes in the Feerce Channel by the
Sinton:

S. affine Sars.'—Sound of Sleat, 7595 f. (Somerville and J.1.M.);
Loch Fyne, 56 f.; Minch off loch Boisdale, 72 f. Half the speci
mens were living. Dr. Robertson is said to have taken it from
‘material dredged off Skate Island, at the mouth of och Fyne, in
go to roo f.””

Distribution: Channel Slopes; Atlantic off Ireland and off Portugal,
690 f. to 1,380 f. (‘Porcupine’) ; Lofoden Isles, 100—300 f. (Sars) ;
Nova Scotia, 35 f. (Verrill) ; North Atlantic, 1,450 f. (‘Valorous’).

This lives with S. Zofotense, and differs from that species in being
shorter, broader, less cylindrical, and without the conspicuous rings
of growth. It is in no part cylindrical, but gradually increases from
apex to base, and the apex, though similar, is blunter or broader.
L., 015 ; B, 003 inch. With regard to the proportions of length
and breadth, the extreme forms of the two species meet, slender
examples of .S. affine approximating to broad specimens of .S. /ofofevse.

GASTROPODA.

Chitonidz.—There seem to be insuperable difficulties in arrang-
ing the Chitonidz on a satisfactory basis. There are, it is true, various
“systems” awaiting acceptance, all differing more or less from each
other, the difficulty being to reconcile what is apparently irreconcil- .
able. No group of mollusca has given rise to greater controversy,
and, it should be added, to greater research of a laborious and baffling
nature by some of the best naturalists. But Mr. W. H. Dall, whose
opinions on the classification of the Chitonide are entitled to great
weight, writes that “the absence of any well-marked types by which
this order might be divided into families, or even sub-families, is very
remarkable, and in this respect the variations of the dentition agree
with the other characters of shell-plates, girdle, and internal structure.
‘This has already been remarked as regards the girdle and shell by
Dr. Carpenter, who recognised that even his chief divisions of the
order into Regular and Irregular Chitons failed to possess distinct
family value.” *

Among some further notes in the same interesting work, Mr. Dall
states that ‘ Chitons in the adult condition are destitute of eyes or
tentacles, and exhibit evidences of degradation anteriorly. They
differ from most molluscs in that the shell does not appear on the

1 horh. Selsk. Christiania, 1864, p. 299, pl. vi., f. 34-35.
2 Trans. N. H. Soc. Glasgow, n.s., vol. 2, p. 152.
3 Exploration of Alaska, art. 4, p. 74 (Budd. U.S. Nat. ATus., vol. 1).

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 63

embryo until some time after they are hatched.” ' But if the head of
Chiton is without eyes, it is amply compensated by the immense
number contained in its shell, first described by the late Professor
Moseley.”

Chiton fascicularis var. attenuata Jeffr.—IIfracombe.

I have taken the fry and young of the type from sea-weeds during
the month of September ; the former are long and very narrow, without
any appearance of side tufts—these begin to appear when the animal
is about a line in length.

C. debilis Gray.—Loch Boisdale, 20—50 f., plates; Sound of
Sleat, 30—8o f., plates (Somerville and J.T.M.); Guernsey, off St.
Martin’s Point, 20 f., a fine living specimen (Burkill) ! Scilly, 40 f., a
perfect specimen and some plates (Burkill and J.T.M.); Lynn of
Morven, 40 f., plates (Knight)! Clyde, 18 f; Loch Inver, 25 f,

C. scabridus Jeffr—sSt. Clement’s and St. Aubin’s Bays, Jersey
(Duprey and J.T.M.); the north-eastern parts of Guernsey and the
south-western parts of Herm ; probably in other parts of the Channel
Islands in suitable localities. Also in Torbay, but rare. Professor
Gwatkin tells me that the radula differs markedly from that of any
other British C/zton. It is figured in Sowerby’s Index.

C. cancellata G. B. Sow.—Low water to 4of. Scilly (Burkill
and J.T.M.); Lismore, 6 f. (Knight)! Falmouth Bay; Milford
Haven ; Vatersay Sound, Barra, 5f. The finest come from Guernsey
and are 2 inch in length. ‘The shells are sometimes pure white.

C. cinereus var. rissoi Jeffr—Clyde (A. Brown); Sutherland-
shire (Baillie)! Scilly (Burkill and J.T.M.); Herm, between tide-
marks ; Guernsey, 20 f.; Aberdeenshire. Not Payraudeau’s species
of that name, and not Mediterranean.

The ringing of the changes on C. cénereus L. and C. marginatus
Penn. would suggest a misplacement of tickets or specimens in
mounting or remounting the Linnean collection, for as a plain matter
of fact C. marginatus is not cinereous, and could not be called so
with any consistency; while on the other hand the term céwerews can-
not properly apply to any other C/z¢on than the cinereous one.

C. ruber Lowe.—This species has been much confused by some
European writers, who have persisted in referring it to C. marmoreus
Fab., though Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, who says he has traced and
examined the Linnean Chitons, has left this theory no foundation.
I have specimens an inch in length from the coast of Alaska, where
it is one of the most abundant species.

a (OVP Bite Oh (Oyo
2 Quart. Journ. Micr. Scz., vol. 25, p. 37-60, pl. 4-6, 1885.

64 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1808.

C. levis Mtros.—Scilly Isles (Burkill and J.T.M.).
Var. navicula Jeffr.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie) !

C. marmoreus Fab.-—Mr. Pearcey has taken specimens in the
Firth of Clyde 24 inches in length.

C. ruber, C. levis, and C. marmoreus are somewhat confusing in
colour and appearance, especially when not well preserved ; in the
latter case, the girdle may be found to afford the most distinguishing
character. That of C. ruder is finely granulated, and has a mealy
appearance ; that of C. /evis is much broader, and under a lens
resembles hair-cloth; while that of C. marmoreus is equally broad
as the last, but smooth except under a high power.

Patella Lister.—A very able paper on the limpet tribe has been
given by Mr. Dall,’ and a highly interesting paper on the habits of
the limpet by Mr. Clark Hawkshaw.?

Dr. Lawrence Hamilton,* in experiments on the adhesive power ot
the limpet, came to the conclusion ‘“‘that while some portion of the ad-
hesive power may or may not be due to atmospheric pressure, a very
considerable amount, if not the major part, or perhaps all, is probably
dependent upon the throwing out of a very tenacious substance..”

As regards the ‘“‘ homing” of the limpet, Iam of opinion that the
return of the animal to its starting-place is due to its scar having all
the inequalities correspondant to the irregularly serrated edge of its
shell, as these inequalities would add considerably to its mechanical
hold ; whereas it would be inconvenient, and not quite safe from
enemies, if it had to adhere to any surface haphazard each time it
travelled. >

Dr. Jeffreys has related how the lighthouse-keeper at Scalpa, in the
Hebrides, had noticed rats on the rocks feeding on the limpets, which
they detached ‘‘ by a sudden jerk with their noses ; should the first
effort fail, another is never attempted against the same individual, now
warned and adhering closely to the rock; but the rat instantly
proceeds to others off their guard, until enough food is procured.” I
have noticed the same thing in some parts of Torbay, where rats
abound in the cavernous cliffs, and in quietly lunching after a
morning’s work at low tide, I have often seen them at their work.
My attention was first attracted by one day seeing my little black-and-
tan terrier excitedly chasing something among the boulders at the
water’s edge, until he succeeded in intercepting and keeping at bay an
unusually large and fierce rat, which he managed to dispose of after
several “rounds.” Mr. Collings, the Seigneur of Sark, has several

x1 Exploration of Alaska, p. 118 e¢ segq.
2 Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 14, p. 406-411, 1878.
3 Natural Science; Oct., 1892.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 65

preserved rats which have been found drowned by limpets, their
tongues having been firmly pressed to the rocks. There may be a
connection between this practice of limpet-eating by colonies of
rodents, and the various “ Rat Islands” that are scattered round our
coasts.

P. vulgata I..—The fry are very curious, and may be found in
dwarf sea-weeds during March and April. This extremely common
species was very rare during the Crag period, only two small speci-
mens, three-eighths of an inch in diameter, being recorded by Searles
Wood.

Var. elevata Jeffr.Jersey and Guernsey. This must not be
confused with high-spired examples, which are to be found of all
the varieties and of all sizes.

Var. picta Jeffr.—Exposed rocks in the Channel Islands; Torquay ;
Tenby ; Butt of Lewis. I regard this as a stunted form of the var.
intermeata.

Var. intermedia Knapp.—Usually rounder than the type.
Tenby.

Var. depressa Penn.—In a few cases this is beautifully rayed
inside.

A monstrous specimen of the last variety from Guernsey has the
whole of the crown filled in with a pearly deposit, and it is difficult to
realise how the animal accommodated itself inside the shell. Another
monstrous form of the type from Torbay is circular and almost flat,
like a penny-piece; it was empty, but its tenant could not have
resembled the normal type. A uniform pale yellow variety inhabits
caves at Sark.

Helcion pellucidum L.—Specimens as large as Jeffreys’ figures
and dimensions are not often met with. The fry swarm in sea-weeds
in March, April, and May ; they have a spiral apex, similar to that of
Patella. A form from Eigg Island, in the Hebrides, is whitish, semi-
transparent, and exceedingly thin.

Var. elongata Jeffr.—Killala Bay (Miss Warren)! Sutherland-
shire (Baillie)! Bordeaux Harbour, Guernsey ; Borough Island and
Torbay, S. Devon. The young of this are remarkably elongated.

Tectura Aud. M.E.—It is not easy to decide between the con-
flicting claims of Zectura and Acmea for precedence. Technically, it
should be Acmea Eschscholtz, but morally it should be Zectura Aud.
VERS es Vir Wee iall von sthe jones hands and”) Dr! ke Boos
Watson” on the other, have exhaustively stated and re-stated all the

t Amer. J. Conch., 1871, p. 37.
2 ‘Challenger’ Gasteropoda, p. 28—9.

ical

66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1808.

points in connection with the subject, and though both of them
decide for Acmea, it is one of those cases in which everyone is largely at
liberty to please himself, and I make no apology for retaining the
name so long used by British conchologists.

T. testudinalis Miill.—Isle of Man (Archer) ; Llandudno (Tom-
lin) ; Fleetwood (Heathcote); Doggerbank and Scarborough. This
species would appear to be still migrating southward. It is occasion-
ally of a uniform dark brown. I have specimens from the North
Pacific 24 inch by 1? inch.

Var. pallida Verkrz.—Girdleness, near Aberdeen (Simpson) !

T. virginea var. conica Jeffr.Higher and rounder ; position of
apex as variable as in the type. This variety is usually dredged, bu
conical specimens of the type are occasionally found between tide-
marks.

Var. lactea Jeffr.—Kincardineshire (Simpson) ! Gorran, Corn-
wall (Couch) ; Herm Island.

Jeffreys writes’ ‘‘that the position of the apex is very variabie,
and that an adult specimen dredged by Admiral Acton in the Bay
of Naples, in 60 f. has a spiral and persistent apex or nucleus”;
but the nucleus is usually shed at a very early age, and the apex
in young specimens shows a slight depression caused by the shedding
of the embryonic spire.

There is some doubt as to the correctness of the Mediterranean
record. ‘The Marquis di Monterosato contends that the Mediter-
ranean shell is not Miiller’s species, while Jeffreys maintains that
Lottia unicolor Forb., which is Mediterranean, is only a synonym of
T. virginea, and is not Gadinia gussont O. G. Costa.

Lepeta fulva Miill—See /. Conch, vol. 8, p. 30, Jan., 1895.

Var. expansa Jeffr.Gairloch, 30 f.; Loch Inver, 25 f. ; Loch

Boisdale, 35 f. (Somerville and J. T. M.). Equally variable as
Tectura virginea in shape and height.

L. czca Miill.—Loch Fyne, a dead specimen (Coll. MacAndrew) ;
Kyles of Bute, 18 f. ; another dead specimen. Mr. Frank Coulson,
of Glasgow, has a specimen dredged alive in the Hebrides or East
Shetlands, he is not sure which, but he has never dredged outside
British waters.

Propilidium ancyloides Forb.—Shuna Island and Lynn of
Morven, in Loch Linnhe, 27—50 f. (Knight)! Sound of Sleat, 30o—
go f., and Loch Boisdale, 35 f. (Somerville and J. T. M.); Clyde,
Toft) Lamlash 20. ; Oban, 254) Also imithe British w@hanner
690 f. (Porcupine) !

1 Proc.-Zool, Soc., Nov. 1882, p. 671.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 57

Jeffreys’ remark “not uncommon” would imply a common shell,
but this is not so, it is everywhere scarce. The Loch Boisdale spcci-
mens belong to a depressed variety.

Puncturella noachina L.—-14—9o0 fathoms. Liverpool Bay
(Tomlin) ; Loch Boisdale 30 f--; and Barra 30—53 f. (Somerville and
J. T. M.); Oban, 14—25 f.; Lamlash, 15 f.; Doggerbank, 30 f.
Varies greatly in the height of the spire. A form almost as numerous
as the type has the spire less elevated and the base more expanded.
Jeffreys’ figure represents the one, and Sowerby’s the other. Another
form from the Clyde is compressed at the sides like var. princeps, but
has a depressed spire.

Emarginula fissura var. subdepressa Jeffr—sSutherlandshire
(Baillie) ! Scilly (Burkill and J. T. M.) ; Herm, low water ; Guernsey,
noes loch Hyne, 251; Woch Boisdale and other parts vof the
Hebrides.

Var. elata Jeffr.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie)! Herm, low water ;
Guernsey, 18 f; Clyde, 18 f. ; Glenelg, 30 f ; Loch Boisdale and
other parts of the Hebrides.

Var. incurva Jeffr.—Lamlash, 18 f. ; Clyde, 18 f.; Loch Boisdale
and other parts of the Hebrides.

Two monstrous specimens from Guernsey have a second growth
proceeding out of the original one, and look like two shells fitted one
in the other. Jeffreys’ figure represents the type, and Sowerby’s the
var. e/ata.

FE. rosea Bell.—Twenty-five per cent. of Guernsey specimens are
more conical than the type, the spire is less raised and does not over-
hang the margin, and the sides are more expanded; they form a
passage to £. fissura through the var. zacurva. No attention has
hitherto been given to the variation of the Channel Islands’ mollusca
from the types of the British coast proper. It is full of curious
interest.

E. crassa J. Sow.—The MacAndrew Collection contains two
small specimens said to have been found by Miss Roberts at Anglesea,
but the locality is doubtful. Specimens obtained underneath stones
at low water are usually badly stained and encrusted, but dredged
examples are snowy white, and show the microscopic sculpture well.

Fissurella grzca var. gibba Jeffr—lLoch Creran near Oban
(A. Brown).

Calyptrea chinensis L.—The Crag form of this species far sur-
passes the recent one in point of size; it is 14 inch in diameter, and
was for that reason at first described as a distinct species.

68 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898.

Var. spirata Nardo.'—Off Portland Breakwater z1 f. This must
not be mistaken for a small conical form sometimes found attached to
pebbles named and figured by S. Wocd var. conica; the latter has not
the peculiar spiral twist which belongs to the var. spzraza.

Crepidula unguiformis Lm. —This American and Mediterranean
species is occasionally met with dead on our shores, having
presumably been imported with oysters from America, and in one
instance living specimens have been taken in the Crouch River,
Essex. Several other American mollusca are in the same category.

Haliotis tuberculata L.—Dr. Jeffreys’ statement that this species
“adheres to rocks like the limpet” is rather misleading. ‘They
adhere to the under sides of large stones, never on the surface of
rocks like the limpet. My smallest specimen is a line in length, and
the animal had just finished, and had also closed up, its first
eyelet-hole.

Scissurella crispata Flem.—Eigg Island, 20 f. ; Loch Boisdale,
20—50 f.; Minch off Barra, 40 f. (Somerville and J. T. M.); Clyde,
18 f.; Sutherlandshire ; West Orkneys, 45 f. Also Corea, 30—s50f.;
(‘Sylvia’) !

Cyclostrema cutlerianum Clark.—10 to 4o fathoms. Scilly
(@Burlallfand a); I M.)); Isle of Mann (eee Ban@™)siilellenaenslanaales
End; Borough Island; Torbay; Weymouth and Lulworth. The
sculpture is easily discernible with an ordinary lens.

C. nitens Phil.—Scilly (Burkill and J. T. M.); Aberdeenshire ;
Sutherlandshire ; Castle Bay, Barra ; West Orkneys, 45 f.

Resembles the fry of Zrochus helicinus, but may be recognised by
the aperture, which forms a complete peristome. Sowerby’s fig. 23,
pl. xi.,” is not C. mfens, as indexed, for the peristome is incomplete,
and the pillar lip is reflected, neither of which characters pertain to
C. nitens. It may probably have been meant for the male form of
Trochus helicinus, as it would just suit it, and is placed next to
the female form of that species. His fig. 22, pl. xiv., indexed as
C. nitens var. alderi, is the type form. Jeffreys’ figures are useless for
reference ; they are globose instead of depressed, and striated instead
of smooth. Forbes and Hanley’s (as Wargarita pusilla) are better.

Molleria levigata Jeffr.—‘‘I had overlooked a specimen of this
little shell among my Shetland dredgings. The peristome and the
curved striae at the base show that it belongs to J@¢//erfa and not to

Cyclostrema.”® Jt was also dredged by the ‘Lightning’ between the

J. Conch., vol. 7, p. 240, 1893.
Illustrated Index of British Shells.
Proc, Zool. Soc., March, 1883, p. 89—91.

WwW NH

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 69

Shetlands and Feerces, but nearest the latter group, in 62 f. and 5rof.
It is a Norwegian species, and was originally described by Herr Friele
from Bergen. The synonyms are Cyclostrema levigatum G. O. Sars,
and C. basistriatum and C,. curvistriatum Brugnone.

Specimens of AZ costulata MOll., have been dredged by Mr. Alfred
Brown off Silvercraigs, Loch Fyne, 12 f.; and by myself at Lamlash
ro f.; and Clyde 18 f.; dead specimens and probably fossil. It is
well figured in Sowerby’s Index.

Circulus striatus Phil.—Bartra Island, co. Mayo; and Portrush,
co. Antrim.

Trochus helicinus Fab.—Groomsport, co. Down; Portrush,
co. Antrim.

Var. fasciata Jeffr.—Portrush ; East Sutherlandshire.

T. groenlandicus Chemn.—All the figures of this shell exhibit
_ four whorls, while different writers describe them as having four, five,
and six whorls. In reality, an adult specimen has six, the first two of
which are smooth and white, and the size is a quarter of an inch.
Jeffreys’ figure is a bad one both in shape and execution, and different
from Sowerby’s very good one. Forbes and Hanley give four capital
figures (as 7. wndulatus and var.), only one of which is adult and has
five whorls, the others being obviously immature or dwarfs, as the
annexed measurements indicate one-eighth of an inch, while the
authors describe it as one-fifth.

Var. dilatata Jeffr.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie)! but sculptured
as the type. 5,

Var. lzvior Jeffr.—Skye, 30 f. This variety is usually smaller
than the type, but my Skye specimens are larger, and deep pink in
colour.

T. cinctus Phil.— Extremely variable in sculpture. Not un-
common in some parts of the Atlantic. Jeffreys described a var. affints
from the ‘ Porcupine’ expedition.

T. magus L.—Very variable as regards height of spire and
convexity of whorls. Specimens from between tide-marks differ from
those which are dredged in being more depressed, and the whorls are
not so turreted nor so nodulous below the suture. Bucquoy, Daut-
zenberg, & Dollfus have named this form var. odsolefa, and a similar
form with a raised spire, which I have from Guernsey and Fowey,
is their var. producta.

Var. alba Jeff.cCobo Bay, Guernsey (Cooke and Gwatkin) ;
Herm, low water. A colourless form is not uncommon.

Var. conica Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 250, 1893).—Heacham,
Norfolk (Mayfield)! (This is the only record 1 know from the east

70 JOURNAL OF CUNCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1808.

coast for Z. magus). Herm Island, at very low water. This is a simple
cone with compressed whorls, and has the outlines of 7: sizyphinus
var. humilior.

T. cinerarius L.—The range in the height of the spire is
extreme. Both this and Z. wmbilicatus have corresponding elevated
and depressed forms, and in some rare cases the markings of Z-
umbilicatus approximate to this species.

Var. electissima Thorpe.—Some dwarfs of this from Guernsey
are only two lines in height and breadth.

Var. variegata Jeffr—The characters of this variety are
occasionally combined with the last.

T. umbilicatus var. agathensis Récl.—Jeffreys has described
the animal in the ‘ Lightning’ Report. According to Monterosato,
T. agathensis Récl. is a good species, from Provence and Cette,
but zo¢ Atlantic. He cites it as “Gvbbula agathensis, Récl., ex typo in
coll. Hanley.” Dr. Norman goes astep further and re-names our shell
var. sarniensis; but if the name has to be altered for any reason,
Lowe’s var. Zefa has precedence. The coloured rays are purple both
in this variety and in the type, though Jeffreys describes the latter
as red.

T. lineatus var. minor Jeffr.—La Rocque, Jersey, but not eroded.
This is sold in the Jersey market as “ periwinkles,” taking the place
of Littorina littorea, which is there very rare. I have met with
several colonies possessing the curious malformed opercula related by
Mr. Clark, and Jeffreys’ opinion as to its being ‘‘an epidemic disease
of the operculigerous lobe” appears to me most likely to be the right
one. Some of these specimens have no opercula at all.

T. montacuti Wd.—Occasionally cream colour, without any
markings. The fry have a rounded base, and closely resemble
the same stage of 7: ¢umidus. A monstrosity from Guernsey and the
Minch has a deep suture and a rounded base.

T. striatus monst. scalariforme Jeffr.—Herm Island.

T. exasperatus var. pyramidata JeffrNarrower at the base,
with a prominent keel to each whorl. I have a specimen from
Guernsey, and Dr. Jeffreys’ collection contains one from Jersey, found
by Mr. Sturges Dodd. Jeffreys was of opinion that Z: exasperatus
was a variety of Z: striatus, but without giving any tangible grounds
for it. Both species are very true to form, rarely varying in hundreds
of specimens, and certainly never approaching each other in their
specific characters. Z. exasperatus lives under stones, and 7. striatus
on sea-weeds, both at low water mark. The fry of Z. exasperatus are
rounded at the base, and are marked with spiral pink lines, very

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”’ 7i

different from the same stage of Z. striatus. Dr. Watson, who has
collected great numbers of both species, says they “can never be
confounded so long as the apex is recognisable.” There are numerous
Continental varieties of both species, but they are mostly variations in
colour.

T. miliaris var. pyramidata Jeffr.—Scilly, 35-f. (Smart and
others) ; Penzance. A monstrosity of the type from the Moray Frith
has a deep suture and convex base, corresponding to the form pre-
viously noticed of Z. montacutt.

T. granulatus Born.—The Diamond ground off Hastings
(Langdon)! off Sanda Island, Clyde, a living specimen (Scott) ; off
Lundy Island (from trawlers).

_ Var. lactea Jeff-—Scilly (Burkill and J.T.M.) ; Mount’s Bay.

T. zizyphinus L.—The fry are not umbilicate in any degree, and
_the top whorl is smooth, the next one having either spiral lines or
granules. Jeffreys says in his description that “the ridges on the
upper whorls are granulated,” but this is the case only with some
specimens, and those usually dredged; as often as not they have
plain ridges, or the sutural ridges only are beaded. When the whole
of the upper whorls are granulated they resemble the same stage of
T. granulatus, but the latter have the granules smaller and the rows
closer together, and especially the nodules appear in uniform oblique
rows when viewed with the apex upward. I think Mr. Barlee’s “single
specimen’ from the west coast of Scotland, named by Jeffreys var.
granulifera, may be an ordinary white one with the juvenile granula-
tions continued on to maturity.

Var. lyonsii Flem.—Low-water mark in Cornwall and South
Devon, to 110 f. ; off Loch Don, Mull, living (A. Brown).

Var. humilior Jeffr—Clyde (A. Brown); Herm Island and
Torbay, low water; Scilly; Barra. This variety also occurs white
at Scilly.

Var. levigata J. Sow.—Llandulas and Menai Straits (/. Conch.,
vol. 7, p. 27); Bull Bay, Anglesea, and Port Erin, Isle of Man
(Archer); Tenby. Many typical and white specimens are smooth
between the sutural ridges, but the main character of this variety is
its peculiar shape. It is figured in “British Mollusca,” but not well;
the last whorl should be much more expanded.

Var. elata Jeffr.—Off Aberdeenshire, in deep water (Simpson) !
West Orkneys, 45 f. This variety 1s occasionally smooth, sometimes
white, and I have seen one specimen of the monst. scalariforme.
I have also a specimen which is thin, pearly, and highly iridescent,
still containing the animal and operculum, as described by Jeffreys in

72 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898.

the case of a specimen of Z. cinerarius. Other species have been
found occasionally in a similar condition, as well as several instances
of Fusus. 1 consider that in all such cases they have been swallowed
by fish, partially digested, and then voided again.

The scalariform monstrosity is very pretty and rare. A subscalari-
form one hasbeen recorded from Menai Straits (/. Conch., vol. 7,
p. 28); and Mr. J. E. Cooper found another monstrosity at Jersey
having a double operculum.

T. occidentalis Migh.—Aberdeenshire (Simpson) ! off Aberdeen,
58f., and off Montrose, 53 f. (‘Triton’)! off the Doggerbank, 44 f.,
80 miles N.E. by E. from Scarborough. My largest specimen, from
the latter district, 1s halfan-inch in length and breadth.

Var. pura Jeff.—Aberdeenshire (Simpson and J.T.M.); Dogger-
bank. ;

I have Z. céneveus Couth., dredged dead, and probably fossil, from
Figg Island, 20f.; Clyde, 15 f.; Gairloch, 30f.; Loch Boisdale, 30f.
“A young and dead specimen, but apparently recent,” was dredged
by the ‘ Porcupine’ off the west of Ireland in 173 f.

Other outlying species are Z. swturats Phil. and 7. offor Phil. =
T. rhysus Wats., from the Feeroe Channel (!)

Two specimens of a new species of Zvochus (Calliostoma) were
dredged off the south-west of Ireland, in 200 f., in the Royal Irish
Academy cruise of 1886, one specimen containing the animal and
operculum. It isa handsome shell, unlike any other British species
of Zrochus, and very much resembles the new genus Gaza (G. da@-
dala) of Watson.

Phasianella pullus L.—There are two forms everywhere, denot-
ing the sexes. ‘The male has the body-whorl more circumscribed,
with a slightly longer spire—it leads into the var. od/onga, but the
latter is still more slender, and the last whorl is not much wider than
the penultimate one. That of the female is more globose and has a
shorter spire. All the British writers figure the shell of the male as
their type, and that, according to Monterosato, is not Linné’s.

Var. oblonga Jeffr.—Guernsey ; South Devon; Weymouth.

Var. pulcheila Récl.—This very distinct variety is the preva-
lent form at Guernsey and Herm, where it takes the place of the type,
and is also found at various other places. It differs from the type in
being much smaller, subconic instead of oval, the spire longer and less
rapidly increasing, the last whorl proportionately smaller, and especially
in the colour never varying, but being always pink. L. 0:2, B. 07125
inch, It is easily recognisable at all stages of growth, and also the
male and female forms. From var. eé/onga this is but half the size,

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 73

with more rounded whorls and constant colour. I have not met with
it at Jersey, where the type is the prevalent form. It is well figured
in “‘Mollusques du Roussillon,” and the types of Récluz are in our
National Collection.

Lacuna.—Dr. Watson has pointed out in the ‘ Challenger’ Report
(p. 579) that “‘it is unfortunate that in ‘British Conchology’ the artist
has represented Zacwna (in the generic plate) with ciliated tentacles,”
to which it has no claim. He also adds that ‘‘in his generic diagnosis
of Zacuna, Jeffreys does not mention the epidermis.” The canal and
umbilicus in all the British Zacwne are variable quantities, even in
specimens from the same locality. Dr. Watson says he is “not aware
what relation this feature of the inner lip and umbilicus has to the
economy of the animal’s life, but it would seem to be one of some
importance, possibly in connection with the eggs, and in that case it
is deserving of generic recognition.” There seems to be no doubt
‘that in certain species of Ae/zx, at any rate, advantage is taken of a
large and open umbilicus to afford shelter for the ova or young ; but
in those genera possessing a small and insignificant one it can serve
no purpose. Dr. Morch seems to have been the first to notice this
peculiar provision in the Exdodonta (a widely-distributed section of
ffelix). And Mr. Andrew Garrett,’in adopting Zzdera as another
section of /e/ix for some species peculiar to the Society and Cook’s
Islands, observed that they “are remarkable for their singular habit
of ovopositing into their cavernous umbilici.” An interesting illus-
tration and some remarks on this habit are given in Science Gossip
(March, 1894).

L. crassior Mont.—Of Jeffreys’ two figures, the obverse one is a
subscalariform monstrosity, which is now and then met with; the
other is the type.

L. divaricata var. canalis Mont.— Horn coloured and _ thin.
Usually occurs at the mouths of rivers, and is analagous to Z. puteolus
var. auricularts.

Var. unifasciata Mont.—Extremely variable in shape and size.
Not always banded ; often uniform brown or white.

Var. gracilior Metc.—Dornoch Frith. L 025, B. o'15 inch.
A monstrosity of the type from Torbay has a double outer lip.
L. puteolus Turt.—As in Phasianella, there are two forms every-
where, indicating the sexes. The female has a larger shell, with a
more globular body-whorl, a more prominent spire, and the base
obtusely pointed instead of rounded. In the male, the spire is
smaller and depressed, and the body-whorl is expanded laterally. All

t J. Ac. Philadelphia, 1881.

74 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898.

the varieties exhibit these two forms. Forbes and Hanley’s figures
(and 3572) represent themtemales sand sq oMtden malemona
Specimens occasionally occur in which transverse striz are plainly
observable under the epidermis, but they are not sufficiently cha-
racteristic to merit a varietal name. My var. p/ccata was founded on
abraded specimens. of this form. The young may be distinguished
from those of Z. prllidula by the striz ; the latter are smooth. A
dwarf form from Torbay, Mayo, and Iona, does not exceed a line in
length and breadth, and a dwarf of the var. exfavsa is smaller still.
Var. conica Jeffr.—Brora (Baillie) ! Guernsey ; Torbay ; Mayo ;
Barra. An extreme or monstrous form of this variety, from Dornoch
Frith, has an elongated spire, equalling that of Z. divaricata, and it
could pass for either species. ‘This may be Z. a/be//a Lov., which is
described as intermediate between ZL. puteolus and L. divaricata.
Var. auricularis Mont.—River Moy, co. Mayo (Miss Warren) !
Var. clausa Jeffr.—Found everywhere occasionally with the type.
Var. expansa Jeffr.—Guernsey ; Penzance ; Weymouth; Killala

Bay.
L. pallidula DaCosta.—This is much given to sport. As in the

last species, it has two forms denoting the sexes, one having a raised
and the other a depressed spire. The former is the male, and is
shaped as var. weritoidea, but is larger. Many of the Guernsey speci-
mens have the canal and umbilicus partially and sometimes entirely
closed.

As in many other instances, Jeffreys’ type figure is quite different
from Sowerby’s; the latter would do for the var. patuw/a but for the
umbilicus, and the former I consider the shell of the male. Forbes
and Hanley’s are right.

Var. neritoidea A. Gd.-—-Guernsey ; Torbay ; Tenby ; Grooms-
port ; Sutherlandshire. A dwarf of this from Guernsey, living in
Chondrus crispus, 1s only a line in length.

Var. patula Thorpe.—Smaller. Herm Island; Falmouth.

Var. albescens Jeffr.—Canal nearly closed in the adult. Tenby
(Span) ! ‘Torquay.

Var. naticiformis Marshall (7 Conch., vol. 7, p. 230). —
Loch Spelve (A. Brown); Guernsey. Captain Brown described
another globose form, ‘‘ found by General Bingham at Dunbar,” as
L. retusa; it is not this, but apparently an immature shell.

[Zo be continued |.

Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum at Lewes.—I took two examples of this
shell in my garden on 13th May. They were three-quarters grown, dead specimens,
and very bleached, and were found lying within six inches of each other.—
C. H. Morris, Lewes (“ead before the Society, June 26th, 1897),

75
THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS AND THE
IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOURHOOD.

By J. COSMO MELVILL anp R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, Oct. 13th, 1897).

(Continued from page 48).

Natica pulicaria Phil*.—One small individual, exactly agreeing
in marking with a large specimen so named in J. C. Melvill’s collec-
tion. Habitat, hitherto unknown.

Natica (Neverita) chemnitzi Récluz (=. amf/a Phil. var.).—
Three typical examples. Indian Ocean, China, Japan, Australia,
Mauritius.

Natica (Polinices) colummnaris Récluz.—Several small speci-
mens. Philippines, Mauritius.

Natica (Polinices) mamilla L.—The numerous specimens we
have are medium-sized, and typical. East Indies, Lifu, Central Poly-
nesia, Philippines.

Natica (Ruma) zanzibarica Récluz (=/WV. melanostoma Gm.
var.).*—Our specimens are a little more quadrangular than the type
of IV. melanostoma, ast Indies, Mauritius, Madagascar, Philippines,
Western Polynesia.

Sigaretus javanicus Gr.—Some good examples. East Indies.

Sigaretus neritoides L.—Several examples of this common East
Indian Szgaretus, in a very good state of preservation. Some confusion
attends the limitation of the various forms of this genus, and Tryon
considers .S. gavanicus and 5S. neritoides identical.' We can hardly
agree with him.

Sigaretus (Catinus) planulatus I.m.*—Several; easily dis-
tinguished by its smooth, flattened surface. Australia, Philippines,

Zanzibar.
FAMILY /ANTZAINIDA.

Ianthina globosa Sw.—A beautiful and perfect example, pale

violet in colour.
FamMity SCALARIJDA.

Scalaria (Scala) tenuicostata Sow.—-Quite perfect and very
beautiful, the ribs being very closely set. Japan.

Scaliola bella A. Ad.—One, seemingly identical with this
Japanese species. Our example is only eight whorled, however, as
against nine. It may very likely be an undescribed form, of which
more material is wanted before deciding.

Aclis eoa Melvill.*—-One, agreeing with the type from Bombay.

t Man. Moll., vol 8, p. 55.

76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898.

Vamity AOLIMLDZE,

Apicalia holdsworthi H. Ad.—Seven specimens of this interest- ,
ing Stylifer. Ceylon.

FaMIty PYRAADELLIDAL.

Obeliscus pulchellus A. Ad.* Japan, Loyalty Islands
(Hadfield).

Obeliscus terebellum A. Ad.—Very perfect. Antilles.

Syrnola maderaspatana M. & S., wide antea, p. 32.

Pyrgulina interstriata) Sow.—A few, in poor condition,
seemingly identical with Bombay and Upolu examples in J. C.
Melvill’s collection.

Pyrgulina kreffti Angas.—One, of what may be this Australian
form.

Turbonilla candida (Ad.)—One fine shell, in all respects
agreeing with examples dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend in the Arabian
Sea (Karachi, etc.)

Turbonilla coromandelica M. & S., wade antea, p. 32.

Cingulina spina Cr. Fisch.—Many examples of an elegant
species.

FAMILY VEAR/I7T/DA.

Nerita crassilabrum E. Sm.—-Several. Red Sea, Indian Ocean,
Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines, Fiji Islands.

Nerita gemmulata Rv.—Three specimens, agreeing well with
description and examples in British Museum. Habitat hitherto
unknown.

Nerita haustrum Rv.—A black Nerite, finely transversely sulcate.
Tryon considers this synonymous with JV. yoldi Récl.—which, like
some other West Indian species is subject to an erosion which
excavates the white portions, leaving the black in relief. Red Sea,
Indian Ocean, Hong Kong.

Nerita histrio L.—Some handsome, well-grown individuals in
very fine condition. Australia, Mauritius, East Africa, East Indies,
Philippines, Polynesia.

Nerita polita L.*—A number of examples, showing the usual
variation in colour so notable in this common but beautiful species.
Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Mauritius, Loyalty Islands,
Polynesia.

Nerita .(Thelicostyla) albicilla L.*—Several of this widely-
distributed species. Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines, Loyalty
and Fiji Islands, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, &c.

Nerita (Peloronta) plicata L.—-Some typical specimens.
Formosa, Indian Ocean, Polynesia, Loyalty and Sandwich Islands.

“MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. Wi

Neritina mertoniana Récl.—Many specimens. This is pro-
bably, as considered by Tryon, a variety of V. walanensis Less., which
closely mimics the common West Indian WV. z7zxginea, L., and is equally
variable in its markings. Indian Ocean to Philippines and Polynesia.

FamMity 7URBINIDAS.

Phasianella (Orthomesus) variegata Lm.—We give the above
name to two examples of a small, smooth, closely interruptedly white-
lined Phasianella, with some little doubt, the exact variety not being
found in the Mus. Brit., but it seems near P. nivosa, P. lentiginosa,
and other quasi species now aggregated by Pilsbry under the above
name.”

Turbo (Senectus) radiatus Gm.—Many, in all stages. Red
Sea to Madagascar, eastward to New Caledonia, Nicobar, Philippine,
and Loyalty Islands.

FAMILY ZROCAHIDAE. :

Polydonta maculata L. var.—Several specimens of this protean
species, differing from the type in some respects. Philippines, Singa-
pore, Fiji Islands, Indian Ocean, Kingsmill Island.

Polydonta veneta Rv.—A few examples of a species allied to P.
radiata Gm. but without teeth on the columella. Moluccas (Rv.).

Polydonta (Carinidea) radiata Gm.*—-Many, in all stages of
growth. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Singapore, Madagascar, Ceylon.

Umbonium vestiarium L.*—A large number of specimens.
apparently not so variable or light in colour as examples from the
Western shores of India. The var. vosea, however, is present, and
the variety with slaty black umbilical callosity. Indian Ocean,
Ceylon to Java, Philippines, Singapore, New Irealand.

Gibbula nuclea Phil— Typical specimens. New Caledonian
Archipelago, Japan, Fiji Islands (Garrett).

Minolia biangulosa A. Ad.—An abundant South Indian
Minolia, the whorls being excessively angulate. We have lately seen
dredged from Ceylonese waters by Capt. Tindall, of the s.s. “ Patrick
Stewart,” over a hundred, showing no variation whatever. Siam.

Minolia variabilis A. Ad.—Also extremely abundant, and, as its
name would imply, variable. Persian Gulf.

Calliostoma interruptum Wd.—We have identified this by
Reeve’s figure and description, not having seen any named individuals.
It is an elegant little trochiform shell, prettily longitudinally banded,
and articulately filletted at the periphery. Habitat hitherto unknown.

2 Tryon, Man. Conch. vol. 10, p. 179.

78 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898

Calliostoma tranquebaricum Chemn.—Many, all fine, and
exhibiurg little variation in marking, none in sculpture. Tranquebar,
Pondicherry, Vizagapatam.

Euchelus atratus Gm.—Darker in colour than those in the
British Museum. Nicobar, Fiji, and Philippine Islands, Vanikoro,
Moluccas, Sorong, Singapore.

Euchelus tricingulatus A. Ad.—Several of a pretty fawn-
coloured shell. Malacca, Singapore.

Euchelus foveolatus A. Ad.—One or two specimens of a very
distinct little shell, with coarsely latticed sculpture. Philippines,
Lord Hood’s Island, Paumotu, and Fiji Islands.

Euchelus horridus Phil.*—Rather small and poor, examples
of an abundant Eastern shell. Bombay, Mediterranean.

Euchelus indicus A. Ad.*—Large and well marked, and in
good quantity. Bombay.

Euchelus proximus A. Ad.*—Only one, but fine. Tryon
considers this a form of Zyvochus asper Gm., though, typically, this
is more elevated, with smaller and more numerous spirals. Indian
Ocean.

Euchelus scaber P. Fisch.—Three typical specimens. Indian
Ocean, Singapore (Archer).

Euchelus tricarinatus Lm. (=Z. guadricarinatus Chemn.
var.)*—Several ; Indian Ocean.

FaMILty DELPHINULID.

Liotia varicosa Rv.—Occurs also at the Philippines and Loyalty
Islands (Hadfield).

FamMity CYCLOSTREMATIDA,.

Cyclostrema pulchellum Dkr.—Identical with Japanese ex-
amples. Singapore, Australia.

FAMILY HALIOTIDA.

Haliotis (Teinotis) asinina L.—Several. China, Japan, Australia,
East Indies.

Haliotis glabra Chemn.—Several; a smooth species, readily
distinguished by its oval form and the green arrow-shaped blotches
on the surface. Philippines, Australia.

Haliotis varia |.—Three examples ; a well-named species, of
wide distribution. Philippines and Australia to China, Mozambique,
Red Sea, Mauritius, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Archipelago.

FamMity 7/ISSURELLID AL.

Fissurella bombayana Sow.*—Two; quite typical.

Fissurella (Glyphis) lima Sow. — Quite typical. Bombay,
Arakan.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 79

Fissurella (Glyphis) ruppelli Sow.—Some characteristic ex-
amples. Mauritius, Red Sea, Cape of Good Hope.

Emarginula costulata Dh.—One Madras example, and three
from Bombay (Abercrombie) hitherto unnamed in J. C. Melvill’s
collection, with some slight doubt we refer as above. Id. of Réunion.

Subemarginula (Clypidina) notata L.*—Very prettily marked
with slatey indigo concentric lines and dashes. ‘Tryon remarks that
the habitat, West Indies, given by Adams is doubtful, and that it
belongs rather to an East Indian type, an opinion borne out by this
record of ours from Madras, as well as a former one from Bombay.

Scutus ¢ corrugatus Ry.—Only small forms. Japan.

FAMILY AC WAIDA.
Acmza _ saccharina L.—Some fairly typical specimens.
Amboyna to Japan; Fiji Islands.

FAMILY PATELLIDA.

Helcioniscus variegatus Ry. (==. 70¢a Gm. var.).— Many
specimens, agreeing with Tryon’s definition. Suez and Mozambique
(Ry.) ; Id. of Réunion ; Madagascar (Dall).

Crass POLYPLACOPHORA.
FaMiLy CH/TONIDA..

Ischnochiton sp.—Two small species which have not yet been
worked out, but both are probably new to science. We shall hope to
say more about them ina subsequent paper.

Crass SC NPE OE ODA:

FaMiLty DENTALIIDA:,
Dentalium octogonum Dh.—Several specimens.
Antalis fissura Lm.—One perfect example of this rare species.
Cadulus anguidens M. & S., vide anteu, p. 32.

CvAssy PEE EV EOD A:
OrpdER TETRABRANCHIATA.
FaMILyY OSTREIDA.

Ostrea denselameilosa Lischke.—Two characteristic examples,
agreeing with Japanese specimens in the British Museum, and J. C.
Melvill’s collection.

FAMILY ANMOAITIDA.

Anomia humphreysiana Rv.—Only one valve, but charac-

teristic.
FamMiLty L/M/DA.

Lima squamosa Lm.—Several, approaching the typical Red
Sea form. Red Sea, Mediterranean.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1808.

Lima (Mantellum) angulata Sow.—Several, resembling ex-
actly specimens in the British Museum from Panama. Bay of

Caraccas.
FamMity PECT/NIDA.

Amussium japonicum Gm.—Quite typical. A series of adult
and young. China, Japan.

Amussium pleuronectes L.
of growth. China.

Pecten asper Sow.—This is one of the most interesting of the
recent Pectinide. The markings are peculiar, as is the sculpture,
and well represented in plate 1. of Reeve’s Conch. Icon. New
Guinea (Hinds).

Pecten crassicostatus Sow.

Pecten cristularis Ad. & Rv.—Seme pretty specimens. Distri-
buted throughout the Indian Ocean.

Pecten singaporinus Sow.*—-Only one, a finely-coloured but
small specimen.

Pecten sinensis Sow.— Several examples, in various stages.
China.

Pecten squamatus Gm.—Typical examples of this inequilateral
Philippine Island species.

Pecten tranquebaricus Lm.—Small but perfect, and highly
characteristic, shewing the peculiar acute auricles, and of a pale
ochraceous colour. Coasts of ‘Tranquebar.

Pecten (Chlamys) limatulus Rv.—Three specimens of this
delicate and elaborately-sculptured species. Mauritius.

Typical examples, in all stages

Several typical examples. Japan.

Famity AVICULIDAL.

Avicula argentea Rv.—A smooth, dark olive shell. Also re-
ported from the coasts of Guinea.

Avicula formosa Rv. —Through a lens, this shell, much
encrusted as it is with nullipores, etc., is seen to be most delicately
concentrically lirate.

Avicula iridescens Rv.—Two specimens. Moluccas.

Avicula scabriuscula Rv.—Two ; characteristic. Australia.

Margaritifera anomoides Rv.—Many; a decided species,
semitransparent, white, rayed with pale green in a manner very
unusual in this genus. Philippines.

Margaritifera margaritifera L.—Medium and juvenile ex-
amples of this abundant tropical species.

Margaritifera pretexta Rv.—Many ; of a peculiar livid fawn
colour, the pale oblong blotches with which the shell is rayed are
curiously wrinkled across with opaque-white lines. Philippines.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS, 81

Margaritifera squamulosa ILm.—Young examples, which are
probably juvenile forms of JZ. flabellum Ry.; if so, the Lamarckian
name, having priority, must stand. They are beautifully concentrically
squamate, the squamze long and very fragile. ‘Tiger Bay.

Margaritifera tegulata Rv.—Very delicate and_ beautiful
Roundish, thin, and thrice or four times longitudinally radiate. We
also have the young form, pale green, and very oblique, with the
characteristic radiate lines. Also from Moreton Bay. _

Margaritifera vexillum Rv.—Many, ofa prettily zig-zag marked
Avicula, but all in quite young condition. Ceylon.

Perna femoralis I.m.—Several, quite typical. Philippines.

Perna isognomon L.—A few of this common East Indian form.
Philippines.

Pinna attenuata kv.—Two specimens ; typical. Moluccas.

FAMILY MWYT7TLIDZE.

Mytilus viridis L.—Small, but well coloured.

Modiolus metcalfei Hanl.—A delicate species, very perfect in
condition. Philippines.

Modiolus ramosus Hanl.—Two specimens. Celébes.

Lithophagus stramineus Dk.—Two. West Indies.

Lithophagus teres Phil.—Three small sized specimens. A shell
of simple form and sculpture. Mazatlan.

Modiolaria ccenobita Vaill.—An interesting form, described by
Vaillant from the Gulf of Suez.

FaMiLy dARCIDA%.

Arca imbricata Poli.—Very similar to the European A. fefra-
gona L. Aden (Brit. Mus.), Mediterranean, East Indies.

Arca inzquivalvis Brug.*—Many, in all stages. Indian Ocean,
Persian Gulf.

Barbatia fusca Brug.—A quantity of this common Philippine
species.

Barbatia lima Rv.—Two or three only. Philippines.

Barbatia (Acar) pusilla Sow.—A neat squarrose shell, identical
with Tasmanian specimens received by the British Museum from Mr.
J. H. Ponsonby.

Barbatia (Venusta) lactea [..*—Of very wide distribution,
being a common British and European species. Also from Bombay
and Arakan in the Blanford collection (Mus. Brit.). Mediterranean.

Scapharca clathrata Rv.—Several. Philippines (Cuming),
Aden (Brit. Mus.).

Scapharca rhombea Born.*—-A solid handsome shell. China,

Ceylon.
ie

82 JOURNAL, OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1808.

Parallelipipedum tortuosum lL.—Three specimens of this
extraordinary shell. Singapore, Malacca.

Cucullza concamerata Chemn.—T wo, very fine. Indian Ocean
(Paetel).

Pectunculus taylori Angas.—Two odd valves, both quite
distinctive and full grown. ‘The geographical distribution includes
Ceylon.

FamMiIty VUCULIDA

Nucula mitralis Hinds.—A glossy and very oblique smail species.
Also from Malacca.

Nuculana cuspidata A. Gd.—Many beautiful examples, abso-
lutely identical with a solitary specimen, in the British Museum, with
no locality. Gould’s types came from North America, and it is strange
to have it reported from Madras.

FAMILY CARDITID.

Cardita canaliculata Rv.—One example only, and that in
juvenile condition. Those in the British Museum are from the
Philippines.

5 FamMILy 7RIDACNID.
Tridacna gigas L.—Onc small specimen in a worn condition.

Philippines.
FaMILY CARDIIDA.

Cardium (Acanthocardia) asiaticum Chemn.—Several, in
various stages. China, Nicobar Islands.

Cardium (Trachycardium) rugosum Lm. (=C. //avum L.).
Several. Madagascar, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) latum Born.*—Some characteristic
examples. Philippines (Cuming).

Cardium (Bucardium) coronatum Spengl.—Typical specimens.
China.

Cardium (Bucardium) fimbriatum Wood.—Many examples.
China.

Cardissa (Lunulicardia) subretusum Sow.—Several. These
are a small form of what Paetel and others consider a variety of
C. retusum L. Red Sea.

Famity VENERIDA.

Meretrix casta Chemn.—A plain, heavily moulded, white
porcelain MJerefrix, with olive-ochraceous epidermis. A common
Indian shell.

Meretrix castanea Lm. (=. morphina Lm. var.)—Several
specimens. Singapore, Philippines.

Callista umbonella Lm.—Many specimens of this variable shell.
Brazil (Cuming), Red Sea.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 83

Crista divaricata Chemn.*—Many specimens. Mozambique
(Hanley), Red Sea, Philippines (Cuming).

Crista gibbia Lm.—One of our examples is unusually obese and
large. Philippines, Red Sea.

Crista pectinata L.—Many, in all stages of growth. Indian
Ocean, Philippines, Red Sea.

Circe personata Dh.—A delicate example of this somewhat
common Indian species.

Sunetta meroe L. (=. frcta Schum.).—Two ; a pretty species,
and extremely variable in colour. Philippines.

Sunetta seminuda Ryv.—One beautiful specimen, pale flesh
coloured, with epidermis. Moluccas (Cuming).

Dosinia modesta Rv.

Dosinia radiata Rv. (=Artemis amphidesmoides Rv.) —Three or
four, but only one exhibiting the characteristic rayed marking, so
conspicuous in the figure in Conch. Icon. (pl. vii., fig. 37). The
geographical distribution would appear to be wide, extending from the
mouth of the R. Gambia, W. Africa, eastwards.

Dosinia salebrosa Romer.—A pure white shell, very delicately
concentrically ribbed. Specimens in British Museum from Ceylon.

Chione graphica Lm. (=Cy¢herea petechialis Lm. var.).—-Also
reported from Sumatra and Japan.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) gibbosula Dh.—A few examples,
in good condition.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) layardi Sow.*—Not, perhaps,
quite typical. Found all round the coasts of India, Persian Gulf, and
extending to the Andaman Islands. <A very abundant Indian shell,
occurring in every collection we have received from that country.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) puerpera L.—Two; very large
and fine, and well marked. Philippines.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) scabra Hanl.—A minute, but
elegantly chased CZzone, of which there are some dozen examples in
the collection. Philippines, New Holland.

Anaitis calophylla Hanl.—Two small butcharacteristic specimens.

Tapes (Textrix) malabarica Chemn.—Typical. Moluccas.

Tapes (Textrix) sulcosa Phil.—Remarkably fine, with the
purple rays, and grey spots very distinct. Australia.

Tapes (Textrix) textrix Chemn.*—Some rather small speci-
mens of ordinary character.

Tapes (Hemitapes) pinguis Chemn.*—A common Indian
form. In the Romerian arrangement adopted in some museums this
species is known as Chione pinguis. Ceylon, Tranquebar.

A few typical specimens. Spain (Paetel).

84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898.

Irus macrophylla Dh.—Quite young, no mature examples. A
beautiful species, much lighter, more rounded, and having the laminz
more produced than our British V/ 77ws; it also differs in being
fohated and cancellated. Philippines.

Dyna JAS IRM COULD AE
Petricola lithophaga Retr.—Indistinguishable from European
specimens.
FamMity DONAC/ID2.
Donax (Hecuba) scortum L.*—.Several, in various stages of
growth. Cape of Good Hope.
Donax (Latona) abbreviatus Lm.*—Many examples. Philip-
pines.
Donax (Latona) cuneatus L.—Four specimens. Ceylon.
FAMILY PS4AMMOBIIDA:,
Gari anomala Dh.— One small but perfect example; also
reported from Australia and New Holland.
Sanguinolaria hendersoni M. & S., vide antea, p 33.'

Famity SOLEN/IDA.

Siliqua radiata 1.—Very beautiful and well-coloured examples.
Sumatra.

FaMILy MESODESMATIDA.

Mesodesma (Paphia) trigona Dh.-—Large examples. Habitat
hitherto unknown.

FAMILY AZACTRID.

Mactra attenuata Dh.—Several ; somewhat attenuated pos-
teriorly, and of a peculiar dark livid ash-violet, within and without.
Habitat hitherto unrecorded.

Mactra fasciata I1m.—Several ; agreeing with Reeve’s descrip-
tion.

Mactra spengleri Born (=—dZ. Zevis Chemn. var.).—Our speci-
mens are rather young, but agree with the description and figure in
Reeve.

Schizodesma spengleri L.—Several typical examples.

FAMILY JZY/DA.

Corbula modesta Hinds*.—-Five, all young, but agreeing with
Bombay specimens received from Mr. Abercrombie. Philippines.

Corbu!a sulcata Lm.—-Three young but recognisable specimens.

Senegal.
FaMILy PHOLADID2.

Martesia striata I.—A drift species, its distribution therefore
extending over the tropics. The ‘‘Challenger” specimens in the
British Museum came from the Arafura Sea.

x ‘The description of this species was published on the cover ofthe Journal on Jan, tst., 1898.—Ed.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 85

FamMity LUCINIDA.
Liicina pisum Phil.—About eight examples of a highly chased
and ribbed small shell, very rotund, evidently of wide distribution, as
it has been dredged both at Port Essington, Australia, and Singapore.’

Lucina (Cyclas) semperiana Issel.—-A minute Zucina, with
some extraneous resemblance to the last (Z. pzsum). Like many of
the genus, it is of wide distribution, being reported from Mazatlan
(Paetel), and Gulf of Suez (Mus. Brit.)

Tellina (Tellinella) deltoidalis Lm.—Some very fine examples,
quite typical in form. Australia, New Zealand.

Tellina (Tellinella) rostrata L.—Few, rather poor. Philippines.

Tellina (Tellinella) undulata Hanl.—Young examples only,
but quite characteristic. West Columbia.

Tellina (Arcopagia) savignyi A. Ad.—Karachi (Townsend),
and probably all round the Indian coasts. Red Sea (Paetel).

Tellina (Tellinula) valtonis Hanl.—Very thin and delicate,
white, exhibiting a wonderfully beautiful iridescence.

Tellina (Tellinides) opalina Sow.—One specimen, agreeing
with figure in Conch. Icon. Moluccas.

FAMILY CLAVAGELLIDA.

Brechites vaginifera Lm.—One, somewhat worn and broken,
but evidently this well known Red Sea species.

O02 Qo<—_______

Note on Cyprza rashleighana.—The above Cowry was described in 1887,”
and in the following year was re-figured, the original description being repeated in
the “‘ Survey of the Genus Cyprea, 1888.”° Although the habitat was queried it
seems probable that the type came from the neighbourhood of Hongkong. Since
this time three or four specimens have occurred amongst the Hadfield Mollusca from
Lifu ; these, however, are either too young or in a not very satisfactory state of pre-
servation. My object in alluding to this species at the present opportunity is to call
attention to a very beautiful and large example which has been for years in the
National Collection at South Kensington, having formed part of the Cumingian
stores. This was figured by Mr. Lovell Reevet as a stunted form of C. fabescens L.,
but has been overlooked by Sowerby® and by Mr. Raymond Roberts in the ‘* Mono-
graph of Cyprea.”® Rather blindly following Reeve in 1888,7I signalised this as
var. @, of C. tabescens under the proposed varietal name of /ator. Mr. Edgar Smith
being disposed to allow it specific rank, labelled it in the National Collection ‘‘/atior
Melv.” Last year, however, it was closely examined by us both, in comparison
with the original type of C. rashletghana, and pronounced identical. The pyriform
shape, different dentition, narrower aperture, small clearly defined dark-brown
lateral punctuation, with other characteristics, differentiate this species from. its
allies, C. ¢abescens, C. teres, and C. tuterrupta.—laMEs Cosmo MELVILL (Read
before the Society, April 13th, 1898).

t Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xi., fig. 66. 2 J. Couch., vol. 5, p. 288. 3 Manch. Ment. (4), vol.
I, p. 218, 219. 4 Conch. Icon., pl. 14, no. 66a, 1845. 5 Thes. Conch. 6 Tryon, Man. Conch.,
vol. 7, 1885. 7 Loc. cét., p. 218.

NOTES ON SOME ANGLESEA LAND AND FRESHWATER
MOLLUSCA.

By CHARLES OLDHAM.

(Read before the Society, December 4th, 1895).

In the early part of July, 1895, I spent a short holiday at Cemmaes,
a small village on the north coast of Anglesea, about five miles west
of Amlwch, devoting some of my leisure to the investigation of
the land and freshwater shells of the district. Most of my collecting
was done close to Cemmaes village, but I visited two sheets of water,
Llynfelinant and Llynllygeirian, which lie some three miles inland.
The results, however, were somewhat disappointing, as their stony
beds and the consequent lack of aquatic vegetation make them ill-
suited to the requirements of freshwater mollusca.

The whole of the northern part of Anglesea is composed of
metamorphic rocks of chlorite, mica-schist and gneiss, with small
quantities of greenstone and serpentine. Limestone occurs close to
Cemmaes and is quarried in places between the harbour and I[lan-
badrig church. ‘The country is almost entirely treeless and, where
not under cultivation, is occupied by gorse-covered commons. A
snipe-bog near the sea, about half-a-mile west of the village, proved to
be the best collecting ground, and yielded Carychium and various
species of Ayaldinza and Vertigo in considerable numbers.

The weather. was hot and dry during my visit, and had been so for
some time previously. Such species as 7. virgata and HZ. acuta were
consequently difficult to find, but, had the conditions been more
favourable, other forms would doubtless have been secured, and my
total of fifty-three species would probably have been greater.

Mr. J. W. Taylor has kindly looked over the shells collected and
has confirmed my identification of the various species.

Arion ater.—Very common.

Var. brunnea.—Common on roadsides and hedges.
Var. plumbea.—Several in a ditch near the village.
Var. pallescens.—Several specimens with the last-named variety.

A. subfuscus.—One under a stone in the village.

A. minimus.—Plentiful in a wet place on the cliffs.

A. circumscriptus.—Several in fields near the village.

Amalia gagates var. plumbea.—One in a garden at Cemmaes.

Var. rava.—One at the foot of a wall near the village.

Limax maximus var. ferrussaci.—Two in a garden at Cem-
maes ; one in Llanbadrig Churchyard.

Var. fasciata.—Several in a garden at Cemmaes.

OLDHAM: NOTES ON SOME ANGLESEA MOLLUSCA. 87

L. marginatus.—One in a limestone quarry near Llanbadrig
Church.

Agriolimax agrestis.— Very common.

A. lzevis.—Fairly common. Wet place on the cliffs ; the snipe-
bog; damp places in fields ; and in a wood near Rhos Goch station.

Vitrina pellucida.— Dead shells on the cliffs, and in Llanbadrig
Churchyard.

Hyalinia cellaria.—-Moderately common.

H. alliaria.—Llanbadrig Churchyard.

H. nitidula.—Fine, light-coloured specimens in a nettle-bed near
the village.

H. crystallina.—Three specimens near the village.

H. fulva.—Fine and abundant in the snipe-bog.

H. nitida.—Abundant in the snipe bog.

Helix rotundata.— Fairly common.

H. aspersa.—Very common.

H. nemoralis. — Plentiful on banks by the roadside between
Cemmaes and Llanfechell; pink and yellow shells, with the band
formula 12345, being equally common.

Var. bimarginata.— Two well-marked examples of this form.
Var. rubella.—oo300. As plentiful as the typical form.
Var. libellula.—ooo000 and 00300. A few of each form.

H. hortensis.—In the same locality as A nemoralts, but not so
plentiful. The typical five-banded form was the commonest, but a
few individuals with the formulze (12)3(45) and (12)345 were collected.

Var. lutea o0000.—This form was about as plentiful as the type.
H. rufescens.—In a nettle-bed near the village.
Var. rubens.—With the type.

H. hispida var. hispidosa.—Plentiful.

H. caperata.— Plentiful on the cliffs and in fields near the sea.
Var. ornata.—One specimen on the cliffs.

H. virgata.—Fairly common on the cliffs and on turf walls near
the village.

Var. lutescens.—Near Llanbadrig Church. All the specimens
have a single interrupted band on the periphery.

Var. alba.—Near Llanbadrig Church and on turf walls in the
village.

H. acuta.—Dead shells on the cliffs near Llanbadrig Church.

Pupa anglica.—Plentiful in a wet place on the cliffs. Some
short-spired examples are homologous with vars. cu7/a and drevis of P.
cyclindracea and P. muscorum respectively.

P. cyclindracea.—Common on stone walls and in limestone
quarries.

88 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1808.

Var. curta.—With the type.

Vertigo antivertigo.—Plentiful at the roots of Zs pseudacorus
in the snipe-bog. Two specimens on the same plant in a coppice
near Rhos Goch station.

V. pygmza.—A few with P. anglica on the cliffs. Common in
the snipe-bog.

V. substriata..— One in limestone quarry, near Llanbadrig
Church. Several in the snipe-bog.

V. edentula. — Several in limestone quarry, near Llanbadrig
Church, One in the snipe-bog.

Clausilia perversa.—One on the cliffs.

Cochlicopa lubrica.— Fairly common.

Var. lubricoides.— One or two with the type.

Succinea elegans.—Plentiful. On the cliffs ; in ditches and the
snipe-bog ; in a coppice near Rhos Goch station.

Carychium minimum.—Plentiful in the same localities as the
last species.

Planorbis albus.—On /ofamogeton in Llynfelinant.

P. spirorbis.—In a ditch near the village with B. Aypnorum aa
P. pusillum..

P. umbilicatus.—Plentiful in ponds and ditches.

P. contortus.—.One specimen in the snipe-bog.

Bullinus hypnorum.—Plentiful in ditches and the snipe-bog.

Physa fontinalis —Ditch near Camlyn Bay.

Limnea peregra —Plentiful.

L. auricularia var. acuta.—Ditch near Camlyn Bay.

L. palustris.—Plentiful in ditches and the snipe-bog. In a
coppice near Rhos Goch station.

L. truncatula.—Plentiful in ditches.

Var. minor.—In a wet place on the cliffs.

Ancylus fluviatilis.—Stream near Camlyn Bay.

Valvata piscinalis.—Plentiful in ponds and ditches.

V. cristata.—Plentiful on Zemna in a ditch near Camlyn Bay.

Spherium corneum.—Llynllygeirian. Sparingly in ditches
near Cemmaes.

S. lacustre.— Pond by the road side near Llanflewin.

Pisidium fontinale.—Plentiful in ponds, ditches, and the two
lakes.

Var. pulchella.—-Fine and plentiful in a shallow pond near the
village.

P. pusillum.—Plentiful in the same localities as P. fontinale.
Large specimens in a damp place in a coppice near Rhos Goch station.

Var. obtusalis.—-Fine ; in a ditch in the snipe-bog.

OLDHAM: NOTES ON SOME ANGLESEA MOLLUSCA. 89

P. milium.—Ditch near Camlyn Bay. Llynfelinant and Llyn-
llygeirian.

In 1891 and 1892, I collected some shells in the neighbourhood of
Rhos Neigir, on the south-west coast, near Holyhead, and met with
the under-mentioned forms, which I did not obtain at Cemmaes.
There are in this district several lakes fringed with reed-beds and belts
of water-lilies, which are better adapted for aquatic species than those
near Cemmaes. ‘The long stretch of sand dunes in Cymmeran Bay
also affords somewhat different conditions to the rocky coast of the
north of the island.

Helix pulchella.—Sand dunes near Rhos Neigir.

H. itala.—Sand dunes, Cymmeran Bay.

H. acuta var. bizona.—With the last.

Pupa muscorum.—Sand dunes near Rhos Neigir.

Planorbis nautileus.—Small pond near Llyn Penryngwylanod.

Var. crista.—With the type.

Limneza stagnalis.—Llyn Maelog.

Var. fragilis.—Llyn Main.

Velletia lacustris.—On leaves of Wymphea and Muphar in Llyn
Penryngwylanod.

Anodonta anatina.—Llyn Maelog and Llyn Penryngwylanod.

Mr. J. G. Milne, who has also collected at Rhos Neigir, notes the
following :—

Helix pygmza.—Llanvaelog Common.

Physa fontinalis var. albina.—Llyn Main.

Ancylus fluviatilis var albida.—Llyn Maelog, with the type.

Sphzrium corneum var. flavescens.—Llyn Maelog.

Paludestrina jenkinsi near Middlesbrough.—In the early spring of 1897
I found some exquisitely constructed caddis cases made of the empty valves of P.
jenkinst, in a beck, between Thornaby ard Middlesbrough. Last summer I
visited the neighbourhood again, and found a few immature living specimens of
P, jenkinst on the Elodea canadensis. Later, in the autumn, I thoroughly investi-
gated the same stream, and discovered in a bend sheltered by a luxuriant growth
of Arundo phragmites, a large colony of fully-developed specimens. They were
literally crowded together. With each draw of the collecting-scoop I was able to
secure twenty or thirty individuals. They were found in company with Planorbis
umbilecatus, Physa fontinalis, and Limnea peregra. So far, the var. carinata has
not been seen, all the specimens being uncarinated forms. The beck named flows
into the river Tees, and I note the conjecture of Mr. L. E. Adams, in his admirable
Manual, as to the shells being imported in Baltic timber. On inguiry, I have ascer-
tained that Baltic timber is constantly brought into the Tees, and it may he that
the colony I have found has been imported in this way to this locality.—A. Hann,
Thornaby, April 16th, 1898 (Read before the Society, May 11th, 1898).

90
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

270th Meeting, April 13th, 1898.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Nautilus, vol. 11, no. 11; Dates of Publication of the papers constituting
vol. 19 of the Proceedings of the United States National Museum ; Abstract of
Proceedings, Royal Society of New South Wales, Nov., Dec., 1897 ; The Pro-
ceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, vol. 9, part 3 ;
Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, part 21; The Naturalist, no. 495 ;
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, vol. 28, nos. 330 and 331; Science
Gossip, n. s., vol. 4, nos. 44—47, 1898; The Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 4; The
Annals of Scottish Natural History, no. 28, 1898; Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
the District between Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham, by Fred. Taylor ; Catalogue
de la Bibliothéque des Jeunes Naturalistes, Fasc. 1—3, 1887.

New Members Elected.
Mr. John Wishart, B.Sc., 25, Mount Street, Aberdeen
Mr. Henry Woods, M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Mr. B. R. Lucas.
Resignations.

Rev. E. G. Alderson; Mr. B. Sturges Dodd ; Mr. J. Chadwick.
Papers Read.

“ Hyalinia cellaria in Walworth,” by the Rev. J. W. Horsley.

“Note on Cyprea rashletghana,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: The type specimen of Cyfrea rashleighana ;
also C. tabescens, Strombus mauritiana, S. luhuanws, and a new species of Strovt-
bus (S. belutchtensts| from Karachi.

By Miss M. Lodder: A small series of rare Tasmanian marine shells, including
Eulima mucronata, E. auger, Stylifer loddere, Liotia loddera, Trophon braztert,
T. petterdi, Liotta angast, Terebra braztert, Mathilda australis, Clathurella
lallemantiana, Maneilia picta, and JZ. alucinans.

By Mr. W. Moss: Aeléx hortensés, from Lincoln.

By Mr. R. Standen: Strvombus urceus from Ceylon, also a very fine and well
marked scalariform exampleof the same species (from thecollection of Mr. R. Welch).

Mr. R. Welch sent for distribution a large number of Paludestrina jenkins?,
collected by Mr. G. N. Milne, of Culinore, on the Foyle, co. Donegal.

271st Meeting, May 11th, 1898.

Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Naturalist, no. 496; The Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 5; The Nautilus,
vol. 11, no. 12, vol. 12, no. 1; Science Gossip, vol. 4, no. 48; Journal de Con-
chyliologie, vol. 45, no. 3; ‘‘ Official Guide to County Down and the Mourne
Mountains,” by R. Lloyd Praeger; ‘‘ A classified Catalogue with localities of the
Land Shells of America north of Mexico,” by Henry A. Pilsbry and Charles W.
Johnson ; ‘Om Bukkenfjordens Echinodermer og Mollusker,” and ‘‘ Skrabninger i
Vaagsfjorden og Ulvesund, ytre Nordfjord,” by James A. Greig ; (from the authors).

New Member Elected.
Mr. Bernard Richard Lucas, 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire.

t Alen. Manchester Soc., vol. 42, no. 4, p. 37, 1898.

PROCEEDINGS : MAY II, 1898. ok

Papers Read.
“Note on a new variety of Testacella mauget Fér.,” by W. E. Collinge.
**Note on Claustlia cerulea Fér., in Hants.,” by L. E. Adams.
““Note on Paludestrina jenkins¢ near Middlesbrough,” by the Rev. A. Hann.

Exhibits.

Dr. R. F. Scharff sent for exhibition a series of very fine living examples of
Geomalacus maculosus recently collected by him at Glengariff, Co. Kerry. A
number of specimens in various stages of growth were also shown on behalf of Mr.
R. Welch, who had within the past few days collected this slug in quantity at
Kenmare, Co. Kerry, where it occurs on every wayside dyke to the south of the bay.

By Mr. Thos. Edwards: Valvata pisctnalis var. depressa, from Bradgate Park,
Leicester ; Anodonta cygnea var. tncrassata, from a pond at Towerby Hall, near
Leicester ; a very fine example of fossil wood bored by TZeredo antenaute, and
showing tubes with shell valves 2 sz¢w, from Thanet Sands, Pegwell Bay ; Hy-
drobia ulve, from Pegwell Bay; and specimens of Os¢rea “assica attached to an
Ammonite and to stems of Axtracrinus briaroides. In these specimens the curious
manner in which the impression of the object to which the shell is attached, is again
repeated on the upper valve is remarkably well illustrated. The specimens were
obtained within the borough of Leicester, and occurred in the Boulder Clay.

By Mr. R. Standen: Chorus belchert Hinds, from California; and a fine series
of Zrophon triangulatus Carp., in several stages of growth, from California; also
specimens of Zered¢na personata from London Clay, and Teredo antenaute, in situ,
and sections of same for comparison with Mr. T. Edwards’ Thanet specimen—all
from the Manchester Museum collections. Also Unzo margarttifera from the
Bundorragha River, Delphi, Co. Mayo, Ireland.

By Mr. W. Moss: Ayalintw lucida, from Belfast, collected by Mr. Welch;
fi. glabra, from Whalley, collected by Mr. Wigglesworth ; and Z. glabra, from
Highgate Woods, collected by Mr. J. E. Cooper. The first appears from an
examination of the genitalia to be identical with the Tenby forms of this species; the
radula of one specimen is peculiar, the elongated cutting point on the mesocone
of the first lateral tooth cn each side the central is absent, and this abnormality is
continued the whole length of the radula; a few of the entocones are also bifid, a
characteristic often met with in this species. The last are rather different in
color from some of the Northern forms ; the radula is very variable, particularly in
the form of the central tooth ; out of 12 specimens examined, three show most
remarkable divergence from typical forms, two of these being different from the
third ; another radula is abnormal in the first lateral tooth on one side only of the
central, this tooth lacking the entocone for the whole length of the radula.

By Mr. R Cairns: Some varieties and choice specimens of Cyprea testudinaria,
C. physis, C. stolida, C. pyriformis, C. margarita, C. undata, and others.

Hyalinia cellaria in Walworth.—The other day a drain in my area being
blocked, I found it necessary to open the ground in the forecourt, and in so doing
found an unsuspected man-hole covered with slabs of stone. When these were
lifted I found four fine specimens of H. ce//arza on the under surface of the stone,
where they must have lived always in the dark and exclusively on what a scullery
pipe brought down. Walworth is in the densest part of South London, where we
live 200 to the acre, and expect to find shells as little as ferns.—J. W. HorsLry,
St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, S.E. (Read before the Society, April 13th, 1898).

92
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PAIRING OF LIMAX MAXIMUS L.

By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
(With Plate IID.

(Read before the Society, December 8, 1897).

DurRING the months of last July and August I devoted considerable
time to the observation of the pairing of this species, and as few
conchologists seem to be aware of the extraordinary manner in which
this takes place, the following account may be of interest.

I may mention that my figures (kindly drawn by my friend, Mr.
J. W. Taylor) are all from carefully-measured sketches on the spot,
and that, though I have made drawings of a dozen or more ex-
amples, in no case did the measurements vary materially.

The size of the organs is remarkable, but 1s accounted for by the
fact of their being congested with the sexual secretions. Dissection
of these slugs during the pairing season shows that the a/bumen gland
and the common duct occupy the greatest part of the interior.

How these slugs find each other I cannot say. It is certainly not
by sight, as (so far as my experience goes) pairing is only carried on
at night, between 1o p.m. and 2-30 a.m., though perhaps later. | Nor
do they follow each other by their mucous tracks; yet I have
seen an individual make straight for another on the side of a brick
wall from the distance of six or seven feet. Most likely the power of
scent mentioned in a note of mine in this journal (vde antea, p. 24),
is the explanation. This nocturnal habit is most fortunate for the
preservation of the species, as otherwise their enemies would find
them in an exposed and helpless condition.

When the pursuer overtakes the pursued, each touches with its
tentacles the tentacles of the other, after the manner of ants. Then
begins a circular procession,’ each with its mouth at the other’s tail,
and this procession lasts from half an hour to two hours and a half.
Careful observation leads me to suppose that during this performance
each is eating the external mucus from the other, for a purpose
which will presently appear. The circle now grows more contracted,
the slugs overlapping and showing evident excitement, the mantles
flapping before and behind. Then, suddenly, the slugs intertwine
fiercely, and launch themselves into space, heads downwards, but
suspended by a thick strand of mucus, for the distance of 15—18
inches. This mucus thread, which they seem to have been col-
lecting for the purpose, is of a yellowish brown colour, and does
not seem to mingle with the mucus on their bodies. The fall is
generally as rapid as if there were no support, but is gently checked

1 The habit of a preliminary circular procession is not confined to this species, as I have
noticed that drzon ater, dgriolimax agrestis, and Ag. levis affect the same peculiarity.

ADAMS: OBSERVATIONS ON THE PAIRING OF LIMAX MAXIMUS L, 93

at the finish. On one occasion, however, the fall was very gradual,
and during the descent the couple were busily eating more mucus
from each other’s bodies. The thread appears to come from their
mouths, and runs along the centre of the footsole of each, joining
into a single thread where their tails intertwine. ‘lhe upper part of
the thread is joined to the circular patch of mucus left on the wall
where their previous gyrations have taken place. JI have seen a
couple suspended in space from a projecting beam in an outhouse,
and also from the leaves of a currant bush, and also from the branch
of a yew tree, and once froma glass pane of a greenhouse; but a
perpendicular wall or tree-trunk is the usual situation.

Directly the descent is accomplished, an organ is protruded from
the genital orifice of each. This organ, cylindrical at first, quickly
assumes a club-shape of from 15—1# inches in length (Pl. III., fig. 1),
but presently a frilled edge appears along one side (fig. 2) as if un-
rolled, and in a second or two the unrolling is complete, and the
organs assume the shape of fig. 3. The organ along the inner curve of
the figure is thick and rounded, while the edge of the whole outer curve
is thinand sharp. The unrolled organs now commence to intertwine
(fig. 4), finally closing round each other so as to form a knot (fig. 5),
of which it is easy to count the whorls. ‘The two upper whorls of the
knot thus formed now spread out in the form of a mushroom or
umbrella, leaving the lower portion of the knot as before (fig. 9).
Fig. 7 gives the view of this from above. Sometimes the two out-
spread whorls do not overlap as in fig. 9, but curve in different
directions as shown in fig. 8, and sometimes they are nearly horizontal,
but separate as in fig. 6. The colour of the extruded organs is milk
white, flecked here and there with dead white. During 5—10 minutes
the slugs hang motionless with the tentacles contracted and flabby,
while the two upper outspread whorls keep revolving upon one another ;
and in this extraordinary manner the mutual act is consummated.
This ended, the process above described is reversed ; the organs un-
wind, roll up and finally disappear.

It now usually happens that one slug drops to the ground and lies
there for sometimes 15 minutes motionless and apparently exhausted,
and finally crawls away ; while the other doubles down its head and
picks up the supporting thread in its mouth from the centre of its own
footsole and climbs up to the point of support, eating the thread as it
goes. Frequently the animal will then descend the thread (which
usually adheres to the wall) and eat more of it, and on one occasion I
saw an individual ascend the thread again and consume all that was
left. It often happens that the thread is left untouched and it may be
seen for days on the side of a wall or tree trunk. On the occasions
when the pair were suspended from the projecting beam neither of

94 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898.

them dropped, as if aware that the distance (6 to 7 feet) was too great
for safety, but first one ascended the thread while the other remained
stationary, and then the other followed, leaving the thread dangling.
After an absence of 1o minutes I found that the thread had dis-
appeared. It certainly had not dropped, so I concluded one or both
had returned and eaten it.

What power of sight these creatures possess I cannot say, but the
strong light of a bull’s-eye lantern flashed suddenly upon them and
close to them never causes them to withdraw their tentacles or affect
their composure in any way, and this not only when they are ina
state of sexual excitement, but when they are roving about solitary or
feeding.

Being anxious to determine the identity of the organs extruded, I
severed the parts in question from a paired couple and submitted them
and the animals to Mr. W. M. Webb, F.L.S., for dissection and to
him I am indebted for the following interesting particulars.

“One of the severed structures resolved itself into the half-
evaginated penzs, bearing at its posterior end the retractor muscle cut
off short and a considerable portion of the vas deferens. The second
penis was completely extruded, showing the peculiar frill on one side of
its tube, down the interior of which tube the vas deferens was traced,
though the ve¢ractor muscle was not discovered.” ?

Free oviduct. ~=------ wnt Forming

Attached oviduct. }-common
-------Sperm duct. ) duct.

Spermatheca.---~--/ Vas deferens.

Pu /__ Retractor muscle.
Position of__ a

genital opening.

Mr. Webb also kindly furnished me with the annexed rough dia-
gram to illustrate his further remarks, which are as follows :

“‘ A glance at the unravelled genitalia brings out the fact that there
is practically no vagina, the fenzs, oviduct and spermathecal duct
meeting almost at the same point, just within the genital opening.
The shortness of the spermathecal duct and the position of its opening
also point to the filling of the spermatheca from the outside of the
animal; and one would say that the use of the fewzs is to convey the
sperm cells to and not into the female orifice, its frill being deve-
loped for the purpose of holding them during the act of passing them
over to another individual.”

The only detailed description of this interesting method of pairing
is in Férussac’s scarce work, ‘‘ Histoire naturelle générale et par-

ADAMS:: OBSERVATIONS ON THE PAIRING OF LIMAX MAXIMUS L. 95

ticuliere des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles,” published in 1819,
and this description the author gives at second-hand from M.
Werlich. The details tally very fairly with my own observations, but
not altogether, and this discrepancy inclines me to think that some
other, though closely-allied, species was under observation. Werlich
speaks of the extrusion of the organ defore the suspension of the
animals, which I have never seen, nor do I think it likely to happen,
for this reason; if the organs were extruded previous to the mutual
suspension, they would inevitably become covered with grit and dust,
which would seriously interfere with their functions ; (the case is very
different with Axion ater, Agriolimax agrestis, &c., which copulate on
the ground, and extrude a much smaller organ, and one which is
erectile. In the case of these latter, actual penetration takes place,
which is not the case with Zzmax maximus). Férussac’s figures, too,
are quite unlike anything that I have observed, and I fancy he drew
them himself from Werlich’s description, as I cannot think that Wer-
lich after having witnessed the operation could have drawn figures so
much at variance with the reality. He says, ‘‘Nous avous fait copier
les figures qui accompagnent cette note, Pl. IV. A., de notre Histoire
générale, afin de faciliter lintelligence du récit tres intéressant de
Mr. Werlich.”

It is just possible that the suspension of Z. marginatus Miller
(Z. arborum, B, Ch.) from the branches of trees is for the same pur-
pose as that of ZL. maximus.

————— >< o

Note on Terebra eximia Dh.—On looking through a miscellaneous series
of beach-collected marine shells from Borneo, received from the late Rev. W. Turner,
I was highly gratified to recognize amongst some other Zevebre a good specimen of
T. eximia Dh. It is 36 mm. in length, and although rather smaller than the one
recorded by Mr. J. C. Melvill and myself, in our recent paper on ‘‘ Madras Mol-
lusca ” (aztea p. 35, Pl. I., fig. 8), it is equally good as regards condition, sculpture,
and marking. The discovery of another example of this rare and beautiful species
so soon after our Madras record, is extremely interesting, especially as the type
specimen, from an unknown locality, was described so long ago as 1859 (Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1859, p. 314), and has hitherto remained unique.—R. STANDEN (ead before
the Soczety, Feb. 9th, 1898).

Note on a new variety of Testacella maugei Fér.—Through the kind-
ness of Dr. Harmer, I have recently been permitted to examine a collection of
slugs in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Cambridge ; amongst other
interesting forms I notice a perfectly black specimen of Zestacel/a miruge? Fér.
I have previously met with very dark examples of this species, but none have
approached the uniform black colour of the Cambridge specimen, particulars of
which are given below :—7. mauget Fér. var. nov. 2zgra, whole of body, foot-
fringe, and foot-sole, a deep black. Loc., Tenby, 1892 (A. H. Cooke), (Mus.
Zool. Univ. Camb.).—WALTER E. COLLINGE, F.Z.S., Mason University College,
Birmingham (Read before the Society, May 11th, 1898).

06
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

Official Guide to County Down and the Mourne Mountains,” by RoBERT
LLoyp PRAEGER. 1898. [The rarer mollusca of the district are noted in this
admirable little work, which is a credit to all concerned in its production. The
author’s name, too, guarantees that scientific accuracy so often wanting in official
guide books].

“A Classified Catalogue with localities of the Land Shells of America north of
Mexico,” by H. A. Pitspry and C. W. JOHNSON (Reprinted from the
Nautilus, August, 1897, to April, 1898). [A most useful list, enumerating
375 species, in systematic arrangement ; a number of varieties are also cata-
logued, being entered under the same number as the species, with the addition
Oli Gs Oy Gy Gites |b

“Qn the Marine Mollusca of Madeira, with Descriptions of Thirty-five new
species, and an Index-List of all the known sea-dwelling species of the Island,”
by Rev. RoBeRT BooG Watson, ex Journ. Linn. Soc. ( Zool.) vol. 26, p. 233-
320, pls. 19, 20, 1897. [382 spp., 35 nn. spp. figured].

‘Land und Susswasserkonchylien,” [von Kiikenthals Reise] by Dr. W. KoBetr.
Abhandl. Senckenberg. naturf. Ces., vol. 24, part 1, p. 17—92, pl. 4—1T. 1897.
[21 n. sp., figured from Halmahera, Batjan, Celebes and N. Borneo].

“Notes on a second collection of Marine Shells from the Andaman Islands,
with descriptions of new forms of Zeredra,” by J. C. Metvitt and FE. R.
Sykes, ex Prec. Mal. Soc., vol. 3, part 1, April, 1898 [215 spp., Zerebra
andamanica, T. celédonota, nn. spp. figured ].

“Om Bukkenfjordens echinodermer og mollusker,” by JAMES A. GRIEG; ex
Stavanger Museums Aarsheretning, 1896. [Amongst other forms Dacrydium
vitreum, Chiton abyssorum, Marsenta micromphala, Lovenella metula, Sipho
sarst |.

‘“‘Skrabninger i Vaagsfjorden og Ulvesund, ytre Nordfjord,” by James A.
GRIEG; ex Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1897 no. 16. [List with Lzmopsis minutus,
Scalarta trevelyana, Neomenta carinata; notes on Tellina ovalis and the
Scalarté).

County and Vice-County Divisions of the British Isles. For Biological
purposes,” by A. SOMERVILLE.

_ The Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, nos. 1-6, Jan. to June, 1898.

“¢ The land mollusca of the Great Skellig,” by R. F. ScHarrF [List of 14 spp.
including additional note, p. 49]. ‘‘An abnormal Solex szligva L.,” by G. W.
Cuasrer. ‘‘ Land shell ‘ Pockets’ on sand-dunes,” by R. WELCH. ‘‘ Ayalinza
draparnaud? in N. Ireland,” by L. E. ApAMs. ‘‘Impressions of Achill ; Marine
Mollusca,” by EmMity M. Tariow and R. Li. PRAEGER [100 spp., including
Pleurotoma septangularis). ‘‘ Hydrobia jenkinst Smith, in Co. Donegal,” and
“Felix limbata Drap., a Pyreneen shell introduced at Belfast,” by R. WELCH.
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, vol. 28, nos. 327—332, 1898.

‘© A propos de /’Helix catocyphia B.,” by PAUL PALLARY [this is merely a
local immature form of H. pzsaza]. ‘* Au sujet d’une note de M. Girard sur 7’ Helzx
catocyphia B.,” by P. PALLARY. ‘‘ Etude des Potamides de Voligocene de Gaas
(Landes),” by L. ViGNAL [with plate]. ‘‘ Notice sur les sables infra-inférieurs
dits de Chalons-sur-Vesle, aux environs de Reims,” by PLATEAU. ‘‘ Note sur /7-
volutina conica n.sp.,” by SCHLUMBERGER.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF
MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND, FALKLANDS,
WITH LIST OF SPECIES.

By J. COSMO MELVILL anp R. STANDEN.
(Plate I., figs. 9-13; Plate II.).

(Read before the Society, Feb. gth, 1898).

Amoncst the many recent additions to the collections of Mollusca
in the Manchester Museum, a series of marine shells collected by Miss
Cobb, at Shallow Bay, Lively Island, Falklands, is of particular
interest. A few other species have also been added to Miss Cobb’s
collection, through the kindness of Mrs. Blake and Prof. D’Arcy
Thompson. References to the molluscan fauna of this part of the
world are somewhat meagre and scattered, so that the cataloguing of
an authentic and characteristic collection like the present is not
only an important local record, but also helps towards a better
knowledge of the geographical distribution of certain species.

The archipelago of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), forms a part
of the “ Magellanic Province” of Woodward,’ which also includes the
coasts of Tierra del Fuego, and the mainland of South America from
Port Melo, on the east coast, to Concepcion, on the west. They are
sitwatecl io JU Si AO So, alaGl Gover B GPCS. Of 120 ly loo
geographical miles, or little more than half the size of Ireland. They
are a treeless expanse of moorland and bog, and bare and barren
rock, and their wild and rugged shores are washed by tempestuous
seas, swarming with mollusca and other forms of marine life, which
find ample shelter and sustenance amongst the dense masses of
“kelp ”—a giant seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) growing in profusion
on every tidal rock, and forming a barrier to the terrible breakers of
the western ocean, which no mass of rock not thus protected could
long withstand. Woodward assigns 45 species of mollusca to the
“province” in general, but gives only the following as being known
from the Falklands :—

Scalaria brevis Trochita pileolus
Margarita malvine Astarte longtrostris
Fissurella radtosa Cyamium antarcticum
Patella barbara Modiolarca trapesina
P. zebrina Cardita thouarsit

P. deaurata Venus exalbida
Scissurella conica Lyonsta malvinensis

He further remarks that “ eleven of these have not been met with
elsewhere.”

t Manual of Conchology, 1880, p. 82.

08 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

Dr. Paul Fischer! enumerates 81 species as inhabitants of the
‘Province magellanique,” and to Woodward’s list of Falkland shells
he adds—Luthria antarctica, Trochus tentatus, Fissurella picta,
Puncturella conica, P. falklandica and Modtolarca pusilla.

The ‘ Challenger’ expedition collected 18 species at the Falklands.

Of these, Calyptrea pileus, Photinula caerulescens, Trophon liratus,
and possibly two unidentified species of Calyptrwa and Lamellaria
included in the list, are not represented in the Cobb collection. The
‘Challenger’ specimens were mostly obtained from the “kelp”
from 5 to 12 fathoms. Miss Cobb’s shells were all collected on the
beach, but in the majority of cases are in very good condition, and
show but slight signs of sea-wear. To several of the shells of Mytilus
and Patella some most beautiful specimens of AZicroporella ciliata,
Cribrilina labiosa, C. monoceros, Mucronella tricuspis, Cellepora tiara,
C. punctulata and other Bryozoa are attached. We are indebted for
these identifications to Miss E. M. Pratt, by whom they have been
carefully studied, in connection with another collection of zoological
specimens received by the Museum from Mrs Blake, of Hill Cove,
Falklands.? Included in Mrs. Blake’s collection are alsoa number of
specimens of Zvrophon muriciformis, Euthria fuscata, Photinula
violacea and Fissurella mexicana, with the animals preserved in spirit,
together with several Brachiopods, of which two species, viz. :—
Terebratella magellanica and 7. dorsata, likewise occur in the Cobb
collection.
LIST OF SPECIES.

Siphonaria lessoni Blainv.—Several typical examples. Recorded
also from Chili (Paetel).

Lachesis euthrioides sp.n. (Pl. I, fig. 9).

L. testa fusiformi, tenut, leté castaneo- Brassica’ anfractibus septem,
guorum duobus albatis, apicalibus, ceteris apud suturas tmpressis,
tumidulis, longitudinaliter crassicostulatis, costis ad juncturas costu-
larum spiralium nodulosis, nodulis levibus, nitidissimis; apertura arcto-
rotunda, labro convexo, tenut, canalt brevi, curta, margine columellari
paullum excavato. Long. 8, lat. 3 mm.

Fusoid superficially, this little cancellated shell is undoubtedly a
Lachesis. It is of a bright chestnut brown, somewhat shining, fusi-
form, seven-whorled, two whorls apical and white, the rest impressed
at the sutures, tumid, longitudinally thickly costate, and transversely
filo-costulate, shining, noduled at the points of junction. The aper-
ture is ovate-rotund, outer lip thin, canal short, columellar margin
slightly excavate. Three specimens.

t Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 172.
2 For list of these forms with notes, see Manchester Memoirs, vol. 42, 1898,

MELVILL AND STANDEN-: MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND. 99

The genus Zaches?s Risso, as restricted, now embraces about thir-
teen species, inclusive of a new species (Z. dicolor Melv.) from the
Arabian Sea.! They are mostly extra-tropical, indeed, the type Z.
minima Montagu is a well known inhabitant of our southern British
coasts. Besides this, three are Mediterranean, one Japanese, one
from the Island of St. Paul, one (Z. sz/cata Hutton) from New Zea-
land, and another (Z. meridionalis E. Sm.) from the Strait of
Magellan. This is a curious species, the longitudinal ribs being
quite obsolete on the lower half of the body-whorl; while, at the
periphery, there is one series of revolving tubercles, and the size is
only 4 mm.

Voluta (Cymbiola) ancilla Soland.—One very large dead speci-
men. Gould gives a capital figure of the animal, but, like Sowerby
and Kiener, describes this species as V. magellanica (non Lm.). It is
V. gracilis Wood. WD’Orbigny records it from Strait of Magellan,
and Paetel from coasts of Patagonia.

V. (C.) becki Brod.—Two ; one quite juvenile (Pl. I., fig. 11);
the other a full-grown specimen, measuring a little over nine inches in
length, with, presumably, about an inch of apex missing. It is
yellowish chestnut in colour, with longitudinally undulated streaks.
In the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences there is a specimen
measuring 14 inches in length (Tryon). Hitherto the precise habitat
of this large species appears to have been unknown, though generally
assigned to Patagonia. Its occurrence in this collection is, therefore,
of particular interest.

V. (C.) magellanica Lm.— One small specimen. Patagonia
(Paetel).

Euthria antarctica Rv.—Two, quite typical.

E. fuscata Brug. — This species was described atetnallly by
Bruguitre as a Luccinum, and recorded as occurring abundantly on the
coast of Peru. In Mrs, Blake’s collection there are many examples,
in all stages, while in the Cobb collection there are but two, both
typical.

E. plumbea Phil.—One rather young example of what appears to
be this species, which occurs from Cape Horn to Chili, also Japan.
Its synonyms are /usus rufus Homb. & Jacq., Buccinum magellanicum
Phil., B. patagonicum Phil., and, probably, Zuthria ferrea Rv., and
Ii, A eidiala Dkr

Trophon albolabratus E. Sm.—One, quite typical, and in good
condition. Although Tryon unites this with the very variable
T. geverstanus Pallas, he seems to have been somewhat hasty in his
decision, for he admits that he has never seen the species, which Mr.

t Manchester Memoirs, vol. 42, no. 4, p. 14, pl. x, fig. 17, 1898,

100 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

E. A. Smith described from Kerguelen. It is a much more solid shell
than Z. geversianus, and narrower, with fewer and less regular spirals;
the suture is not so deeply impressed; the lip is thicker, and the
mouth less oblique, whilst the canal is much shorter. Specimens
were dredged by the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition in three stations off
Royal Sound, Kerguelen, from volcanic mud, in 25 to 60 fathoms
(Watson). ‘

T. buccineus Gray.—One specimen, in perfect condition, which
exactly matches the excellent figure copied by Tryon. No description
or locality is given, but the shell is allied to Z. plumbeus A. Gd., and
is a light chocolate-brown colour, deeper within the aperture.

T. cretaceus Rv.—One rather large example, in the usual worn
condition. Recorded from the coast of Chili.

T. geversianus Pall. (PI. [., fig. ro, Pl. IJ.).—Six examples of
this beautiful species. One is a particularly handsome specimen,
snowy white, with well developed broad frill-like lamelle, and in
excellent condition. It indeed so far surpasses in size and beauty
the types figured in Reeve’s ‘“Conchologia Iconica” and elsewhere, ~
that it has been thought worth while to figure two aspects of this
shell. his particular specimen is in J. C. Melvill’s collection. Two
others almost equal it in size, but are not so perfect in condition.
The rest are juvenile. With the collection there is a string of egg-
‘ capsules of this species. They are of a yellowish colour, spoon-
shaped, closely set together, and in size average 20x12 mm. In
each capsule there are a quantity of embryos, measuring 2°5 mm. in
length; the contents of two capsules were carefully counted and
found to contain, respectively, 74 and 112 baby shells. One of these
is figured (PI. L, fig. 10). The species is extremely variable, and
occurs from Magellan’s Strait to Chili. The synonymy is exten-
sive and includes, amongst others, Buccinum jfimbriatum Martyn,
Murex magellanicus Gm., M. foliatus Schum., WZ. peruvianus Enc.
Méth., JZ Zamellosus Dillw., and JZ. patagonicus D’Orb.

T. laciniatus Martyn.—One, not quite adult, but otherwise very
perfect. The absence of the characteristic latticed sculpture in the
interstices between the lamellz readily distinguish this from Z: gever-
sianus. It is recorded from Magellan’s Strait by Tryon, and from
the Chonos Archipelago by Reeve. Tryon unites this species and
T. antarcticus Phil., and expresses some doubt as to whether these
South American forms really belong to the genus Z7ophon.

T. muriciformis King.—Five very beautiful and perfect ex-
amples. An ovately fusiform, cinereous species, with tumid, cancel-
lated whorls; dark chestnut aperture, and crenulated lip, which
amply differentiates it from Z: geverstanus, with which Tryon 1s

be)

)

by)

EIR LAIN AITIOUN Ole IPieite I,

1.— Cerithium carnaticum sp. nov.
2.—Colina selecla sp. nov.
3.—Lussoina (Morchiella) thaumasia sp. nov....
4.—Syrnola maderaspatana sp. nov.
5.—TLurbonilla coromandelica sp. nov.
6.—Cadulus anguidens sp. nov.
7.—Sanguinolaria hendersont sp. nov.
8.—Terebra (Euterebra) eximia Dh.
9.—Lachests euthrioides sp. nov.
10.—Tyvophon geversianus Pall. (juv.)
11.—Voluta ( Cymbiola) becki Brod. (juv.)
12.—Cyamium falklandicum sp. nov.

13, 13a.—TZhracia antarctica sp. nov.

page

Pp)

bp)

ee)

105

EQIP AINATOIOIN QE Teale, Il,
Trophon geversianus Pall., natural size.
(See page 100).
From a photograph by Mr. Edward Ward. The original

specimen is now in the collection of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill.

XI PILAIN AINOIN (Qe Jeb a8, UO,

(See page 92).

1.—Penis when first extruded.

2.—Penis with frilled edge appearing.

3.—Penis fully expanded.

4.—The expanded organs of a paired couple commencing
to intertwine.

5.—Knot formed after intertwining.

6.—The two upper whorls of ‘knot’ expanding horizontally
during copulation.

7.—View of same from above.

8.—The two upper whorls of ‘knot’ curling different ways
during copulation.

9.—Position of pair zz copu/a, showing usual appearance of
‘knot’ where both whorls curl downwards.

All the figures are natural size,

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND. Io!I

inclined to group it. There are also two specimens in Mrs. Blake’s
collection. Recorded from Strait of Magellan.

Monoceros calcar Martyn.—One example of this extremely vari-
able shell, of the form with exserted spire to which Lamarck gave the
name of MZ. ¢mbricatus. ‘The species occurs from Cape Horn to Chili,
where it attains its maximum heaviness of shell. Between this massive
form (JZ. crasstlabvum Lam.) and the type there ranges a long series
of transitional forms, the more marked of which have severally been
named J. striatum Lm., M. glabratum Lm., M. globulus Sow., M.
costatum Sow., M. citrinum Sow., and JZ. acuminatum Sow.

Crepidula dilatata Lm.—A good series. One specimen is the
form described as C. pallida by Broderip ; the rest are fairly typical.
The type is a large, rugose, inflated form, having the apex much
curved to the side of the shell, and the inner margin usually deeply
stained, or radiately lineated with chestnut. It has many synonyms,
e.g. C. depressa Dh., C. peruviana Lm., C. patula Dh., C. arenata
Brod., C. adolphe: \ess., C. grandis Midd., C. princeps Conr., C.
mummaria A, Gd., etc. It is generally distributed all along the
western coast of America, from Patagonia to Alaska, and also Kam-
chatka.

Calyptrea (Trochita) radians Lm.—Three specimens, all of
them identical with C. corrugata Rv. Other synonyms are C. peru-
viana Dh., C. concamerata Martini, C. costellaria Phil., C. trochiformis
Gm., C. ¢rochotdes Dillw., C. araucana Less., C. sordida Brod., and
C. spirata Forb. It is recorded from Chili and Peru, also from the
Island of Inagua, Bahamas (Tryon).

Natica impervia Phil.—Two typical specimens. In this species
the callus completely fills the umbilicus. Magellan’s Strait (Tryon).

N. magellanica Phil—Three. Tryon appears to think this may
be a form of WV. patagonica Phil., from Strait of Magellan.

Scalaria (Opalia) magellanica Phil.—Two typical specimens.
Also sent by Mrs. Blake.

Photinula expansa Sow.—Three specimens, all of the typical
light olive colour, with green and iridescent interior. It also occurs
at Kerguelen Island, Strait of Magellan, and South Georgia. The
principal synonyms are A/argarita expansa Sow., Trochus expansus
Phil., Photina expansa A. Ad., Margarita hilli Forbes, etc.

P. teniata Wood.—Several typical examples of this, the largest
and most striking species in the small group of Margarita-like
shells found only in Antarctic America, for which H. & A. Adams
instituted the genus Photinula. It is imperforate, with a brilliantly
nacreous interior, and easily recognizable by the spiral pink bands
and lines on a shining white ground. The synonymy is extensive,

102 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

and includes Margarita teniata Sow., Trochus bicolor Less., T.
lineatus Phil. (non da Costa), Z. hombront P. Fisch., 7. purpuratus
Forbes, Photina cwrulea, A. Ad., etc. It occurs also in Magellan’s
Strait (Tryon).

P. violacea King.—Seven specimens. A more conical shell than
P. expansa, with a smaller aperture, and of a purplish-pink colour.
Its synonyms are Margarita persica A. Gd., M. violacea King, M.
magellanica H.J., Trochus violaceus Phil., and probably Monee
magellanica A. Gd., but Tryon is inclined to doubt the identity of
Gould’s species with P. violacea. Recorded from Strait of Magellan
and Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego.

Fissurella darwini Rv.—One dead, but characteristic example
of a form which appears to occupy an intermediate position between
F, picta Gm. and F. maxima Sow. It is more conical than the latter,
and less elevated than the former, and is sculptured with numerous
radiating ribs, which are low and uneven, but scarcely to be called
granose. ‘The inside is white, with a blueish-black border. Recorded
from Strait of Magellan (Tryon).

F. picta Gm.—Two full grown and typical examples of this hand-
some shell. Its recorded habitats are Strait of Magellan (D’Avila),
Chili and Valparaiso (D’Orbigny).

13, polygona Sow.—Several typical specimens of this most beats
ful shell, which is distinguished by its scabrous striae and chain-like
ribs, usually rayed with purple. The inside is white, and the margin
spotted. None of the shells in this collection are quite as large as
the one figured by Sowerby, and one specimen is without colour,
though in the finest possible condition.

F. mexicana Sow.—Four specimens. Tryon considers that the
locality given by Sowerby and Reeve (‘Real Llejos, Mexico”) needs
confirmation, and hints that it may be Sowerby’s / ortens; but the
shells now before us are well distinguished from that species by the
finely decussated, close-set radiating grooves, and white-bordered
orifice.

Puncturella (Cemoria) falklandica A. Ad.— One typical
example. Dall is doubtful whether this is separable from the British
P. noachina, from which, however, it differs somewhat in its shorter
fissure and septum, more distant and equal ribs, and less posterior
apex. Recorded from west coast of Patagonia, in 449 faths. (Tryon).

Patella znea Martyn.—A large and representative series ofall the
principal varietal types acknowledged by Tryon in (a), typical P. enea ;
(4), var. deaurata Gm.; (c), var. magellanica Gm. The type is a
very solid shell, elevated, with strong radiating ribs, brownish ash-
coloured exteriorly, with a lustrous bronze-tinted interior, and scal-

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND. 103

loped margin. &. gaudichaudi Blainy. is a synonym. The var.
deaurata is chiefly distinguished from the type by the thin, oblong,
depressed shell, showing dark-brown radiating stripes interiorly, and
the apex curving forward. Patella cymbularia Del., P. ferruginea
Sow., 2. delessertt Phil., P. vartcosa Ry., and Nacella strigatella
Roch. & Mab., are also synonyms. ‘Tryon also considers that ?.
polaris Marts. & Pfr. is merely a form of P. deaurata, and that
P. varicosa Ry. is identical with Woods’ & Gmelin’s P. flammea.
Var. magellanica Gm. is of a rounder form than typical P. enea, and
has a more central, erect, and elevated apex. Variations of this form
have been described by Reeve, under the names of P. a/ramentosa,
P. venosa, and P. chiloénsts, whilst Rochbr. & Mab. coin many species
from it. Both typical P. @nea and the vars. deaurata and magell-
anica have hitherto only been recorded from Strait of Magellan.

Acmeza textilis A. Gd.—Six specimens. This species seems to
possess good and distinctive specific characteristics, although in-
cluded by Tryon in the synonymy of A. fersona Eschz., an exces-
sively variable species, which ranges from Sitka to Turtle Bay, Lower
California.

Scurria scurra (Less.).—A very fine example of this has been
added to the collection through the kindness of Prof. D’Arcy Thomp-
son. It was collected by Mr. J. Cooper, in 1893, and is of the
somewhat depressed terraced form figured by Tryon.’ The range of
this species is given by Tryon as extending from 12° to 41° S. Lat.,
west coast of South America. Its synonyms are Pavella scurra Less.,
Acmea scurra \VOrb., Lottia pallida Sow., Lottia conica A. Gd., and
Acmea cymbula Hupé.

Naceila cymbularia Lm.—Three specimens, of a pale horn
colour, with silvery iridescent interior. Tryon restricts /Vacel/la to
one species : 4V. myti/ina Helbl., which lives upon the great seaweeds
of the Tierra del Fuego shores, and he includes MM. cymdbularta
amongst its numerous synonyms.

Chiton (Plaxiphora) setiger King.—One typical example of
this well-known South American species.

Lima falklandica A. Ad.—One perfect specimen, together with
odd valves of a very delicate shell with some affinity to Z. /oscoméi
Sow.

Pecten (Pallium) corneus Sow.—Valves only. The typical
form. Recorded from Strait of Magellan.

P. rufiradiatus Rv.—Many valves, distinctively representative of
the species. It is recorded from Strait of Magellan by Reeve, and
is a characteristic form of the type of Pecten peculiar to that locality ;

t Man, Conch., vol. 13, pl. 39, figs. 26+27.

Io4 | JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1808.

but it differs from the more orbicular P. patagonicus King, in the
camparatively greater height of the shell, crenulated ribs, and un-
equal ears.

Mytilus bifurcatus Conr.—A peculiar looking shell, about 25
mm. in length, strongly grooved, triangularly ovate, very gibbous,
and of a dark indigo blue-black colour. Reeve does not give any
locality, but it is recorded from California by Paetel.

M. magellanicus Chemn.—Three young and two adult examples
of this fine pear-shaped shell. It is blue-black in colour, with waved
crenated ribs. The larger shells bear beautiful growths of Bryozoa, etc.

M. ungulatus L.—With the exception of size, there seems little
to separate this from our AZ tilus edulis. It seems to run through the
same gradations of form, including typical var. gal/o-provincialis Lm. —
Recorded from Chili (Cuming). Paetel makes AZ, wngulatus synony-
mous with AZ. /atus Lm. from New Zealand, but this can scarcely
be correct.

Modiolarca pusilla A. Gd.—One typical example. Recorded
from Kerguelen (Fischer).

M. trapezina Lm.—Nine specimens, in various stages of growth,
of a very elegant shell, varying in colour from bright orange to pur-
plish yellow or rich sienna-brown. Recorded from Strait of Magellan
(Paetel) ; Kerguelen and Auckland (Fischer).

Cyamium falklandicum sp. n. (PI. I, fig. 12).

C. testa mediocri, equivalvi, inegquilaterali, oblongo-rhomboidalt,
tenui, albida, valvis sub lente undigque concentricé striatts, striis rudibus,
posticum apud marginem rugoso-laminatis, umbonibus prominulis,
contiguis; valuis dorsaliter posticé leniter declivibus, prolongatis, anticé
rotundatis, ligamento corneo, externo, valvam apud rectam dente car-
dinalh magno, bifido, apud sinistram duobus minoribus, superficie interna
alba, parum nitente, linea palliali indistincta, paullum sinuosa. Alt. %,
lat. 12, diam. 4 mm.

This interesting addition to a very circumscribed genus has been
confused with C. axtarcticum Phil., by Gwyn Jeffreys... This latter,
however, is quite distinct, and correctly-named examples exist in
the British Museum, where also is this species without a name.
It is smallish in size, equivalve, very inequilateral, rhomboidal,
thin, white, the valves concentrically striate, and towards the pos-
terior margin wrinkled-laminate ; the ligament is horny and ex-
ternal, the posterior dorsal margin gradually sloping, prolonged,
anteriorly rounded, the cardinal tooth in the night valve is large and
bifid, in the left there are two smaller teeth; within the surface is

x Brit. Conch., vol. 2, p. 257.

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND. 105

white, scarcely shining, the pallial line to some extent sinuous, but
not very distinct.
Chione (Omphaloclathrum) exalbida Chemn.— Three ex-
amples, varying in growth and development. A massive, flat, oblong
_ shell, with raised concentric strie. Occurs in Straits of Magellan.

_ Cryptodon falklandica E. Sm.—A shell with some affinity to
Axinus flexuosus Mont.

Saxicava antarctica Phil.—A stout coarse shel!, found burrow-
ing in the roots of the large seaweed. Recorded from coasts of
Chili (Paetel).

Thracia antarctica sp. n. (Pl. I, figs. 13, 13a).

T. testa deformi, feré equivalvt, sordidé alba, tenut; valvis ambabus
concentrice rudistriatis, convexts, utrimgque hiulcis, anticé rotundats,
postice truncatis, brunneo-sordescentibus, rudilamellosis; umbonibus in

uno specimine prominulis, incurvis, contiguis, in altero feré immersis ;
margine dorsalt posticé paullum excavato, anticé leniter declivt, ventrali
Jeré recto, dente cardinali magno, cochleart; superficie interna alba,
paullum prismatica, linea palliali obscura, sinuosa. Lat. 1 Peale Tle
diam. 6 mm.

To some extent resembling 7: distor¢a Phil. from North Europe,
or 7. cuneolus Rv., this very interesting little form differs from both
in decidedly less rotundity of outline ; it is, indeed, a far more typical
eu-Thracia, though to some extent liable to the Sax7cava-like deformity
so often present in our North European 7%. distorta.

It is of a dirty white, posteriorly stained with brown, and truncate,
anteriorly rounded, the umbones contiguous and prominent in one
specimen, while in another they are almost immersed ; the dorsal
margin is posteriorly slightly excavate, anteriorly gently sloping, the
ventral margin almost straight. The surface is concentrically rudely

striated, the valves convex, almost equal. Interior surface slightly
nacreous, whitish, pallial line obscure, sinuous.

Only one Zhracta (T. stmilis Conr.), of quite a distinct group, has,
till now, been reported from South American shores.

—— - 4-0 —__-.

Helix nemoralis and H. virgata without food for fourteen months.—In
September, 1894, I collected about eighty specimens of He/ix nemoralis and a some-
what larger number of 4. wivgata. As I had not time to clean them, they were
sent home in a cigar box which was inadvertently placed among a number of empty
boxes in a cellar, exposed to the cold of winter and the draught from a ventilator
looking towards the north. They were re-discovered on Saturday, October 26th,
1895, and it was found that on placing them in tepid water for a few minutes, eight
Hf, nemoralis and five A. virgata recovered and appeared little the worse for their
long fast. —A. HARTLEY (Lead before the Society, Nov. 6th, 1895).

106
OBSERVATIONS ON ABNORMAL SPECIMENS OF

PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS AND OTHER FRESHWATER
SHELLS AT TENBY.

By A. G. STUBBS.
(With Plate IV.)

(Read before the Society, March 9, 1898).

A LARGE series of various abnormal shells was exhibited at the
February meeting of the Conchological Society. Since then I have
obtained a still larger number from the same place, many of them
being truly remarkable. They were collected from a ditch, near the
town, which abounds with several species of freshwater mollusca,
of which the following is a full list together with some of the chief
varieties :—

Planorbis nautileus and var. crista.

P. spirorbis and var. a/éida (one specimen), and many mon-
strosities.

Bullinus hypnorum and var. major, and a few monstrosities.

-Physa fontinalis, typical form, and monstrosities.

Limnza peregra, two distinct forms, one abnormal.

L: palustris vars. e/omgata and a/bida.—One fine specimen of
the latter variety last year, and two others more recently. Mr. Charles
Jefferys, of Tenby, also found another half-grown specimen, on February
16th of this year. Mr. Standen informs me that only two specimens
of the albino form of Z. palustris have previously been recorded :-—
one, from near Leeds, by Mr. J. W. Taylor’; the other from Southport,
by Mr. Edward Collier.* Monstrosities are frequent.

Valvata cristata, Sphzrium corneum, and Pisidium Bu
sillum are common.

The following is an account of the principal monstrosities observed:

Planorbis spirorbis.—Of the abnormal examples of this species, a
representative series is shown on Plate IV. They are confined to quite
a small reach of the ditch (about sixty yards), though the species is very
abundant throughout the whole length, and the one hundred specimens
shown only represent a portion of those I have taken.

The most interesting forms of distortion noted in Planorbis spir-
orbis are the following :—

1.—Almost the entire shell scalariform, like a pile of draughts
placed one on top of the other.

2.—The apical whorls scalariform, the last two or three normal, giv-
ing the shell the aippeeuanee of a Welshwoman’s hat.

ii Sp Cris ae I, p. 20.
2 Ton. obi p. 139.

STUBBS : ABNORMAL SPECIMENS OF PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. 107

3.—The apical whorls normal, the last two or three bent down and
coiled underneath the shell in corkscrew fashion.

4.—Shell normal, except the last whorl near the mouth, which is
(a), produced at right angles to the shell (in the same plane) ; or (0),
bent back and lying flat across the shell ; or (c), bent downwards and
coiled right away from the shell.

5.—Shells twisted into an indescribable tangle.

6.—Shells flat, but oval, instead of round, with occasional gaps
between the whorls.

7.—Sinistral. Four specimens only have up to the present come
into my hands; three of them are particularly fine (see last three
figs., Plate IV.) ; the other is a young one, but I did not like to run
the risk of trying to bring it up to maturity, as the scalariform specti-
mens are very fragile. One specimen is a good example of the no. 1
form mentioned above, and shows clearly the keel placed on the
upper edge of the whorl; the other is an example of extreme scalarity,
the last two or three whorls being entirely disconnected.’

By far the commonest form of distortion is for the shell to be nor-
mal, with the exception of the last whorl or part of it, which is bent
downwards and coiled beneath the shell.

Roughly speaking, I should say that the proportion of distorted
specimens to normal ones in the spot where they are most plentiful,
is two per cent. One good sweep of the dredge will bring up about
forty or fifty specimens of Planorbis spirorbis, and there is almost sure
to be one monstrosity amongst them ; I once took five in one sweep,
but this was exceptional.

Bullinus hypnorum.—One specimen has the last whorl curi-
ously malleated (like Zezmnea palustris var. lacunosa) and the top
whorls turreted. Another has longitudinal lines of growth of a darker
colour on the body-whorl, and is much turreted in the top whorls.
A third is much turreted, though the body-whorl is normal.

For comparison with the above three, a specimen of B. hypuorum
from another ditch in the neighbourhood is sent. It has an elongated
spire, with rounded whorls, an abnormally short body-whorl, and a
small mouth. The difference in form between this and the turreted
specimens is remarkable, and a novice might be forgiven for thinking
them different species.

Physa fontinalis.—One specimen with a considerably inflated
mouth.

Limnza palustris.—Several monstrosities in this species have
been dredged, the most remarkable being a specimen with a much-
expanded mouth, and the lip reflected, as in ZL. peregra var. labiosa.

t Monst. Ariscunz, Taylor, Monogr. Brit. L. F. W. Moll., part 2, p. 117.

108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

Some are stunted and turreted, others are elongated and slightly
scalariform, while one is beautifully banded with white.

Valvata cristata.—This species is occasionally distorted in the
last whorl, which is slightly bent downwards.

Limnza peregra.—There are two rather small forms of this
species living together in the ditch. One, the larger of the two, has a
produced spire and is of the normal yellow colour, probably var. acu-
minata; the other is of a deep red colour, occasionally blotched
with yellow on the body-whorl. The majority of these have in addi-
tion to the abnormal colouring a very pronounced growth-check,
about half-way round the body-whorl. The shell is rather solid till
it reaches this check, when a much thinner growth takes place, appa-
rently proceeding from the inner-edge of the old growth, as it leaves
a ridge on the outside, which juts out prominently at the base of the
shell. A possible cause for this change of growth may be the flood-
ing of the ditch into the pastures during the heavy rains of November
and December last, when building operations would in all probability
be stopped for a time. Then, when the water subsided and building
was resumed, the shell-forming ingredients in the ditch may have
become so diluted with the flood-water that a thinner growth resulted.

From the patches of yellowish sediment which are to be seen in
some parts of the ditch, I imagine the water contains a fair percent-
age of iron, which might cause the peculiar red colouring of the
shells, though why it should not also affect the other form of Z.
peregra is not easily accounted for.

Apart from mollusca, the ditch is also full of newts, sticklebacks,
caddis-larvee, water-beetles, water-spiders, etc., and as might be
expected, to balance such a large amount of animal life, it is covered
over with various water plants, the chief of which (where the abnormal
forms occur) are a broad-bladed grass, Poa jluitans, also Callitriche
verna, and Ranunculus aquatilts.

Most of the ditch is dried up in hot weather, and the rest has but
a few inches of water left in it. I should think, therefore, that one
chief cause of the production of the abnormal P. sfzrorbis is that
suggested by Mr. J. W. Taylor,’ viz.: ““‘That when the water is nearly
dried up, the efforts of the creatures in forcing their way through the
thick mud in which they are sometimes left partially embedded, to
again reach the water, may easily cause an alteration in the direction
of a new shell growth, if at the time in course of formation.”

1 Monogr. Brit. L. F. W. Moll., part 2, p. 118.

————> 0+ & _——_

109

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

272nd Meeting, June 8th, 1898.

Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, vol. 28, no. 332; The Naturalist,
no. 497; Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, vol. 11, nos. I—4q ;
Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society, Session 1896—97 ; Actes de la Société
Scientifique du Chili, vol. 4, no 1, 1894; Memoirs and Proceedings of the Man-
chester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 42, part 2, 1898; Irish Naturalist,
vol. 7, no. 6; Marine Shells from the Andaman Islands, by J. C. Melvill and
E. R. Sykes ; Further Investigations into the Molluscan Fauna of the Arabian Sea,
Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman, with descriptions of forty species, by J. C.
Melvill ; County and Vice-County Divisions of the British Isles (for biological
purposes), by A. Somerville (from the Authors).

Donation to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted.
_ A scalariform specimen of Valvata cristata from Barnes from Mr. J. E. Cooper.

Summer Meetings.
It was arranged to discontinue the ordinary meetings during the months of
July, August and September and instead thereof to hold a number of half-day
excursions, the first to take place on June 18th.

Annual Meeting.
The Annual Meeting will be held at Stafford on a Saturday in October and will
take the place of the ordinary meeting for that month. Full particulars will be
announced in the October number of the Journal.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Mr. A. W. Rymer Roberts.

Report on the Excursion on May 22.

The excursion arranged by the kindness of the President was held on Saturday,
May 22. Some half-dozen members met at Froghall Station, a few of whom had
spent the previous night at Cheadle, and had greatly enjoyed the opportunity of a
walk round Mr. Masefield’s grounds and the sight of the nesting-boxes, in which a
considerable number of the birds that frequent his garden have been induced to
take up their quarters.

In a pond near Froghall were collected :—

Limnea peregra Miill., L. glabra Miill.,
L. stagnalis \.., L. glabra var. decollata.

By the courtesy of Mr. Frazer the party was conveyed by the quarry tramway
from Froghall to the top of Caldon Low, where the serious business of the excur-
sion began by a vigorous search under the loose stones lying beside the approaches.
Here were obtained :—

Arion circumscriptus Johnst., HI. concinna Jeftr.,

Limax marginatus Miill., Hf. rupestrts Drap.,
Agriolimax agrestis L., HI, nemorals L. (rubella 00300),
Ayalinia crystallina Miull., Hf, hispida L.,

FH, cellaria Miill., Hf. pulchella Miill.,

Hi. cellaria var. albina, HI, pulchella var. costata,

HT. pura Ald., Cochlicopa lubrica Miill.,

Helix rotundata Mill., Carychium minimum Miill.

110 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1808.

On a broken wall opposite the school-house Balea perversa was found in fair
quantities as well as :—
Helix concinna Jeffr., | Hf. rotundata Miill.

A pleasant walk over the high ground, broken bya halt at a farm-house for
refreshments, led to the Worth Wood, where an examination of the fallen logs and
branches and the moss covering the stones yielded :—

Arion ater L., Ff. radiatula Ald.,

A. ater var. rufa, Felix nemoralts L. (rubella 00000)
A. circumscriptus Johnst., fT. arbustorum L.,

A. hortensis Fer., #1. concinna Jeftr.,

Asriolimax agrestis L., Hf. fusca and var. alba,

Limax maximus L., Clausilia perversa Pult.,
Hyalinia cellaria Miill., C. laminata Mont.,

HI. crystallina Miill., Vitrina pellucida Miill.

Hf, alliaria Miller,

Also from a pond near Worth Wood :-—
Limnea glabra Mill., | L. peresra Miill.

At Ramsor Quarry, near the southern extremity of the wood, which was next
visited, the following species were discovered either under stones or crawling on the
face. of the cliff :—

Hyalinta nitidula Drap.,
Helix rotundata Mill.,
HI. rupestris Drap.,

HH. hispida L.,

H. caperata Mont.,

H, nemoralts 1..,

fH, nemoralis var. castanea and
var. lebellula,

Buliminus obscurus Miill.,

B. obscurus var. albina,

Pupa cylindracea Da Costa,

Claustlia perversa Pult.

The last locality to be examined was Cotton Dale, just above Oakamoor, where

the following were collected mostly among the dried leaves under the beech trees :—
Hyalinia alliaria Miller,
Hi. fulva Miill., HT, aculeata Miill.,
Hi. radiatula Ald., HI, lamellata Jeftr.

The arrival at Oakamoor was so timed as to allow of a pleasant re-union round
the tea-table, where a comparison of notes on the events of the day formed an
agreeable sauce to a substantial meal, after which the party separated with expres-
sions of cordial gratitude to the President for the successful way in which he had
organised and carried out the expedition.

Flelix rufescens Penn.,

Papers Read.
“¢ Observations on Limncea peregra,” by A. G. Stubbs.
‘© Note on Valvata cristata,” by J. E. Cooper.
“ Paludestrina jenkinst Smith in two new Irish localities,” by L. E. Adams.
“© Arion ater v. rubra Baud., new to Britain,” by L. E. Adams.
“* New county records for Ireland,” by R. Welch.

Exhibits.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: A very large specimen of Limax cimereo-niger var.
luctuosa Moq., from Taxal, Cheshire.

By Mr. J. R. Hardy: A remarkable scalariform Planorbis spirorbis, kindly lent
by the Vernon Park Museum, Stockport, for exhibition at this meeting. It was
collected by Mr. James Walkden in one of the famous ‘‘ twenty pits” at Moss Side,
in 1864. These pits have long been filled up and built upon. The shell is of a
most unusual trochoid form.

PROCEEDINGS : JUNE 8, 1808. III

By Mr. Ed. Collier: Three fine examples of Lzmncea palustris var. albida, from
Sandwich (E Coll. Miss Hele).

By Mr. R. Standen: A fine series of Bucctnum undatum type, and varr.
acuminata and cartnata, dredged of the Isle of Thanet (E Coll. T. Edwards) ;
Lacuna dtvarica’a, Rissoa parva var. interrupta, fine specimens, and JZodzolaria
discors, all dredged off Port Erin, Isle of Man, by the Rev. Lewis Shackleford.

By Mr. R. Cairns: A set of very fine examples of M/arginel.a cleryi Petit,
M. bifasciata Lm., A. splendens Rv., and M. pseudofaba Sow., all from Senegal.

By the Secretary : A selection of the mollusca mentioned in the report upon the
Society’s excursion to Staffordshire, and collected by the members present upon
that occasion.

By Mr. R. Welch: A fine collection of Irish specimens illustrating the new
“*County records ” dealt with in his paper, and also many interesting locality sets,
comprising Hya/inza draparnaldi from near Belfast (diagnosed as really this species
from examination of the radula by Mr. W. Moss); Ay. cellaria var. albina, Cashel
Rock, co. Tipperary; Ay. alliaria var. viridula, Great Skellig, Kerry ; “Ay.
nitzdula, Kenbane Head, co. Antrim; Ay. nztédula—a very thin form of type and
var. helmtz, Dernasliggan, co. Galway; Hy. radiatula and var. viridescenti-alba
from Belvoir Park, co. Down; Kenmare, co. Kerry, and Delphi, co. Mayo; Hy. fulva,
marsh, near Killough, co. Down; Hy. crystallina, Crow Glen, co. Antrim, and Delphi,
co. Mayo; //elix rotundata var. alba, Killough, co. Down; ZH. refestris, Fore,
Westmeath ; Knockninny Hill, co. Fermanagh; Annaghdown, co. Galway ;
Ballygally Head, co. Antrim, and Kenmare, co. Kerry; 7. damellata, Mucksna Wood,
Kenmare, Kerry ; 4. aspersa, Cashel, Tipperary ; A. zemoralzs vars., Cashel,
Valencia Id., co. Kerry (a fine series of thin shells showing much variety of colour
and banding: (vars. albolabiata, castanea, undulata, olivacea, and rubella) ; a thin
pellucid form with broad white sutural band from Falls Road, Belfast ; var. conzca,
Killard Point, co. Down; and a set of thin, dwarfed, but richly-coloured forms
from dunes, golf links, Newcastle, co. Down; 4. hortenszs, Downpatrick Cathedral
yard, co. Down-—the only authentic locality in Ulster (except Portsalon) for this
species; H. arbustorum, Kenbane, co. Antrim; //. reufescens, Westport Demesne,
co. Mayo; 4. hispida, Derrykeighan, N. Antrim, Cranfield Point, Lough Neagh ;
and subscalariform specimen, Glenariff, co. Antrim ; 4. fusca, Portaleen Glen, Tor,
co. Antrim, Cave Hill, Belfast ; 4. erecetorum type and vars. a/ba and hyalozonata,
Rathlin Island, Kenbane ; vars. /ezcozona, lentig¢nosa, and abnormal specimens from
Portsalon, co. Donegal; A. caberata (intersecta), Magilligan Point, Portsteward,
and Malahide; 4. wzrgata, the Saint’s Walk, Great Aran I. ; 4. p/saza and var. alba,
Drogheda, Meath Coast ; 1. aczfa, Portrush, Portsteward ; 4. aculeata, ‘‘ pockets,”
Sand dunes, Portstewart; A. ata—a Pyrenean species, probably introduced
with nursery plants—found feeding on roadside, Belmont, co. Down; Pujpa
cylindracea, Ballyrudder, co. Antrim, Dernasliggan, Leenane, co. Galway ; var.
curta, Kenmare, Kilmore, co. Cavan; £. amglica, Mucksna Wood, Kenmare ;
P. muscorum, Portsalon, co. Donegal ; Vertigo pygmaa, Orlock Point, co. Down ;
banks of River Lagan, Belfast; V. sedstrzata, Portstewart, co. Derry ; Clauszlia
bidentata (perversa), subscalariform, Whitepark Bay, co. Antrim ; Szccinea putris,
a small form from Kenmare; Planorbts albus, Ballynahinch, co. Down; P.
sptrorbts, Glasmoss and Newcastle, co. Down, Cloonee, Kenmare; P. carinatus,
Quoyle River, Downpatrick, co. Down; /. contortus, Killough, Downpatrick, and
Bryansford, co. Down; Glaslough, co. Monaghan; FPhysa yontinalis, Ballynoe and
Killough, co. Down ; Paludestrina jenkinst and var. carinata, Culmore and Bann
River, co, Derry ; Hydrobia ventrosa, Larne Lough ; Limnea peregra—small and

112 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1808.

very pretty forms from wet rocks on shore at Carnalea, co. Down, from Kenmare,
Kerry, and wet mossy cliffs in ravine at head of Glenariff, co. Antrim; Z.
aurtcularia var. acuta, Lough Beg, co. Derry; L. palustris, Lough Beg, Toome,
Glasmoss, near Comber, co. Down, and a curious small variety from tarn near
Killarney ; Z. ¢rancatula —a large pale variety from quarry pools, Magheramorne,
co. Antrim ; a small form from Ireland’s Eye, co. Dublin ; and var. elegans,
Cushendun, co. Antrim ; Ancylus fluviatilis—a fine thin form from Kinny Lough,
Portsalon, and typical examples of var. ezbbosa, Kenmare, co. Kerry; Bythinza
tentaculata var. alb¢da, Portmore Lake, co. Antrim ; Carychium minimum, Belvoir
Park, Belfast ; Acme ineata and var. alba, Helen’s Bay, co. Down ; Murlough
Bay, and Crow Glen, co. Antrim; and Helen’s Bay, co. Down, from the large
colony discovered there by Capt. W. J. Farrer.

Observations on Limnza peregra.—lI noticed a curious fact regarding the
L. peregra in the ditch whence I recently obtained the monstrosities of Planorbzs,
and that is the extraordinary way in which they come out of their shells and creep
about without them. Several times when arriving home I have put them with the
other species in a basin of water previous to cleaning them, and next morning three
or four will have left their shells and be crawling about the sides of the basin quite
unconcerned. In this state they live for about a day or a day and a half, then they
lie feebly at the bottom of the basin and gradually become covered with a sort of
long mildewy growth, which is apparently much relished by the other mollusks as
they cluster round the dead Z. pevezgra. Sometimes they have come out on the
journey home in the bottle of water, and I have several times dredged up the
animals without the shells. In the last case I thought the swish of the dredge
through the water might have washed them out. I have not noticed this habit in
L. peregra from other ditches ; I believe it is caused by a disease in the animal, and
the mildewy growth is a result of it—ARTHUR G. STUBBS Oe before the Socvety,
June 8th, 1898).

Arion ater var. rubra Baud. new to Britain.—At Shepherdswell, near
Canterbury, August 1896, in company with Mr. C. E. Wright, I found two individuals
of Baudon’s var. rubra, which he describes as ‘‘ beau rouge vermillon.” They
were among a colony of the more dingy var. érunnea, and I think they show
simply the extreme limit of brilliance of that form. I noticed that (as with the
orange form of A. szbfuscus) the ‘‘ paint” came off asI handled them. This
striking variety does not seem to have been noticed in Britain hitherto. —LIONEL Ff.
ADAMS (Read before the Society, June 8th, 1898).

Clausilia cerulea Fér. in Hants.—Mr. C. E. Wright sends me an example
of Claustlia cerulea Yér, var. birwgosa Parr, which he informs me was taken with
several other individuals of the same species near Petersfield, Hants. Mr. J. W.
Taylor, who kindly identified the shell, tells me that this species is a native of the
Island of Santorin, in the Grecian Archipelago. It is not clear at present how it
became located in Hants. This record does not justify its addiion to the British
list. —LIONEL E. ApDAms, Stafford, May Ist, 1898 (Read before the Society, May
11th, 1898).

113

NOTES ON THE LAND MOLLUSCA
OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS, LANCASHIRE.

By R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, January 12th, 1898).

Durinc August last I paid a short week-end visit, accompanied by
Mr. Edward Ward, to the picturesque village of Grange, and devoted
most of the time to an investigation of the Molluscan Fauna of the
district. The warm wet weather experienced during our stay was
peculiarly suitable for shell collecting; and, as the geological formation
is mainly limestone, my anticipation that the locality would prove a
good one for shells was more than justified by the results. The
Windermere road was searched for a short distance, but the most
prolific spot found was Eggerslack Wood, which covers the steep hill-
side for two or three miles. It is crossed by a zig-zag path, which we
entered by a little wicket gate on the roadside opposite to the Grange
Hotel. ‘The spaces between the larger trees are filled with a dense
undergrowth of sapling timber and hazel bushes, and the ground is
thickly covered, in most parts, with a profusion of flat moss-covered
stones, dead sticks, and a wealth of creeping plants, matted together
and intermixed with decaying leaves—altogether an ideal hunting
ground for any naturalist, and especially a conchologist. Here we
found an extraordinary abundance of Myalinia fulva, H. crystallina,
Ff, alliaria, and var. viridula, H. pura, and var. nitidosa, H. cellaria,
HT. nitidula, Helix pulchella (type only), A. rotundata, and var. turtont,
FH. aculeata, H. hispida, and var. concinna, H1. sericea, H. rufescens, and
vars. rubens and alba; also Vitrina pellucida (all dead), and Cochlicopa
/ubrica, together with a few typical “. aspersa, Hf, nemoralis, and
Hf, arbustorum. High up on the nut-bushes Audiminus obscurus
occurred sparingly, and the dead sticks and flat stones yielded a few
Carychium minimum, Vertigo pygmea, V. substriata, and V. pusilla.
The last species I consider a very interesting and important find, as
hitherto its only recorded locality in the County Palatine is Silverdale,
on the opposite side of the bay, where several specimens were collected
by Mr. F. C. Long, of Burnley, in July 1891, and exhibited by me at
a meeting of the Manchester Branch in the following November.
Mr. J. B. Dixon, of Preston, also took it at Silverdale in June 1894.
As in my own case the Silverdale specimens occurred amongst moss,
and are rather larger and lighter in colour than those found at Ingleton,
and elsewhere in England and Scotland, but they very closely resemble
the Irish type of the species which I have collected in Co. Donegal
and Co, Antrim, A few Helix pygmea occurred in moss-shakings.

114 = JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1808.

‘Sweeping’ with a canvas net—ostensibly for Coleoptera—amongst
the low-lying ivy, and patches of bracken, was attended with some
surprising and entirely unexpected results. Bracken is usually passed
by as an unpromising situation for shells, but I found, on dashing the
net through the fronds, that they swarmed with Vertigo edentula, nearly
all of them juvenile, with but three or four whorls to their shells;
this species also occurred in considerable numbers amongst the ivy in
company with Helix hispida, H. rufescens, and HZ. aculeata. Various
kinds of fungi abounded in the wood, and upon these numbers of
Arion hortensis and A. circumscriptus were observed feeding—a large
specimen of the Stinkhorn (Piadlus tmpudicus) had had its stem eaten
through by these two slugs, causing it to fall over. A7zon ater was
abundant everywhere, but no varieties were noticed. Lizmax
arborum was common on rotten tree stumps. It is noteworthy that I
did not see a single example of the usually omnipresent Agviolimax
agrestis anywhere in the district. Most of the low mossy walls
throughout the district swarm with Pupa cylindracea and Clausilia
perversa ; Mr. Ward obtained some charming photographs ot the latter
im situ, feeding upon the moss and lichen. ‘There is a small colony of
Balea perversa on a wall on the Windermere road, which, but for the
wet causing the animals to leave the shelter of the crannies and come
out to feed, we should probably have overlooked. From a patch of
Marchantia, growing in a characteristic situation, I obtained several
specimens of Acme /ineata, all of typical form: some living, and some
dead. After passing through the wood, we followed the mountain
path leading to the ‘ Hospice’ until we came to a large expanse of
‘limestone pavement,’ intersected with innumerable fissures filled with
beautiful ferns and creeping plants, and dotted over with heavily
fruited juniper bushes. On beating the junipers, many immature
specimens of Helix nemoralis and Hf. rufescens tumbled into the net,
and a careful examination of the fissures immediately below this
unlikely habitat resulted in the discovery of many other young shells
of both species, together with a few much weathered adult indi-
viduals and a quantity of dead shells.

——— $+ 0 > ___—_——__

Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith in two new Irish localities.—Mr. R. Welch,
of Belfast, has sent me some specimens of this species, which he found at Ken-
mare, in a little stream running into the tidal river at the head of the estuary.
They are all uncarinated, and smaller and more slender shells than those from the
Thames, some of the adults measuring not more than 3°55 mm. in altitude, while
typical specimens measure 5°25 mm. Baltic timber was imported at Kenmare till
twenty years ago. Mr. Welch has also sent me specimens of this species taken
by himself within half a mile of Newry in marsh drains.—LIONEL E, ADAMS,
Stafford. (Read before the Society, June 8th, 1898).

115
ON LATIRUS ARMATUS Ad.
By J. COSMO MELVILL.

(Read before the Society, March gth, 1898).

Miss Edith C. Wilson has presented a small collection of marine
mollusca, gathered by herself in the Canary Isles, to the Manchester
Museum, Owens College. The majority of the shells call for no
special remark, but amongst them is one dead though perfect and well-
developed specimen of Laztivws armatus Ad., entirely free from any
nullipore or other extraneous marine growth, and consequently in a
perfect condition, so far as the shell is concerned, for investigation.

It is a great pity we know so little about the animal. The only
item of information vouchsafed us, so far as I can find, is that it is of
ared colour. That, of course, is a distinctive attribute of all Latri
proper, but we cannot help hoping that full anatomical details of this
~much discussed and variable form may be forthcoming at no distant
date. In the meantime the following is the history of Zatirus armatus
Ad. In 1838 Dr. Gray described a form as Turbinella spinosa, which
is in all probability this species. The name Z. sfzvosa Martyn being
already in use, reduced Gray’s name to a synonym, and in 1854! Mr.
A. Adams described from the Cumingian cabinets eleven Zatz77, with-
out figures or information as to size and in exceedingly bald and bare
phraseology. Amongst these we find:—“LatTirus ARMATUS A. Adams.
L. testa ovato-Susiformi, umbilicata, spira apertura breviore, fulva, ept-
dermide fusca obtecta,; anfractibus longttudinaliter plicatis, lira promin-
enti transversa (muricata ad plicas) in medio anfractuum ornatis,
ultima liris minutts tnstructo, apertura ovalt, canal recto, aperto, colum-
ella obsolete plicata, plicts quinque, labro intus sulcato, margine crenato.

ffab. : California (Mus. Cuming).

This is an ovately fusiform shell, with a muricated transverse ridge
in the middle of the whorls, which are covered with a brown
epidermis.”

Ten other Zazzvz were described at the same time.

The one example of the Cumingian collection was in 1866 trans-
ferred to the British Museum, and lay neglected and unobserved for
some years till in 1873 the Rey. R. Boog Watson received from
Madeira an extraordinary shell with large umbilicus and consequent
pseudo-distortion of mouth and canal which, acting on advice
tendered him by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., and Dr. Paul Fischer,
he raised to the rank of a new generic type, under the name Chascax
maderensis Watson.” His description is minute to a nicety and exact

t Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 314.
2 Proc. Zool Soc., 1873, p. 361.

116 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

in every particular. There is only room to transcribe the first open-
ing sentences :—

““Chascax gen. nov. Watson. Shell spindle-shaped, strongly umbili-
cated, longitudinally ribbed and spirally ridged, but without varices.
Epidermis horny. Mouth edge angulated. Outer and inner lip quite
smooth. Canal long, narrow, and deep, bent a little to the left, but not
at all reversed in front. Operculum strong, horny; nucleus terminai,
internally strengthened by a broad ridge all along the right margin.”

In 1886, the “Report on the Gasteropoda collected by H.M.S.
‘Challenger’” was published, and the Rev. R. Boog Watson names
as Latirus armatus Ad. the single specimen dredged on this expedi-
tion at Station 7 P. Lat. 28° 35°N., Long. 16° 5’ W., off Teneriffe, on
volcanic sand, roth February, 1873.' If we refer to his preliminary
paper? on the same subject, we find the shell named Fascelaria
maderensis n. sp., and referred to the Zurbinella carinifera auct., non
Lm. Mr. Watson also expresses a doubt whether his Chascax made-
rensis, referred to above, may not be a very aberrant variety. These
_ remarks he repeats almost in extenso in the revised account,’ and I
think an examination of the Chascax in the British Museum will
prove that his doubt was well founded. Indeed the Chascux made-
vensis is to the typical Z. avmatus exactly as the widely umbilicated
form of Latirus undatus or L. infundibulum is to the less developed
shells. It is the tendency of typical Zazzzz to form shells with this
(no doubt more or less monstrous) characteristic. The umbilicus is
deep seated, and in Miss Wilson’s specimen, which is intermediate
between the abnormal Cfascax and the moderate scarcely umbili-
cate Z. avmatus Ad.,* the narrowness is remarkable.

The specimen before us is of pale buff colour, decorticated, heavy,
seven whorled, upper whorl angulated in the middle, the upper por-
tion sloping to the suture, the lower straight ; the median angulation
is sharply noduled, the lower whorl sloping from the suture for about
one-fifth of its surface, then transversely angulated and conspicuously
sharply noduled ; below this a median portion runs nearly straight.
Longitudinally, once very lightly transversely lirate, followed by two
stronger spiral-raised somewhat noduled ribs. Towards the base are
two more light spiral costze, the aperture is ovate, narrowed peculiarly,
as if distorted by the umbilical extension, towards the canal; the
outer lip is five or six times grooved ; columellar plaits almost if not
quite obsolete ; umbilicus narrow, but pronounced and deep; oper-
culum not present.

x ‘Challenger’ Gasteropoda, p. 243.

2 J. Linn. Soc., vol. 16, p. 336, 1883.

3 Op. cit., p. 244.

4 Compare ‘ Challenger’ Gasteropoda, pl. 13, fig. 1,

MELVILL: ON LATIRUS ARMATUS AD. 117

The true Zatzrus cariniferus Lm. from the Pacific is quite distinct.
In this the shell slopes away immediately below the very prominent
median spiral angulation at the last whorl. Indeed the abundant
L. polygonus will remind one more of the typical Z. armatus, but the
whole texture being so different, no one could for an instant sup-
pose that they were identical.

California, given by Adams as the habitat of the Cumingian type,
must be erroneous. I see no reason for altering the sequence of this
species in the catalogue of Zatirvus and Pertsternia, with L. distinctus,
L. cariniferus, and L. polygonus as nearest allies.

ee a
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

Revision of the deep-water mollusca of the Atlantic coast of North America,
with descriptions of new genera and species; part I, Bivalvia. By A. E.
VERRILL and KATHARINE J. BusH. [x Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 20,
1898 ].

Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the department of Geology British Museum
(Natural History): The Jurassic Bryozoa. By J. W. GREGory. London, 1896,
240 p., II pls., vo.

List of the Types and Figured Specimens of Fossil Cephalopoda in the
British Museum (Natural History), by G. C. Crick. London, 1898, 103 p., 8vo.
[In this most useful catalogue each specimen is entered under the name given to

it by the original describer, subsequent names being added in chronological order,

with cross references from each. The work has been done with great care, and
there is an index at the end to all specific names].

The Scottish Naturalist, no. 27, July, 1898.

** Records of Scottish land and freshwater mollusca,” by WILLIAM Evans.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, nos. 7-9, July-Sept., 1898.

““Land mollusca of county Tipperary,” by R. WELCH. ‘‘aludestrina jenkinsé
Smith var. 7z7o0r nov. in South Ireland,” by L. E. ADAMs.

[The September number is devoted to special reports on work done in various
branches of natural history during the Second Triennial Conference and Excursion
of the Irish Field Clubs’ Union, held at Kenmare, county Kerry, in July last, and
is profusely illustrated from photographs by Messrs. R. Welch and J. St. J. Phillips.
The ‘‘ Report on Mollusca,” by R. STANDEN (pages 218-226) contains a list of
sixty-two land and freshwater species, together with many interesting notes on
habitats and distribution of some of them, e.g. Geomalacus maculosus; Helix lamel-
lata; FH. sertcea, a very local shell in Ireland; 4. caperata, the occurrence of which
is interesting, because of its being one of the four Heices belonging to the section
Xenophila, specially quoted by Dr. Scharff in his ‘‘ Origin of the European Fauna,”
as not occurring in this particular district of Ireland ; Szeccemea oblonga, taken in
considerable numbers under seaweed, a singular habitat for this excessively rare
species ; and Lemna tmvoluta. An account is also given of an expedition to the
Cromaglaun, with descriptions of the Crincaum Lake and its remarkable inhabitant,
about both of which many erroneous statements have been made. A reprint of Mr.
Standen’s paper is sent to each member of the Conchological Society, along with
the current issue of the Journal].

118 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical

Society, vol. 42, part 2.

“‘ Further investigations into the molluscan fauna of the Arabian Sea, Sea of
Oman, and Persian Gulf, with descriptions of thirty-nine species (Addendum : Des-
cription of a new Stromdbus from the Mekran coast of Beluchistan),by J. C. MELVILL
[many new species described and figured on plates 1 and 2].

The Naturalist, nos. 495-500, April-Sept., 1898.

“¢ Bibliography, Land and Freshwater Mollusca, 1892 and 1893,” by W. DENI-
SON RoEBuck. ‘‘Abnormal example of Limax flavus,” by C. OLDHAM.

“Limnea peregra in Upland Tarns in Furness,” by S. L. PETTY.

The Nautilus, vol. 11, nos. 11 and 12, March and April, 1898. Title-page and

Index to vol. 11.

“‘ Mollusca comtemporaneous with the Mastodon,” by BRYANT WALKER.
“Hawaiian Cypreide” [list of 42 spp.], by D. D. BALDWIN. ‘‘ New varieties of
Unionide,” by B. H. WricuT. ‘‘ Descriptions of new Peszdia” [P. abyssorum,
P. pauperculum var. nylander?],” by V. STERKI. ‘‘A classified catalogue of
American land-shells, with localities, (comtzzued),” by H. A. PILsBRy. ‘* Descrip-
tions of new American land-shells” [Pzsectum clappz, P. californecum, Gastrodonta
lamellidens], by H. A. PrusBry. ‘‘A new sub-genus of Coralliophaga” [Oryctomya],
by W. H. Dati. ‘‘ Notes on some Pugzde,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Vol. 12, nos. 1-5, May-Sept., 1898 :—

“¢ Notes on some land and freshwater shells from Sumatra, with descriptions ot
new species” [Manina (Hemiplecta) marangensis, Trochomorpha dohertyi, Lago-
chetlus marangensis, Omphalotropis (Selenomphala) doherty, Leptopoma fultonz,
Diplommatina liwaensis, nn. spp., all figured on plate 1], by T. H. ALpRicuH.
“On a new species of Husus [&. roperi] from California” by W. H. Datu.
“New Unzonide,” [U. streodeanus, West Fla.; U. cylindricus var. strigillata, Va.],
by B. H. Wricut. ‘‘Note on Wariaella dussumteri” [includes JZ. beddomez],
by T. D. A. COCKERELL.

“CA list of land and freshwater shells of Enganio with descriptions of new species”
[Melania, Planispira, Macrochlamys, Prosopeas, Crossopoma n.sp.|, by J. B. HEN-
DERSON, Jr. ‘‘Some observations on the genital organs of Unionidz, with reference
to classification,” by Dr. V. STERKI. ‘‘ Description of anew Helzx” [A. dispariles
with fig.], by C. F. ANcEy. ‘‘Notices of new species and varieties of American
land shells ” [AZacroceramus texanus, M1. floridanus)\, by H. A. PILSBRY.

**A new Jamaican land shell” [Ravenza hollandia fig.], by J. B. HENDERSON, Jr.
‘*Land shells of Gun Cay, Bahamas” [6 spp. C. fordz, C. pellsburyz, fig.], by H. A.
Pitspry. ‘‘A new species of Ceres [C. zelsonz| from Mexico,” by W. H. Dau.
“Some observations on the genital organs of Unionidze, with reference to classifica-
tion” (concluded) [N.spp. should be based on soft parts as well as shells], by Dr.
V. STERKI. ‘‘A new Unzo” [U. villosus Suwannee, Fla.]. by B. H. WRIGHT.

““The mollusks of the great African lakes.” ‘‘ On a new species of Myliita (AZ.
mmequalts S. Austr.], by W. H. Dati. ‘‘ Note on Sschnochiton onzscus Krauss
and /. elizabethenszs Pilsbry,” by E. R. Sykes [are really distinct spp.]. ‘‘ Notes
on new and little-known Amnicolide” [A. mzssourcensis, A. walkert Mich.], by
H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘A new species of Zerebra [ 7. texana] from Texas,” by W. H.
DALL.

“Bifidaria ashmunt, a new species of Pupede” [New Mexico and Arizona], by
V. STERKI. ‘‘ Notes on a few Chitons” [/schnochzton metsukuri n.sp., Japan],
by H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘ List of marine shells collected at Port Gueydon, Kabylia,
with description of a new Cyclostrema” [C. dautzenbergianun]|, by C. F. ANCEY.
** Notes on the genus Odontostomus” [six sub-gg., Moricandia, Spixta, n.n.], by
H. A. PILSBRY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 119

Science Gossip, vol. 4, nos. 44-48, Jan.-May, 1898.

“Coloration and variation of British extra-marine mollusca,” by ARTHUR E.
Boycotr. ‘‘ Foreign varieties of British land and freshwater mollusca,” by
T. D. A. CocKERELL. ‘‘ Armature of helicoid land-shells, with new species of
Plectopylis,” by G. K. GuDE. ‘“‘Helix nemoralis in Ireland,” [Dundrum Bay],
by J. T. CarriNcTON. ‘‘ Nomenclature of shells,” by ALFRED BELL.

Vol. 5, no. 49-52, June-Sept., 1898 :—

‘“Armature of Helicoid land shells,” by G. K. GuDE. ‘‘Pes¢dium nitedum var.
lateralis,” by C.S. Cotes. ‘* Helix nemoralzs in Ireland,” by J. T. CARRINGTON.
“The shells of the Isle of Man,” by L. E. Apams [General remarks on collecting,
&c. |.

Irish Field Club Union: Programme of Kenmare Conference. ‘‘ Note on Geo-
malacus maculosus with fig.”
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 45, no. 3 [dated July 1st, 1897, received April

12th, 1898].

“Sur les Cyfrea de la Mediterranée,” by T. DE MONTEROSATO [with coloured
plate]. ‘‘Descriptions d’especes nouvelles de Mollusques provenant de l’Archipel
de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (suite),” by R. P. HERVIER [with plates 7 and 8].
_**Quelgues remarques sur les coquilles quaternaires récoltées par M. E. Piette dans
la grotte du Mas d’Azil (Ariége),’’ by H. FIscHER.

Vol. 45, no. 4 [dated October Ist, 1897, received June 20th, 1898].

“* Resumé des travaux de M. F. Bernard sur le développement de la coquille des
pelécypodes,” by H. FIscHER. ‘‘ Descriptions d’espéces nouvelles de mollusques
provenant de PArchipel de la Nouvelle Calédonie (suite),” by J. HERVIER [pls.
9, 10]. ‘‘ Diagnoses d’especes nouvelles de 77zforis, provenant de |’Archipel de la
Nouvelle Calédonie (suite),” by J. HERVIER.

Vol. 46, no. 1 [dated Jan. Ist, 1898, received Sept. 15th].

““Note sur quelques mollusques terrestres des Iles Philippines, encore peu répan-
dus dans les collections,” by H. Crosse [with plate 1]. ‘‘Coquilles nouvelles
provenant des récoltes de M. L. Levay dans le Haut-Mékong pendant la campagne
du Massie (1893-94-95) (Supplément)” [Amphedromus laostanus, Paludina simonis,
P. lagrandieret, all figured], by A. Bavay [pl. 2]. ‘* Additions a la faune mala-
cologique terrestre et fluviatile de la Nouvelle Calédonie et de ses dépendances,”
by H. Crosse [Helictna 3 spp.]. ‘‘ Description de coquilles fossiles des terrains
tertiaires inférieurs (.Sz¢e),” by C. MAYER-EYMAR [with plates 3 and 4].
Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society, session 1896-97, vol. 13, part 3.

“Notes on the mollusca of the Laminarian Zone at Leith,” by J. G. Goop-
CHILD. ‘‘A catalogue of recent Cephalopoda. Supplement 1887-96,” by W. E.
HOYLE.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 335, Sept. 1898.

** Mode de nourriture de l’ Helix hortensis.”

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3, no. 4, June, 1808.

** New or little-known lower palzeozoic gasteropoda in the collection of the
Australian Museum,” by R. ErHermpce. ‘Description of a new bivalve, Zima
alata, from Santa Cruz,” by C. HEDLEY.

ee OK

Valvata cristata Miill—Among a number of specimens from a ditch on
Barnes Common there were a few monstrosities. Of these some had the last whorl
detached as an example noted in ‘‘ British Conchology.” The most striking
variation occurred in one or two specimens which had the spire very much raised,
constituting in fact a scalariform monstrosity.—J. E. Cooper, 7th June, 1898 (Read
before the Society, June 8th, 1898).

ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

(Continued from page 74).

BW fp Who WEANIRIS ISU IEE,

The Cithna tenella of Jeffreys was dredged in the Fzroe Channel
by the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Triton,’ and off the Butt of Lewis by
the ‘Knight Errant.’ Some abyssal specimens from the Atlantic
are found to be sculptured, similarly to Acs wadlleri from the
same depths. These sculptured Czthne Jeffreys named var. costu/ata,
and included with them C. margaritifera Wats., an abyssal Pacific
shell which he had previously advised Dr. Watson was new. Jeffreys
gives no reason for changing his mind as to the latter, but probably
when he compared Watson’s shell with C. ¢eze//a he had not then
noticed the sculptured specimens from this particular depth, which
were very few ; in addition to which he was working against time at
the end, and overlooked many things, ultimately leaving the ‘Light-
ning’ and ‘ Porcupine’ Reports unfinished. Dr. Watson, in the
absence of any explanation from Jeffreys, prefers to leave his species
as it stands,’ though I do not see any grounds for their separation, the
Pacific and the Atlantic forms appearing fairly identical with the ex-
ception of a slight difference in the contour of the Pacific shell, which
is not strange considering the enormous space between the two
stations. In any case, Watson’s name stands first for the sculptured
form. Another character which some of these deep-water Cvthne
and Ac/zs have in common is that the last whorl is peculiarly malle-
ated, as is sometimes seen in the freshwater genus Limnea.

Littorina obtusata L.—In some sheltered coves the shells of
this species are covered with a conspicuous striated epidermis,
approaching that of Velwfina. In the male the body-whorl is nar-
rower, the aperture smaller and less expanded, and the spire more
produced, but flattened at the apex. Adults of both sexes occur of
all sizes, from 1°05 to 6 lines in length, although the males are much
less numerous. In rare cases the shell is bicoloured, having a yellow
spire and brown body-whorl, or wéce-versa.

Var. neritiformis Brown —Occasionally found with the type in
many places, but abundant at Weymouth and Portland. Brown’s
figure is a useless one, but Forbes and Hanley’s figures (pl. 84, f. 3, 4)
are very good.

Var. ornata Jeffr—sSmaller and rounder; spire more produced
and pointed ; colours equally variable as in the type; not necessarily
banded. Guernsey, plentiful; Weymouth, rare. The male typical
shell has a produced but flattened apex ; in this variety it is produced
and pointed.

1 ‘Challenger’ Gasteropoda, p. 580-1, pl. xliii., f. 3.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘* BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”’ 121

Var. fabalis Turt.—Longer proportionately from apex to base,
and not so obliquely oval as the type. Jeffreys believed this to be the
young male of the type, forgetting that in that case they should be
found everywhere together, whereas it is not so. It is not the young
of either male or female, both sexes being represented in this variety,
which lives low down the littoral zone at Guernsey, where it is not
uncommon in small seaweeds, whereas the type and intermediate
forms live higher up on /ucus serratus, etc. A common form in some
parts of Torbay and at Guernsey is intermediate in size between this
and the type ; but it is shaped like the latter, lives with it, and breeds
with it. It is a problem why two such forms should live together
under identical conditions and yet keep their distinctive sizes, one
being just half the size of the other.

Var. compacta Jeffr.—Sutherlandshire (Baillie) !

Var. zestuarii Jeffr—The spire of this variety is more raised

than in any other, and in shape it is more like Z. rudis; one cannot
look at this curious form without a suggestive thought that it may be
a hybrid of Z. rudis and ZL. obtusata. Fossil in the Belfast deposit
(Praeger)! twice as large as recent specimens.

Monstrosities are occasionally found, especially on rocky and
exposed shores. One is often met with having the body-whorl out of
the line of axis of the spire, in consequence of the animal commencing
a periodical growth at a lower level. A curious form from Guernsey
and the west of Ireland is shaped like Lacuna paliidula, being laterally
expanded.

The Z. palliata of Say is unlike any of our British forms, but
appears to me no more than a variety of Z. obfusata. ‘The thinner
outer lip and pointed apex are the only permanent characters I can
detect in several hundred specimens from various places. With the
mouth towards the observer, it has the expanded aperture and thin
lip characteristic of Z. 7adis var. patula ; with the mouth away, it looks
like Z. obtusata. Though the prominence of the spire is as variable
as in LZ. obtusata, the apex is never flattened. In a half-grown state
it may be taken for Z. vudzs var. ornata, as it is then rounder, with a
pointed apex.

L. rudis var. saxatilis Johnst.—Shape and sculpture almost as
variable as in the type. Besides its own true form of a smooth, small,
round shell, it embraces a conglomeration of dwarfs of other varieties,
such as jugosa, sulcata, patula, &c., all of which live huddled together
at high-water mark.

Var. sulcata Leach.—Torbay; Tenby. The prevailing character
of this variety is coarse and flattened ribs; it is otherwise variable in

122 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

size, colour, and shape, though usually oval. There are two distinct
forms, one shaped as the type, the other larger and oval. Besides the
purple furrows, it occasionally has a dusky broad band round the
periphery. It is not always yellow, being sometimes red or brown,
and the purple furrows are often absent. Donovan gave it the
expressive name of 7grolineata.

Var. patula Jeffr.—Smaller, more or less finely ribbed. Guern-
sey; Torbay ; Scarborough. The type sometimes has an expanded
outer lip resembling this variety, but this is thinner and has a larger
aperture.

Var. globosa Jeffr.—Jersey and Guernsey. Usually lives on
stony causeways. A subscalariform colony occurs at Jersey on some
oozy mud flats. It is the var. rudisstma of Bean, and I consider the
name should have been retained.

Var. tenebrosa Mont.—A dwarf form is very abundant in
Tilbury Marshes, and a still smaller form, not exceeding a line in
length, has been taken by Mr. Duprey and myself in sea-weeds at
Jersey, very low down. The latter are especially remarkable, as var.
tenebrosa does not live on the open coast, but usually near the mouths
of rivers and near high-water mark. The shell is occasionally shaped
as the type, but it is always thinner, with a deeper suture.

Var. similis Jeffr—Channel Islands, (Guernsey especially
Exmouth ; Torquay.

Var. lzevis Jeffr—Guernsey ; Weymouth.

Var. compressa Jeffr—Herm Island; Torbay; Tenby. This
is like an elongated form of var. sz/cata, and differs from the unicolored
examples of that variety in being longer and narrower.

All the above varieties merge one into the other, and sometimes
two or three of them are combined, such as /enebrosa-patula, com-
pressajugosa, jugosa-similis, &c. The var. saxatilis is especially mixed
up with other dwarf varieties.

For such a common species monstrosities are rare, and yet they are
liable, living as they do on rocky and stony shores, to numerous
accidents. One cause of monstrosities, as I believe, is the over-
crowding of fry in the bodies of the parents; but although Z. rudzs
has a formidable progeny to carry, they all seem to come forth without
any accidents. I have a fine series of ‘““mends” of this species, but
have met with very few distortions or monstrosities. An exception,
however, must be made in respect to a numerous colony of the var.
tenebrosa, taken by Mr. Sykes from a piece of brackish water near
Weymouth, where the monstrosities greatly exceeded the typical
specimens, and were characterised by the whorls being more or less
disconnected, and many of them depressed like a Planorbis. Several

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 123

reversed and several carinated examples occurred with them. I can
only account for this colony of malformations by the presence of
an animal or plant, most likely the latter, being inimical to the Zz/-
tovina. But whatever the cause, it was also in operation during the
remote period of the Crag seas, as similar forms occur in the Red
Crag formation, and have been figured by Searles Wood.! An
analogous case occurs in ZL. /itfovea monst. ¢urrifa, one colony of
which lives in Loch Carron, and another in a limited area in Belfast
Lough.

A peculiar specimen from Jersey resembles Z. /¢torea, while one of
the latter from Torbay could easily pass for Z. rudis. L. zonaria of
Bean is the banded form of the type.

Sowerby’s figures (12 and 18) of the type are perfect. Jeffreys’
type figure is too coarse and massive, and belongs to the var. g/obosa.
Sowerby’s figures of var. zezebrosa are also very good, but Jeffreys’ is
an exaggeration of it. And Sowerby’s fig. 13 is the var. sudcada.

L. littorea L.—Very rare in the Channel and Scilly Islands. I
know of only three instances of its occurrence at Guernsey and two
at Jersey in many years, and the Rev. R. W. J. Smart records two
from Scilly. Dead shells are of frequent occurrence on the shores of
Jersey, but they are importations for edible purposes from Plymouth
and the French coast.

Monst. sinistrorsum.—I believe there have been only four known
examples of this monstrosity in Britain, which is remarkable consider-
ing the abundance of the species and the enormous quantities collected
for the market. The last one, found by a fish salesman, “ parted ”
for 30/-, but as much as #5 has been paid for one.

Another monstrosity occasionally met with has a double aperture.
This very curious “sport” probably arises from the Zz¢/orina becoming
wedged in a crevice of rock with its mouth more or less blocked,
which would necessitate its forming another aperture. Analogous
instances among the Clausilize and Helicide are much more common.

The young are strongly and sharply sculptured, and have an elong-
ated spire. A correspondent in Science Gossip (May 1890) writes :—
“ Periwinkles thrive remarkably well in my vases. I have had the
same individuals for ten years, and they breed freely. They must be
long-lived creatures, for they seem to grow very slowly. The young
ones are at first quite unlike their parents, and it is three years before
they begin to assume anything like the form of a ‘winkle.’”

Rissoa Frém.—Notwithstanding the expositions given by Jeffreys?
regarding the admissibility of certain genera of this group of mollusca,
some writers still treat them seriously as generic. It is no doubt

1 Crag Moll., vol. 3, p. 79, pl. v., . 10a b.
2 British Conchology, vol. 4, pp. 3, 4.

124 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1808.

useful, in dealing with large genera, to group them as much as possible
into sections, as Dr. Watson and Mr. Edgar Smith have done in the
‘Challenger’ Reports, and Dr. Jeffreys in the ‘Lightning’ Report
as well as in “ British Conchology”; but if the fair meaning of a
genus is once over-stepped, there is no finality about it, and every
species of &7ssoa, Odostomia, or Trochus, on some ground or other,
can have a generic name attached to it.

R. striatula Mont.—Scilly (Burkill and J.T.M.); Killala Bay
(Miss Warren) ; Achil Island; Iona.

Var. varicosa Marsh.1—Occasionally with the type.

Var. ecarinata Mtros. (as var. minor-ecarinata’).—New to
Britain. Much smaller; spiral ridges equalised in space and not
laminated ; labial rib slight or altogether absent. Guernsey ; Scilly;
Land’s End. Rare in Britain. At first sight this does not look like
R. striatula ; it is but one-fourth the size, and in shape is somewhat
like Odostomia dolioliformis.

fe. striatula is a scarce shell everywhere except in the Channel
Islands, where it is not uncommon in suitable localities, adhering to
stones deeply embedded in the sand, with R. /actea, Adeorbis, &c.
This and the next species have a small operculum for the size of the
aperture, and the animal can retire considerably within the shell. A
dwarf form is scarce, but is found everywhere with the type.

R. lactea Mich.— Many parts of Jersey, common (Duprey and
J.T.M.); Guernsey and Herm, rare. In 1873 I found several speci-
mens in some ballast on the shore at Fowey, in Cornwall; this shell-
sand had been brought in a flat-bottomed barge for farm purposes,
and, of course, from a short distance, but it may previously have
served as ballast from another place. Mr. Alfred Brown has dredged
a dead but fresh specimen off the Butt of Lewis, no doubt a “stray,”
as 1t ls a common ballast shell from Mediterranean ports.

It cannot now be called ‘‘our rarest Azssoa” by any means; it is
still rare at Guernsey and Herm, but when searched for in Jersey it
may be found in abundance in suitable spots. In one particular part
of that island I have taken a score off one stone, and almost every
stone in its neighbourhood yielded specimens. It is very variable in
sculpture, some examples having twice as many longitudinals and
spirals as others. Sowerby’s figure is incomplete, as the conspicuous
spiral strize are omitted.

R. cancellata Da Costa.—Scilly (Smart and others); Eddystone;
Torbay; Caldy Island; Milford Haven; Freshwater West; Killala
Bay; Birterbury Bay; Iona; the Minch off Barra.

1 J. Conch., vol. 7, p. 251, 1893.
2 Nomenclatura, p. 65.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 125

Gregarious under stones at very low water at Guernsey and Herm,
where I have taken from 30 to 60 specimens under each stone in
suitable localities; it is confined to very narrow and limited areas,
where no other species appear to live with it. This forms one of the
staple shells of Guernsey sand, but it is very scarce at Jersey; nor does
it appear to be an abundant species anywhere else.

A dwarf form is not uncommon, about one-third the size of type,
which is the var. sznor of Philippi, and probably the male, as it is
found everywhere with the type, though in smaller numbers. The var.
hirta of Monterosato differs from this dwarf in being narrower, which
gives the shell a more oval outline, and it has two instead of three
riblets on the penultimate whorl. It was probably a specimen of the
latter which Jeffreys named var. paupercula. The type is one of the
most uniform of shells, no difference except that of size being
apparent in hundreds of specimens. An example from Guernsey has
the tubercle on the pillar-lip abnormally developed.

R. calathus F.H.—Scilly Isles (Burkill and J.T.M); Lismore 6 f.,
and Lynn of Morven, 40 f. (Knight)! Knapdale Lochs, 11 t.; Kyles
of Bute, 20 f.; Eigg Island, 20 f.; Iona, 16 f.; Sound of Sleat, 20—
50 f.; Loch Inver, 25 f.; and Loch Boisdale, 30 f. (Somerville and
J.1.M.); Torbay; Caldy Island; Freshwater West ; Bantry Bay ;
Connemara; Killala Bay; Oban, 25 f.; Loch Broom, 30 f.; Minch,
off Barra, 30 f.; Sutherlandshire.

Although the sculpture is most variable, it is never quite so fine as
in &. reticulata ; nevertheless, I incline to Jeffreys’ opinion that it is
only a variety of the latter. There is really no dividing line between
the two either in shape or sculpture, many specimens of &. calathus
being quite as oblong as X. reticulata, while many of the latter are
conical. I have never met with pronounced Hebridean examples,
although it occurs with and is quite as abundant as &. reticulata
throughout the Clyde and Hebrides. The most characteristic speci-
mens come from Plymouth, and the coarsest from Guernsey. A.
calathus was dredged by the ‘Challenger’ off Fayal, Azores, in 450 f.,
but, as Dr. Watson says, ‘‘ the solitary Challenger specimen is in such
bad condition that the identification of it has been very difficult, and
in the end not altogether without doubt. ‘The various identifications
of the foreign specimens of this shell seem to need careful revision.”?

It is occasionally pure white, and, as in nearly all the /Azssoe, it has
its dwarf form, which is one-fourth the bulk of the type. Both are
extremely abundant inthe shellsand of Herm. An oblong form from
the Channel and Scilly Islands, having very coarse sculpture and

convex whorls, resembles #. Azspidula Mtros., and that shell resembles

t ‘Challenger’ Gasteropoda, p. 592.

126 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1808.

R. zetlandica in shape and sculpture, but the outer lip is not expanded.
Both the latter species, according to Monterosato, have been confused
by writers under the synonym &. clathrata Phil., while the oblong
form of 2. calathus is var. constricta Mtros.

Another form of &. ca/athus—dwarf, conical, and short spired—
from Scilly and Freshwater West, resembles #. sabcalathus Mtros.
from the Canaries; but the apex of the latter is more pointed and the
aperture smaller. Mr. G. B. Sowerby says that 2. fenestrata Krauss,
from South Africa, “differs very slightly from 2. calathus,” and that
he is ‘induced to think it a variety.”

R. reticulata Mont.—Every part of our coasts, from the Scilly
Isles to the Shetlands.

As remarked in treating of 7. calathus, it cannot be separated from
this species either as regards shape or sculpture. If specimens from
different localities are examined the variations will be found bewilder-
ing. Sometimes the longitudinal, and at other times the spiral
sculpture predominates, and sometimes the penultimate is coarser
than the last whorl, or vice-versa (the four and six spirals mostly
depended on by collectors to define the two species being an unreli-
able test, especially in the dwarf or male); the length of the spire also
varies; and as to shape the forms are endless. After an examination
of thousands of specimens from many localities and depths, I cannot
define a single character that will separate the two as specific. The
only safe separation that can be made for the purpose of classification
is that where the shell is conical, the penultimate whorl has four spirals,
and the longitudinal ribs prevail over the spirals, they may be called
R. calathus.

I have not found A. reticulata in any of the Channel Islands, and
it is rare at Scilly; but both districts supply a ‘“‘missing link” which
may be ascribed either to this or to #. ca/athus. It is of the same
oblong shape as &. ve¢iculata, with the longitudinal nbs partially
suppressed, and where the penultimate whorl is finely sculptured, as
in that, species, the body-whorl has the coarser cancellation of
R. calathus, but where the penultimate whorl is the coarser, the body-
whorl has the finer sculpture of R vetzcudata. Undoubtedly some of
these ‘‘missing links” may be called by either name.

The colour is sometimes of a uniform brown, and more rarely
white. The male or dwarf form is of course equally diffused with the
type, and partakes of the same endless variations of shape and
sculpture. Many Hebridean examples in collections are really
R. calathus, the error chiefly arising from northern specimens of the
latter being more finely sculptured than those from the south of
England. The finest come from Oban and the Shetlands,

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 127,

Jeffreys’ badly-executed figures of the Azssoe are almost useless for
reference. ‘The figures of A. ve¢icu/ata in ‘British Mollusca’ are very
good, but that of &. calathus is unlike; while Sowerby’s uncoloured
figures of both forms are perfect in every respect, though nothing
but actual specimens can demonstrate the continuity of these two
reputed species.

R. cimicoides Forb.—Scilly Islands (Smart and others) ; Pent-
land Frith, 30 f.; West Orkneys, 45 f. There is no difficulty in deter-
mining this shell from the last, as its conical shape is most uniform,
although the sculpture sometimes approximates to the last two species.
It is a more solid shell, has a thicker labial rib, a smaller and rounder
aperture projecting more outwards, the suture throughout is distinctly
channelled, and the spire is longer and more attenuated in proportion
to the base, giving it a pinched-up appearance. Although as widely
diffused, it is not nearly so common as the last. Sowerby’s figure of
this is identical with his figure of #. ca/athus; the former should be
more conical, and the last whorl larger, as in Jeffreys’.

Var. minima Jeffr—East Shetlands. A corresponding form to
this prevails in the last three species, which I regard as only variations
of the male shell.

R. jeffreysi Wall.—Scilly Islands, several dozen specimens
(Burkill and J.T.M.). Somewhat variable in shape, size, and
sculpture. Anyone who interests himself in the records from the
Scilly and Shetland Islands must be struck with the close affinity of
the mollusca of these two extremes of the British Isles.

R. punctura Mont.—Those from Scilly are much coarser than
usual, and must not be mistaken for A. jeffreys?, with which this
species is found. It is rarely pure white. Specimens from Guernsey
exceed a line-and-a-half in length.

Var. diversa Jeffr.—Scilly 4of. (Burkill and J.T.M.); Iona, 2of.;
Sound of Sleat, aof.; and Loch Boisdale, 30f. (Somerville and J.T.M.);
Guernsey, 20 f.; Land’s End; Connemara; Killala Bay; Loch Inver
25 f.; Sutherlandshire.

A slender elongated variety is not uncommon on some of our
coasts, and there is also an abbreviated one. The elongated form is
the prevalent one in the Crag formation, and is accurately figured
by S. Wood.

The longitudinal strize in the variety are not “finer” but coarser,
and often fewer than the spiral striz, with rectangular instead of
square spaces.

R. subsoluta Arad.—New to Britain! Sciily Islands, 4o f.;

t J, Malacol., vol. 4, pp. 67-8,

128 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

Feroe Channel, 570 f. (‘Triton’)! Atlantic off Scilly, 539—717 f.
(‘Porcupine’).

R. abyssicola Forb.—18—7of.; rare in a living state. Isle of
Man (L.M.B.C.)! Kyles of Bute, 23 f.; Loch Linnhe, 24f.; Arran,
29f., and Lynn of Morven, 40 f. (Knight)! Portincross, Ayrshire
(Somerville)! off Lochranza, 18—7of.; Rum Island, 33f.; off Lesser
Cumbrae, 44 f.; Loch Hourn, 20—75f.; Gairloch, 30f.; Minch off
Barra, 50f.; and many other parts of the Hebrides (Somerville
and J.T.M.).

The longitudinal ribs are much more flexuous in some specimens
than in others, and the height of the spire is variable. A form with
remarkably short spire and tumid body-whorl occurs in the Minch in
35 f.; and a monstrosity from the same district has a second aperture
protruding from the original one.

R. zetlandica Mont.—Scilly, 4of. (Burkill and J.T.M.); Fresh-
water West; Connemara; Killala Bay; Cumbrae, 2of.; Dornoch
Frith; Thurso; Atlantic off Scilly, 690f. (Porcupine).

Scarce in a living state. This and the next species are the most
uniform of all the Avzssoe, rarely varying in the slightest degree
except in size. I have a dwarf form from Scilly, the Minch, and the
Shetlands. A monstrosity from Scilly has a double aperture, similar
to the one of &. abysszcola previously noticed. Jeffreys’ figure makes
this as coarse a shell as &. cancellata, and Sowerby’s as still coarser,
but the sculpture is in reality finer.

R. costata A. Ad.—Under stones at low water mark in the
Channel Islands, and in gravelly sand at low water in Torbay, are the
only two records I have for the living shell; but dead shells are
dredged in many places and at all depths—Iona, 2o0f.; Oban, 25f.;
Loch Inver 25f.; and Loch Linnhe, gof. (Somerville and J.T.M.);
Dornoch Frith; Barra.

The dwarf is uncommon, from Guernsey, Scilly, and Bantry, and is
the var. minor of Monterosato.

R. parva Da Costa.—Both type and var. zzferrupta are occasionally
milk white. Another form is of the darkest purple, with a white
labial rib. Perfectly black specimens are sometimes found in dredg-
ings and shore gatherings, but these have either been voided by coal-
fish or embedded in black mud. Exceptional specimens of both forms
attain 0°25 inch in length. My largest are from Borough Island,
South Devon, both type and var. znterrupta, and exceed those from
the Shetlands, the next largest. A peculiarity of these Borough
Island specimens is that a large proportion of them have a prominent

[Zo be continued |.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 129

varicose rib on the penultimate whorl, which distorts the last whorl
and the aperture out of its normal axis, similar to 7. striata var.
distorta; they are two lines in length. A very thin and smooth
variety, with convex whorls, and having no colouring nor labial rib,
occurs in some rock-pools at Torbay, Saltcoats, Scarborough, and
Lerwick, narrow specimens of which are like a large var. ex7/¢s.
Another remarkable one is as broad as long, with a very short spire.
And there is an oval form, with a shallow suture, which is not
uncommon. The interstitial striz varies in degree, but are often observ-
able with an ordinary lens.

Var. semicostata Mont.—In this variety the longitudinal ribs
are evanescent or absent from the last whorl as well as from the three
upper ones. Captain Brown! appears to have described it under a
misapprehension ; his description and figures are those of the type,
while his alleged figures of the type (f- 55, 56) are impossible. In the
- latter the longitudinal ribs usually end abruptly a little below the peri-
phery, being cut off by one or more faint spiral lines, but none of the
many forms of &. parva have the ribs prolonged to the base, as
figured by him for the type.

Var. exilis Jeffr.—Scilly (Burkill and J.T.M.); Falmouth;
Borough Island ; Torbay; Killala Bay ; Dornoch Frith. This variety
is rare. The whorls are convex, and it differs in that respect from
a dwarf of the var. ¢zferrupta, which is still smaller.

The monstrosities are numerous. Among the most remarkable are
some from Scilly of a cylindrical shape, like a Cer¢thzwm, with others
of the var. zwferrupfa, shaped like young Odostomia scille; others have
a very extended aperture ; and one is a beautiful scalariform example
of the var. zzterrupta. My monstrosities of this species number
several hundreds, some of which are very curious.

R. inconspicua var. ventrosa Jeffr.—Torbay ; Loch Boisdale
and other parts of the Hebrides. Umbilicus more conspicuous.

Var. variegata v. Mohr.—In weeds at low water. Most abun-
dant at Torbay and Cumbrae. ‘The apex in this variety is less acute,
and the shell varies in shape from conical to oblong.

Of 2. inconspicua there are three principal forms :—(r), the typical
one, having longitudinal ribs and fine cross striae, figured well by
Jeffreys ; this is mostly found on the south coasts; (2), finely can-
cellated with uniform longitudinal and spiral striz, most frequent in
the Hebrides ; and (3), smooth, thin, coloured with short streaks of
reddish-brown, spire more slender, aperture wider, and having no
labial rib, but sometimes one or two of the top whorls are finely

t Recent Conch., p. 11, pl. 9, f. 1, 2.

130 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

ribbed ; very abundant at Guernsey and Scilly, and occasionally met
with in other places. The latter form is well figured by Sars as 2.
inconspicua var.; it is also well figured in Sowerby’s ‘‘ Index” as &.
mconspicua var. maculata Brown ; but Brown’s shell is sculptured, has
a labial rib, and answers to the second form according to his descrip-
tion; his figures are no guide. “ British Mollusca” gives five
figures to represent the species, all good ones.

Jeffreys has observed in the ‘ Lightning’ Report that ‘‘the sculpture
is excessively variable, as regards not only the number and compara-
tive strength of the longitudinal and spiral striz, but even of their
existence.” Many specimens are conical, having a shorter spire and
broader base.

R. albella Lov.—Jersey ; Guernsey ; Torbay ; Exmouth ; Tenby ;
Milford Haven; Bantry Bay; Connemara ; Killala Bay ; Iona; Oban;
Loch Linnhe ; Thurso; Barra.

Var. sarsi Lov.—-Jersey; Torquay; Exmouth; Skye; Barra.
Narrower.

Common in all the estuarine deposits of north-east Ireland, both
type and var. sars7 (Praeger) !

Jeffreys is not so clear as usual in defining the characters of 2.
alvella and its var. savst. He says the type has “usually a few minute
spirals,” but ‘‘sometimes also longitudinal ribs,” while he figures it
(as do Forbes and Hanley) as a ribbed shell. He then states that
“the labial rib rarely occurs on smooth specimens,” whereas the
majority of specimens of the type are smooth and invariably have a
labial rib. In the ‘Lightning’ Report he complicates matters by say-
ing that “the principal difference between A. albel/a and R. sarsi
consists in the latter having more convex whorls and consequently a
deeper suture”; but it is the type that is the tumid form and has the
deeper suture, as may be seen on reference to his figures. Finally,
he gives the habitat as “‘ Bantry Bay at low water,” implying that that
is its only British habitat; but it is pretty widely diffused, as my
records above will show, and is rather common in some places, the
majority, however, being ribless, though always having the labial rib.
I think Dr. Jeffreys could not have been so well acquainted with this
species as he undoubtedly was with the other members of this genus.

Next to &. farva, it is the most variable of all the A7zssoe@, and most
collectors have found some difficulty in separating it from &. zzcon-
spicua. Some specimens certainly run close to FR. ¢uconspicua, espe-
cially a small form of it which has the same length and breadth; but
the latter is always more conical, with a longer spire and sharper apex.
It is emphatically a species not to be pronounced upon off-hand,
and it is, moreover, one essentially requiring the critical faculty and

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 131
some study, with a liberal supply of specimens. Only an intimate
acquaintance with its many forms, which few collectors have the
patience to go through, can give an idea of their variability.

The ribbed shell is the prevalent form at Bantry, where it lives in
sea-weeds at low water, and may also be dredged just outside Glen-
gariff Harbour, but from other localities the smooth shells prevail.
There are two sizes almost everywhere, but at Connemara they are all
dwarfs, showing that this cannot be the male, as surmised by Jeffreys.
The bulk of these latter are smooth, and might easily be taken for
R. inconspicua var. variegaia, but the whorls are not flattened nor the
base angulated as in that variety. Most of the specimens from
Torbay are narrower than the type, running even to an oblong shape,
and these differ from var. savs¢ in being more solid and having a
labial rib. At Barra, in the Outer Hebrides, &. a/della is very abun-
dant and varied in form.

No British specimens are as tumid as those from the Baltic, which
are the most perfect and typical of the species. Specimens may be
found of every degree of length and breadth, every degree of sculp-
ture, size, convexity, suture, and markings. The colouring is usually
obscure both in the type and variety, but when visible on the smooth
shells the markings appear as short reddish-brown streaks, straight on
the upper whorls and flexuous on the last two, though in some rare
cases they have broad and continuous longitudinal streaks throughout.
A dwarf from Torbay is of the same size and resembles 2. zxcon-
spicua var. vartegata, but the former has convex whorls and an
umbilical chink, otherwise I have never seen a connecting link
between the two species, though A. a/be//a approximates to FR. parva
in several forms. A broad and tumid form of &. parva var. tnter-
vupta is marked off from the smooth shells of this by the thick
bevelled aperture and coloured streak outside, and the same cha-
racters separate the var. semzcostata from half-ribbed #. albel/a. A
narrow form with compressed whorls and shallow suture, from Jersey,
is shaped as 2. parva var. intferrupta, but the markings are different.

I have dwelt thus largely on this particular species because I
know of no other member of the genus that gives such trouble to
collectors.

The var. sarsi is usually narrower than the type, as in Jeffreys’
figure, and is occasionally ribbed on one or two of the upper whorls,
with more often a varicose rib on one of the middle ones. —The mark-
ings are as in the type, but more distinct, though many are colourless.
Sowerby figures a semi-ribbed shell as the type, a variation which does
not often occur, and it is minus the labial rib; he does not figure the
yariety. It is the &. s¢milis of Brown according to his description,

132 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

but not according to his figures. The figures in “ British Mollusca”
are very good.

R. membranacea var. minor Jeffr.—Jersey; Guernsey ; Pen-
zance ; Torbay; Killala ; raised beach at Shewalton, Ayrshire (Scott)!

Var. venusta Phil—Near Weymouth. The aperture in this
variety is smaller. It is figured in “ British Mollusca,” but not well.

Typical specimens from Bantry are remarkably stumpy and solid,
while those from Jersey are characterised by slenderness and elegance.
Plenty of typical specimens are smooth, and plenty of the var. e/ata
are ribbed, while the range in size is very great. The var. mnor is
ti to 2 lines in length, but some very dwarfed specimens of the type
from Guernsey are of the size and shape of &. costata. Some mon-
strosities of the var. e/a¢a from Portland have the base of each whorl
keeled.

R. violacea Desm.-—Jersey ; Bantry Bay ; Birterbuy Bay ; Killala
Bay ; Bundoran.

Var. ecostata Jeffr.— Borough Island, S. Devon, one specimen
only of the male shell; Bantry and Killala Bays.

In a miscellaneous assortment of the shells of this species they
appear to be all sizes, in consequence of the large males being equal
in size to the small females; but specimens from the same locality
have the sexes always sharply defined by a great difference in size,
the males being less than half the size of the females, and much
less numerous.

R. costulata Ald.—There has been much confusion on the part
of writers in the identity of this species and several allied forms.
Monterosato considers #. guerint Récl. to be 2. costulata Ald., while
von Mohrenstern considers it a distinct species. Dr. Watson is of
opinion that ‘the whole group absolutely requires revision, and
nothing but worse confusion can result from mere partial meddling
with it.” He further considers 7. costu/ata and R. similis, as well as
“a great many other species, British and foreign, to be mere varieties
of &. parva.” But I believe this to be going a little too far as regards
our British species, which I consider to be well defined as species
according to the fair interpretation of the term. I have some British
variations of A. costulata that are shaped as R. parva, R. membra-
nacea, and FR. violacea, but they all retain the other characteristics of
fe. costulata Ald. ; and although I have collected many examples from
many places in Britain, I have never met with a doubtful form or a
connecting link between any of these species.

R. striata A. Ad.—This lives under stones among shelly gravel
at low water, and is dredged dead at all depths. The longitudinal
ribs are of a variable character, but are always present.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS 10 ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 133

Var. distorta Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 251).—Found every-
where with the type.

Var. candida (Pyramis candidus Brown, Recent Conch., p. 14,
pl. ix., fig. 31).—Usually thinner and more slender ; longitudinal ribs
obscure or wanting ; without varices or coloured bands. This lives
in sea-weeds and corallines at low water, and is the form attributed
by Jeffreys, erroneously, to var. arctica Lovén, but that is a synonym
of the next. The longitudinal ribs are noticeable only on the upper
part of the whorls, and the difference from the type in that respect is
only of degree; but it never has the brown bands round the peri-
phery, and is never variced. ‘The name may still be met with
in old collections. A very small dwarf of this, dredged off Guernsey,
is a little exquisite, and suggests 2. conéorta Jeffr.

Var. aculeus A. Gd.—-Resembling the last in being without
varices, coloured bands, or longitudinal ribs, but having extremely fine
spiral strize, which are not always observable in dead specimens. Its
shape is that of the type, which is usually broader throughout than
the var. candida. It forms a connecting link with &. proxdma, and
could easily be mistaken for that species. The Rev. Frank Knight
has dredged it at Lismore and Loch Linnhe, Mr. A. Somerville in the
Sound of Sleat off Glenelg, and I have specimens from the ‘Valorous’
dredgings in the Arctic seas. It also occurs sparingly in the pleisto-
cene beds of north-east Ireland (Praeger) !

This is the N. American and Arctic form, which is well figured in
Sars’ work under the generic title Czuguda aculeus A. Gd. (1841), and
is the same form described by Moller as &. saxatil/is (1842), and by
Loven as &. arctica (1846). A few are apparently smooth, and require
a high power to detect the fine spiral lines. It is wonderfully like
Jeffreys’ R. affinis (i.e, allied to &. s/viata), a very rare species
dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition; but the latter has additional
equally fine longitudinal strize, which the artist has depicted in his
figure, but which the author omits to mention in his description ;
indeed he expressly says it has “no trace of longitudinal striz,” but
in this he was mistaken. Subsequently he must have become
acquainted with this northern form, for he wrote in the ‘ Lightning ’
Report—‘“ This variety (arctica Lov.), as well as a specimen from
Corsica, are more or less smooth, and sometimes destitute of the
spiral strize.”

R. proxima Ald.—6 to go fathoms in muddy sand. Scilly (Smart
and others); Teignmouth (Burkill)! Machrie Bay, Arran, 29 f.
(Knight)! Killala Bay (Miss Warren)! Antrim (Chaster) ; from
stomach of grey mullet from Norfolk coast (Norwich Museum) ;
Lamlash, 12—15 f.; Brodick Bay, 40 f.; Knapdale Locks, 11 f.;

134 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

Sound of Sleat, 60—go f. (dwarf); Loch Boisdale, 25 f. ; and Barra,
40—53 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Eddystone ; Southport; Skegness ;
Connemara ; Portmarnock ; Vidlin Voe, Shetland, 18 f.

Rare everywhere except in Torbay and Babbacombe Bay, whence
specimens are occasionally dredged nearly two lines in length. ‘This
and the next cannot be the male and female of one species, as in that
case the two would always be found together, which is not my experi-
ence. Both forms keep very true, and there are no intermedate links
between them. Sowerby’s figure exhibits longitudinal strize, which is
incorrect ; the shell has no trace of them.

R. vitrea Mont.—In similar localities and depths as the last
species, but affecting more muddy ground. Scilly Isles, 2o— ,o f.
(Smart and others); from stomach of grey mullet from Norfolk coast
(Norwich Museum); Barra, 30 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Guernsey,
20 f.; Lancashire coast ; Stornoway.

The suture of the last whorl is remarkably deep, with a tendency
to become disconnected in aged specimens. Others have a longer
and more slender spire, and there is a dwarf form, but it is scarce.
Living shells are generally coated with a black and persistent muddy
deposit, sometimes no part of the shell being visible. It is scarce
everywhere in Britain except at Bantry Bay and on the Lancashire
coast. Fossil in the Belfast deposit, fine specimens two lines in
length (Praeger) !

R. pulcherrima Jeffr.—This shell varies in length of spire and
breadth of base, also in the colouring, which is generally obscure and
sometimes altogether wanting; the latter is var. concolor Bq. It is
often encrusted with JZe/obesta, and aged specimens have a con-
spicuous umbilicus. Instead of being ‘very beautiful,” as its name
implies, it is a most insignificant shell in every way ; the colouring is
best seen on dead opaque examples, but it is never conspicuous, and
many specimens require a high power to’ see the spotted markings
even when present. Sowerby figures the type form well, but Jeffreys’
is a more slender form, which occurs in the proportion of twenty
per cent.

Var. pellucida Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 252).—Guernsey,
Sark, and Herm.

R. fulgida Ad.—Scilly Isles, living in weeds and dredged dead
(Burkill and J.T.M.)

Var. pallida Jeffr.—Jersey and Guernsey ; Torbay.

This mite of a shell is solid for its size, and the ground colour is
light to dark reddish brown, with two darker bands on the body-whorl,
two on the penultimate (one just below the suture and the other at
the junction of the body-whorl), and one band on the next, in the

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 135

centre ; rarely the shell is of a uniform reddish brown. Jeffreys’
figure shows one band on the penultimate whorl, but he does not
mention it in his description. Sowerby’s has two bands on the pen-
ultimate whorl and one on the next, which is right ; but the bands on
these upper whorls can only be seen on clean and transparent speci-
mens; they are never so vivid as on the last whorl, and the dried
remains of the animal prevents their appearing well defined. Jeffreys!
has recorded a var. efasciata, found by Mr. Webster in South Devon.
This is of a uniform reddish brown, and occurs very sparingly.

R. obtusa Cantr.—It is now generally conceded that our species
is not the one which was described by Philippi as &. so/uta, though
Jeffreys prefers to retain the latter name for it on the ground that
Cantraine described the aperture of his 7. ob/usa as “ obliqua,” and
the peristome as “continuo,” neither of which characters are appli-
cable to our shell ; but it is not easy to assign those characters to any
other species in this section. Strangely enough, too, neither of the
above authors “noticed the spiral striz nor the umbilical chink,”
although ‘ Philippi illustrated his description by a figure.” The true
Le. soluta Phil. is well figured by S. Wood in “Crag Mollusca” as
RR. obtusa, with doubts as to whether it is the same as the recent
British species ; while Forbes and Hanley, who figure 2. obtusa excel-
lently, also express themselves in doubt as to its being the Mediter-
ranean species. “. so/uta Phil. is very closely allied to &. zntorta
Mtros., if it is not the same thing.

Scilly and Channel Islands; Falmouth; Eddystone; ‘Torbay ;
Isle of Man and Lancashire coast; Doggerbank ; Bantry Bay; Conne-
mara; Mayo; Sligo; Portrush; Dornoch Frith ; West Orkneys.

A gregarious species, and variable in size, some specimens being
four times the bulk of others. ‘The smallest come from the Eddy-
stone, and the largest from Guernsey and the Minch. Some speci-
mens are oblong, while others at the extreme scale are nearly
globular, having the same outlines as &. ¢riangularis Wats.

R. semistriata Mont.—Scilly Islands (Smart and others) ; Dor-
noch Frith.

Var. pura Jeffr—Not uncommon in the Channel and Scilly
Islands.

There are three forms of this species, mostly found together. The
first Is o'r5 inch long by half that width; this I consider the type,
and it is the one figured by Sowerby. The next is smaller and more
slender, and may be the male; it agrees with the figure and dimen-
sions given by Jeffreys. The third is a dwarf, about half the size of
the preceding.

1 Ann, Mag. N. H., (3), vol. 4, p. 196, 1859.

136 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

R. cingillus Mont.— Atlantic and N. Atlantic. Recorded from
the Mediterranean by various writers, but the locality has not been
verified, and is probably erroneous; Gibraltar is the only part of the

Mediterranean well ascertained.”' A specimen from Guernsey has
convex whorls.

R. pella 1. would have a prior claim to R. cizgillus Mont. if there
were not a doubt as to its Icelandic origin, whence it was first
recorded by one of Linné’s pupils. Adams’ Zurdbo trifasciatus has the
next prior claim, but has not hitherto been used by writers for some
reason.

I have a fine and fresh but dead specimen of 2. cimex from the
Kyles of Bute, 18 f. It may have come in ballast from the Mediter-
ranean, where it is not uncommon. It comes next to 2. cancellata,
and differs from that shell in being larger, oval, and more solid, with
finer sculpture, a shallower suture, and more expanded aperture. It
has previously been recorded from the Isle of Jura by Laskey, and
from Cumbrae by Mr. J. Smith.

Hydrobia Hartm.—Mr. Edgar Smith* advocates the substitution
of LPaludestrina D’Orb. for Hydrobia, on the ground of the latter
being occupied for the Coleoptera (Aydrodzus); but although this
has long been known, it‘does not seem to have commended itself
to writers.

H. ulvz Penn. — Jeffreys has not described this species with
his usual clearness. In the first place, the shell cannot by any
means be called ‘“‘oblong;” it is a lengthened cone, as his figure shows,
though usually a little more conical still. Neither is it “more or less
distinctly keeled” ; plenty of specimens have no keel. Sowerby’s figs.
3 and 3% (pl. xiii.) are the more prevalent forms; Jeffreys’ is too
slender, elongated, and compressed. Nor can the umbilicus properly
be called such ; it is at mosta small chink, often covered by the inner
lip ; in convex specimens, however, it is more noticeable. The type
figures in “‘ British Mollusca” are perfect, and have no trace of an
umbilicus, but two figures of varieties have a chink. Besides inhabit-
ing ‘four tidal rivers, inlets, and bays,” Jeffreys has added in the
‘Lightning’ Report, “‘ everywhere between tide-marks.”

It is not easy to say what was Montagu’s var. subumbilicata. Col-
lectors have come to consider it as smaller, with more convex whorls
and a decided umbilical chink, such as Sowerby’s fig. 3 (pl. xiii).
Forbes and Hanley say his description is ‘‘ inadequate,” while Jeffreys
says it is probably the male, and that their shells have no keel. It
cannot be the male form, as small and large specimens are not found

t Monterosato, Nomenclatura, p. 67.
2 J. Conch., vol. 6, p. 336, 1891.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS ‘10 “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 137

everywhere together, as they would be if the two sizes indicated the
sexes, but specimens of all sizes, from the dwarf of half-a-line to com-
parative giants a third-of-an-inch, are indifferently keeled or rounded
at the base. ‘The authors of ‘ British Mollusca” say'—‘‘ The var.
stagnalis of Brown, which is usually termed subwmbilicata by col-
lectors, but which does not agree with Montagu’s description of that
species, is smaller and shorter than the type, more convex in whorls,
basal inclination and general outline . . . . Professor Brown
sent us similar shells as Paludina stagnalis Menke.” Brown’s figures
of Turbo stagnalis will do for anything, and Searles Wood’s descrip-
tion and figures (as Paludestrina subumbilicata) apply to HZ. ventrosa,
though he says it comes between that species and 1. wlv@.?

Var. albida Jeffr.—Skegness, fine and not uncommon.

Var. barleei Jeffr—Torbay ; Skegness ; Glengariff. Also Feerce
Channel, 570f. (‘Triton’)! Bay of Biscay, 1,062 f. (‘Travailleur’
_ Expedition). Fossil in the Belfast deposit (Praeger)! This shows
some considerable variation, and I have half-a-dozen different forms
of it. It is well figured by Jeffreys and Sowerby. It is curious to
note that this variety, although living in the littoral zone, is constantly
turning up in the dredge from various depths. Sea-birds would sug-
gest the source were it not that the type form swarms in estuaries and
constantly serves as food for birds, but is not found on the ocean-
bed like this variety. An analogous case occurs in Lefton clarkia,
which is never taken alive except from sea-weeds in rock-pools, yet
has often been dredged at various depths, in one case in 690 fathoms
in the Atlantic, 150 miles off the Scillies.

Var. octona L.—More slender throughout, with a narrow base.
Bundoran, and dredged in Donegal Bay by the ‘Porcupine.’ This
peculiar variety occurs in the same pond at Guernsey with A. ventrosa
var. elongata, and closely resembles it ; in fact, some specimens can
be assigned to either variety, and I am inclined to consider both
forms a hybrid between 4. w/ve and FH. ventrosa. I have often
visited their habitat, which is a natural lake on a small private estate
adjoining the sea-shore, having a natural spring in the centre, and into
which the sea flows and ebbs at every tide. It abounds in mullet and
other sea fish, with a few marine mollusca, and is a more marine
environment than is usually occupied by ZH. ventrosa.

Var. minor Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 252).—In many places
on the open sea-coast, under stones between tides. This is the shell
mentioned in “British Mollusca” as “a small variety taken in Torbay
narrower than usual,” etc. There are quite half-a-dozen forms of it.

TiVO lenore Dente
2 Crag Moll., vol. 1, p. 108, pl. xi., f. 2a, b.

138 JOURNAL Of CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

According to Sars’ description and figure, 4. mznuta Totten seems to
differ from this only in having convex whorls.

Var. tumida Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 252).—Skegness ;
Southport ; Aberdeen ; W. Sutherlandshire.

Var. decollata Marsh. (7d¢d@).—West coasts of Ireland and Scot-
land, and a few other places.

Barleeia rubra Mont.—Scilly Isles; Achill Island; Mayo and
Sligo; Freshwater West.

The Pembrokeshire coast is the most northern locality I can vouch
for for this species; all the more northern records are doubtful.
Jersey specimens are more conical, with an obtusely angulated base,
and occasionally this form is found elsewhere ; another has a deeper
suture with more convex whorls ; a dwarf or stunted form occurs in
many places with the type ; and a monstrosity, which is not uncommon,
has the peristome disconnected. Jeffreys’ figure is too narrow through-
out, and the whorls too compressed ; but his generic figure is perfect.
The banded variety is more frequent on the west coast of Guernsey
and the white one at Scilly.

Jeffreysia diaphana Ald.—Achill Island. - A variety occurs at
Guernsey which has a larger body-whorl and a shorter spire.
Sowerby’s figure is a good one, but it should be glassy white instead
of brown. Jeffreys’ figure is not like our shell, nor would his dimen-
sions suit it, and his generic figure is not much better.

J. opalina Jeffr.—Scilly Islands, dredged dead (Burkill and
J.T.M.); Connemara; Oban; Barra in the Outer Hebrides. Very
abundant at Guernsey, but only half the length of Shetland specimens.
Fossil in the Belfast deposit (Praeger) !

J. globularis Jeffr.—Jeffreys’ figure is not correct in outline ; it
should be as Sowerby’s, broader than long.

Skenea planorbis var. trochiformis Jeffr.—Guernsey ; Arran.
Var. maculata Jeffr—Land’s End ; Borough Island ; Torbay.
Var. hyalina Jeffr.— Scilly; Land’s End; Borough Island ;

Torbay; Portrush; Shetland.

A monstrosity is occasionally found in which the last whorl is dis-

torted, and sometimes separated, as in the freshwater genus /Vanorbis.

Homalogyra atomus Phil.—Scilly Isles (Burkill and J.T.M.)
Dornoch Frith (Baillie and J.T.M.); Arran; Iona ; Staffa; Glenelg
Castle Bay, Barra. Also a single specimen from Holsteinborg, Greer.
land (‘‘ Valorous”) !

Var. vitrea Jeffr.Jersey and Guernsey; Killala Bay.
(To be continued).

139

i Lie CON CHOLOGCKICNE, SOC IE Y
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1898-9.

PRESIDENT :
LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Pror. SYDNEY J. HICKSON,
ID SEs Wkly IolRoS.

EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.s.

R. D. DARBISHIRE.
JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

HON. TREASURER : | HON. SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN:
g5 D> BOSMOCIK, Wie 18, ISKOWIDI, Wiel, WGI Shlee

HON. CURATOR : | HON. RECORDER :
ROBERT STANDEN. THOMAS ROGERS.

COUNCIL =

J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.,
WILLIAM MOSS, F.C.A.,

R. J. WELCH.

GoW. CHAS TER M.RIC.S:;
EDWARD COLLIER,
J. T. MARSHALL,

LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH.

Hon. { - - W. NELSON. PRESIDENT - Rev. J. W. HORSLEY.
SECS. W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.t.s. Hon. SEC. - - J. E. COOPER.
—__—_—4-@-@—___—.

LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to Dec. r4, 1898.

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member,

who has compounded for his subscription).

HONORARY MEMBERS
(Limited to ten in number).

1889. Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, Vestregade, Copenhagen.
1889. Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.
1889. Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin de fe1

du nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.
1897. Dall, Wm. Healey, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
1878. Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.
1886. Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W.

O Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.

1889. Philippi, Dr. Rk. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

1885. Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 68, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford.
1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.
1886. Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

140

1897.

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1879.

1893.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Haiker, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.

Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., St. John’s College,
Grimsargh, Preston.

Barrett, Chas. Golding, F.E.S., 39, Lindon Grove, Nunhead, London, S.E.

Beckett, James Benjamin, 11, Lancaster Road, Great Yarmouth.

Beddome, Charles Edward, Hillgrove, near Hobart, Tasmania.

Bendall, Wilfrid, 77, Baker Street, Portman Square, London, W.

Biddle, Leonard F., 21, Canning Street, Liverpool.

Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, The Manse, Tendring, near Celchester, Essex.

Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., Falkirk, Chatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.

Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.

Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Newnham Lea, Cambridge.

Bliss, Joseph, Smyrna, Asia Minor.

Bolton, Herbert, F.R.S.E., Museum, Bristol.

Booth, George Albert, F.E.S., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands.

Bostock, Edwin D., Tixall Lodge, Tixall, Stafford.

Bowell, E. W. W., Mostyn House School, Parkgate, Cheshire.

Boycott, Arthur Edwin, The Grange, Hereford,

Brass, John George, The Grove, Barnard Castle.

Brazier, John, I.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street,
Sydney, N.S. W. : ;

Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield.

1897.Z Bullen, Kev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., Loughrigg, Somers Road,

1896.
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Reigate.

Burgess, Wm. Valentine, 9, York Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.

Burnup, Henry Clifden, Jesmond, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., Cambridge Mansions, Richmond Hill,
Bournemouth.

Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 52, India Street, Edinburgh.

Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 26, Mayfield Terrace, Halifax.
Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester.
Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport.
Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire.
Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, nr. Chelmsford, Essex.
Claremont, Dr. C. C., Millbrook House, Hampstead Road, London.
Clark, James, M.A., Ph.D., Ass.R.C.S., Yorkshire College, Leeds.
Clifton, Francis R., 24, Park Street, Stoke Newington.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth,

Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Manchester.
Collier, Frank, 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Manchester.
Collinge, Walter Ed., F'.Z.S., Mason College, Birmingham.

Cook, Rev. Thomas, Whinwood, Westcliff Grove, Harrogate.

Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, London, N.

Corker, Jas. S., 59, Darncombe Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Coulson, Frank, Greenhead Brewery, Greenhead, Glasgow.

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.
Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton.

Crofton, Rev. Addison, M.A., Linton Court, Settle, Yorkshire.

1888.
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1808.
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1897.

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1891. -
1887.
1888,

LIST OF MEMBERS. 41

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex.
Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol.

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London.

Dacie, John Charles, 105, Upper Richmond Road, Putney, London, S.E.
Daniel, A. T., M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent.
Darbishire, Robert D., Victoria Park, Manchester.

Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de 1’ Université, Paris.

Dawson, Oswald, Seacroft, Leeds ; and Albion Walk Chambers, Leeds.
Dean, John D., 2, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.

Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston.

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston.

Edwards, J. Sumner, 6, Woodland Grove, Chapeltown Road, Leeds.
Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd, Leicester.
Elgar, Hubert, 3, St. Michael’s Terrace, Fant Road, Maidstone, Kent.
Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Evans, Mrs. A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud.

Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 18A, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
Evans-Thomas, Owen G., 83, Onslow Gardens, London, S. W.

Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants.

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.
Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorkshire.

Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull.

Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.

Fitzgerald, Mrs. J., Kapai, Maidstone Road, Headcorn, Kent.

Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford.

Fulton, Hugh, 121, Fulham Road, London, S.W.

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts.

Gamble, Frederick Wm., M.Sc.(Vict.), The Owens College, Manchester.

Garnett, Roland, 26, J.une Street, Preston.

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N.

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S.,etc., Accrington, Lancashire.

Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport.

Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.,
F.R.S., Shalford Park, Guildford.

Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots.

Gude, G. K., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, London, N.

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., Brantham Rectory, Manningtree.

Hall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry.

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Hornsey Road, London, N.

Hann, Rev. Adam, 14, The Crescent, Gateshead.

Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.

lfargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

Harrison, Miss G. M,, 14, Queen’s Road, Southport.

Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green, Lewisham,
London, S.E.

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middlesbrough.

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 47, Frenchwood Street, Preston.

Heitland, Mrs. M., The Priory, Shrewsbury.

142

1806.
1887.
1895.
1895.

1893.
1886.
1886.
1891.
1884.
1892.

1886.

1895.
1886.
1891.
1894.

1888.
1889.

1897.
1897.
1807.

1887.

1895.
1889.

1879.
1894.
1892.

1878.
1889.
1896.
1897.
1895.
1898.
1891.

1889.
1885.
1886.
1884.
1885.
1887.
1887.
1888.

1897.
18809.
1880.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1890.

Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., University College, Liverpool.

Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford.

Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., The Owens College,
Manchester.

Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.

Horsley, Rev. J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham
Gardens, London, S. W.

WSToSpKS, Wey ln NIG, WIbSiei5 IIEINGIESS5 JPLINGSh Iden IMGs oe Gi fle
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 1, Johnson Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, Eastgate House, Lewes.

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., Eastgate House, Lewes.

Jones, Kenneth Ifurlstone, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. ‘‘ Repulse,’ Channel
Squadron.

Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 76, Mayes Road, Woodgreen, London, N.

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, Monmouthshire.

Kendig, Rev. Amos B., D.D., 86, Vernon Str.. Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.

Kennard, A. S. Berrenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 106, Mount View Road, Stroud Green.

Killingbeck, J. H., Didsbury, near Manchester.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., Almanarre, Gareloch Head, N.B.

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green, London, 5. W.

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., Otterbourne, Budleigh
Salterton, South Devon.

Leicester, Alfred, Buckhurst Farm, near Edenbridge, Kent.

Linter, Miss J. E., Savile Town, Heath Road, Twickenham, Middlesex.

Linton, John, 25, Wordsworth Road, Smallheath, Birmingham.

Lodder, Miss Mary, Lonah, Ulverstone, Tasmania.

Loydell, A., 19, Chaucer Road, Acton, London, W.

Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich.

Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire.

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.

McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 5, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.

Madison, James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.

Marquand, Ernest D., Fermain House, Guernsey.

Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire.

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

Mason, Philip Brooke, By) MOR @:s.. FlLcS), i. Zis.,) Dnenttouses
Burton-on-Trent.

May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania.

Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook House, Prestwich, Manchester,

LIST OF MEMBERS. 143

Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.

Milne, J. Grafton, Mansfield House, Canning Town, London, E.
Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., The Friars, Priory St., Cheltenham.
Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex.

Moss, William, F.C. A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., Rose Villa, Prospect Road, Snakes Lane,
Woodford.

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West Kensington
Park, London, W.

INCHMAM, INi> Canon sMiicecl Miers, ID Calng IPI Sop Moline, teh,
The Red House, Berkhampstead.

Oldham, Charles, Alderley Edge, Cheshire.

Overton, Harry, Brookdale, Tudor Hill, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield.

Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.

Partridge, F. J., 11, Duchess Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

Percival, A. Blayney, Somerset Court, Brent Knoll, Somerset.

Phillips, Robert Albert, Ashburton, Cork.

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.

Poore, Arthur S., 47, Griffin Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.

Preston, Hugh Berthon, The Manor House, Berrow, nr. Burnham, Somerset

Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.

Rawson, Sir W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., C.B., 68, Cornwall Gardens,
London, S. W.

Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Rd., Barnsbury, London, N.,

Rhodes, John, F.E.S.. 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington.

Roberts, A. William Rymer, Annesdale, Windermere.

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester.

Roseburgh, John, 54, Market Street, Galashiels.

Rosevear, John Burman, 113, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W.

Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum,
Dublin.

Scharff, W. E., c/o Edwards, Scharff & Co., Bradford.

Schill, C. H., Broome House, Didsbury, near Manchester.

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B.

Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, Chatburn Road, Clitheroe, Lancs.

Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield.

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate, Chiswick, Middlesex.

Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Skilton, Mrs. Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon.

Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, S. Kensington,
London, S$. W.

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.
Smith, Wm. Chas., Vanston House, 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green,
Fulham, London, S.W.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

Smith, Wm, Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk. oe
L Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.L..S.,4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow.

Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., Castellar, Crieff, N.B.

Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 121, Fulham Rd., London, S.W.

Span, Bartlet, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales.

Sparkes, Thomas, 92, Heywood Street, Moss Side, Manchester.

Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester.

Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.

Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., 12, Wellington St., Higher Broughton, Manchester.

Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff.

Stracey, Bernard, University Union, Edinburgh.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, 2, Deer Park Villas, Tenby.

Stump, Edward Consterdine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.

Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere.

Sykes, Robert Dardsley, Lostock Hall, near Preston.

Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s Inn, London.

Taylor, Frederick, 38, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham.

Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, F.Z.S., l.E.S., Gabriola Island,
Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Taylor, Miss Helen L., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby.

Taylor, John W., F.L.S., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds.

Thomas, G. E., 13, Vicarage Gardens, Kensington, London.

Thompson, Isaac C., F.L.S., 53, Croxteth Road, Liverpool.

Tomlin, J. R. Brockton, B.A., Penrhyn House, Llandaff.

Tregelles, George Fox, 5, Clarence Place, Barnstaple.

Tripe, Linnzeus, Major-Gen., 3, Osborne Villas, Stoke, Davenport.

Tulk-Hart, Eugene John, M.D.Durh., M.R.C.S., 4, Gloucester Place,
Brighton.

Turner, E. Hartley, A.C.A., 21, Bairstow Street, Preston.

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.

Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

Wallace, Harry Simpson, Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, LL.D., B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., clo W. H.
Miller, Esq., M.D., 51, Northumberland Street, Edinburgh.

Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.Z.S., The Broadway, Hammersmith, London, W.

Welch, Robert John, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

West, H. J., 80, Upland Road, East Dulwich, S.E.

Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W.

Wigglesworth, Robert, 13, Arthur Street, Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire.

Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool.

Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., Carnew, co. Wicklow.

Wishart, John, B.Sc., 25, Mount Street, Aberdeen, N.B.

Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge. a

ZL Woodward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 120, The Grove, Ealing,

London, W.

Wotton, F. W., Marguerite, Richmond Wood Road, Bournemouth.

Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.

145

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

273rd (Annual) Meeting, October 22nd, 1898.
The President, Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, in the chair.
Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. Williams and Madison were appointed Scrutineers.

Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. Moss and Cairns were appointed Auditors for the year 1898.

Annual Reports and Balance Sheet.
The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 147), the Reports of the London and
Leeds Branches (see p. 148, 149), and the Treasurer’s Balance Sheet (see p. 149)
for 1897 were presented and adopted.

Election of Office-Bearers.

The Scrutineers reported that thirty-six voting-papers had been sent in, of which
thirty-four voted for the list of officers as nominated by the Council. The list was
therefore declared carried as on p. 139.

Vote of Condolence.

It was unanimously resolved that the Secretary be instructed to convey to the
relatives of the late Mons. H. Crosse an expression of the Society’s sympathy in
their bereavement and of regret for the loss which the Society and conchological
science have sustained.

New Honorary Member Elected.

Mr. William Healey Dall, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, having
been nominated by the Council, was unanimously elected an Honorary Member, in
the room of the late Mons. Hippolyte Crosse.

New Member Elected.
Mr. Arthur William Rymer Roberts, Annesdale, Windermere.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mr. H. Rowland Wakefield ; Mr. Leonard F. Biddle; Mr. E. Hartley Turner.

Resignation of Members.
Miss Alice Maud Dale; Mr. G. E. Hadow.

Member Deceased.

Mr. T. F. Burrows.
Place of Meeting.

On the invitation of the newly-elected President, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, it was
unanimously resolved that the next annual meeting be held at Stafford.

The Presidential Address
Was then delivered by the retiring President, Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, who took for
his subject ‘‘ The Economic Use of some British Mollusca ” (see p. 153).
A vote of thanks to the President for his Address was proposed by Mr. J. Cosmo
Melvill and seconded by Mr, Wells Bladen (the Secretary of the North Staffordshire
Field Club), and carried unanimously, after which the Meeting adjourned.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. R. B. Masefield : Helix pomatia from Gloucestershire ; and sinistral
specimens from France. A asfersa, showing gradation of colouring from var. exa/-
bida to var. nigrescens, also sinistral and scalariform monstrosities. Series of typical,
varietal, and sinistral H. zemoralis from Donegal, Ireland. Sections of Helix, Plan-
orbis, Claustlia, Paludina, etc. Dzreissensia polymorpha, from Colwich, Staffs. ;
Anodonta cygnea, with shell pierced by rooks to feed upon the animal; Uvzzo pic-

146 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

torum, U. tumidus, and var. ponderosa, from Copmere, Eccleshall, Staffs. ; U.
margaritifer from Wales, and pearls from the same species, taken in Clady river.
co. Donegal, Ireland.

By Mr. J. M. Williams: Some unusually large and richly-marked varieties of
Cyprea tigris, and two remarkable forms of C. mauritiana, one perfectly black ;
a fine series of the peculiar New Caledonian forms of the genus Cyprea, including
C. niger, C. caledonica (=lynx var.), C. errones, and C. cylindrica ; two specimens
of C. obvelata var. calcarata, C. tsabella var. controversa, and some others, includ-
ing a gigantic specimen of C. avadzca, and curious varieties of C. cafzt-serpentzs.

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: /Jouannetia cumingi, from Philippines; S7/z¢guaria
anguina, from Moluccas, and S. echznophora, from Japan ; a fine series of Corzcella
nigra, and species of Stylifer; Hulima martini and E. metcalfec ; series of Emar-
ginula crassa, Callochiton levis, and Lasea rubra var. pallida, collected in
October, 1898.

By Mr. R. Standen: Vertigo moulinsiana, collected at Wicken, by Mr. J. B.
Tomlin in September last ; series of young forms of Avodonta cygnea and Unio
pictorum, with sets of pearls from latter species; white forms of Aythznza tentacu-
Jata, from Ireland ; series of the large sub-fossil Helix nemoralis, from Dogs Bay,
Connemara ; Limnea gracilis, from Hamilton, Ontario; Rhodea gigantea, a rare
and remarkable land shell, from New Granada; Anomia entgmatica, attached to
leaf of the mangrove, from Singapore; Azcylus irvine, from Great Lake, Tas-
mania; series of Suwccznee, from United States, Hungary, India, and Upolu.

By Mr. Thomas Edwards : uses antzgaus, typical from North Sea, and monst.
sinistrorsum dredged alive off Isle of Thanet ; Bzccinwm undatun, a fe series of
sinistral and acuminate forms, from Isle of Thanet ; and Helzx nemoralis with single
white band, from Leicester.

By the Rev. J. W. Horsley: Unusual forms of Heltx nemoralis, with rare band
formulz, and a fine specimen of Limnea stagnalis, from River Lea, showing ina
very perfect manner regular bands formed by injury to the mantle of the animai in
an early stage.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs : An extremely fine collection of land and freshwater shells
from Tenby, Brighton, and Gloucester.

By Mr. Edward Collier: A large and interesting series of exotic land shells, to
shew (a), brilliance of colouration ; (4), epidermal markings ; (¢), peculiarities of
form in certain species, and eccentricity in growth of mouth, as in Azostoma, Cylin-
drella, etc. ; (a), differences in size from small Dzplommatine to very large Achatine;
also a number of specimens collected during the Irish Field Clubs’ Excursion to .
Kerry, in July, 1898, including Lzmnea tnvoluta, Succinea oblonga, Acme lineata,
and Pupa anglica var. alba.

By Mr. J. Madison: Models of the British slugs ; case of freshwater shells, in-
cluding Physa heterostropha Say, taken near Birmingham.

By Mr C. E. Wright: A large series of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis,
chiefly from Northamptonshire, including many rarities ; a case of large Z7mnea
stagnalis, from Naseby Reservoir ; living specimens of Helix terrestris, H. obvoluta,
and a remarkable scalariform A. hovtens?s, 12045, found near Kettering.

By Mr. R. Welch: An album of platinotype views of Irish scenery, chiefly
illustrative of the habitats of certain Irish mollusca quoted in some recent papers
on the subject.

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: The whole of the very complete and extensive col-
lection of land and freshwater shells, formed almost entirely by Mr. Adams him-
self, in England, Wales, and Ireland during the last twenty years.

PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 22, 1808. 147

ANNUAL REPORT, 1897-98.

In drawing up the Annual Report for such a society as ours, it is not always possible
to find some new subject for special gratification or congratulation, but at the same
time it is a pleasant duty to chronicle another year of unimpaired vitality in all
departments of the society’s work.

It is hardly a year, however, since the last Annual Meeting was held at the
Manchester Museum, indeed the report only covers a period of eleven months, and
includes but seven meetings.

There has not been a very numerous accession of new members during the year;
there have been eleven elections, ten resignations, and three deaths, while one
member has been declared a defaulter by reason of non-payment of overdue sub-
scriptions. The society thus counts three members less than in the preceding year,
and the numbers now stand as follows: 9 honorary members, and 231 ordinary
members, of whom 24 reside abroad, making a total of 240.

The Council deeply regrets to have to record the death of Monsieur H.
Crosse, the eminent French conchologist, who was one of our oldest honorary
“members, and of whose career an account will, it is hoped, appear in the pages of
the Journal.

The Society has further to deplore the loss of Dr. E. B. Landis, of Chemulpo,
Corea, who only joined this society in February last, and died a few months later,
whilst within the last few days the decease of Mr. T. F. Burrows has been
announced.

The attendance at the meetings which have been held since last November has
been quite up to the average of former years, but in accordance with the general
custom of the Society, the meetings were omitted during the summer months.

On May 22nd, some half-dozen members profited by the kindness of the Presi-
dent, and joined an excursion into North Staffordshire, which proved most enjoyable
and profitable. A full account of it was read at the June Meeting of the Society,
and has already been published in the October number of the Journal.

It will be remembered that at the last Annual Meeting it was announced that the
Council had resolved upon an increase in the size of the Journal. This has now
been effected by means of increasing the size of page and decreasing the spacing,
thus obtaining an enlargement of some twenty-five per cent. It is satisfactory to
note that the additional room has so far been fully occupied, the Editor having had
in hand an unusually large number of papers and notes, which have been read before
the Society and either have been or shortly will be published.

The following is a list of these communications :—

Lionel E. Adams: ‘‘Observations on the Pairing of Zzmax maximus lL.”

F. Taylor : ‘‘ The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the district between Ashton-
under-Lyne and Oldham.” —_

J. R. B. Masefield: ‘‘ Testacel/a haliotidea in North Staffordshire.”

L. E. Adams : ‘‘ Paludestrina(Hydrobia) jenkins¢ Smith in Ireland.”

L. E. Adams : ‘‘ Sense of Smell in Limmax maximus L.”

Peter Lawson : ‘‘ British snails as human food.”

G. W. Chaster : ‘‘ Mr. J. T. Marshall’s criticisms : An answer.”

R. Standen : ‘* Notes on the Land Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire.”’

R. Standen : ‘‘ Heléx nemoral’s monst. s¢nzstrorsum in Lancashire.”

J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen : ‘* The Mollusca of the Falkland Islands.”

R. Standen : ‘‘ Note on Zevebra eximia Dh.”

J. Cosmo Melvill ; “On Latirus armatus Ad.”

148 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

A. G. Stubbs: ‘‘ Observations on Abnormality in Planorbis spivorbis and other
freshwater shells at Tenby.”

J. Cosmo Melvill: ‘‘ Note on Scalaria fimbriolata Melv.”

Rev. J. W. Horsley : “‘ Hyalinza cellaria in Walworth.”

J. Cosmo Melvill : ‘‘ Note on Cyprea rashletghana.”

W. E. Collinge : ‘‘ Note on a new variety of Zéstacella mauger Fér.”

L. E. Adams: ‘‘ Note on Claustlia cerulea Fé. in Hants.”

Rey. A. Hann: “‘ Note on Paludestrina jenkims¢ near Middlesborough.”’

A. G. Stubbs : ‘‘ Observations on Lzmnea peregra.”

J. E. Cooper : ‘‘ Note on Valvata cristata.”

L. E. Adams: ‘‘ Paludestrina jenkinse Smith in two new Irish localities. ”

L. E. Adams: ‘‘Arion ater var. rubra Baud. new to Britain.”

R. Welch: ‘‘ New county records for Ireland.”

Four numbers of the Journal, containing 128 pages and four plates, have been
issued since November last. Since the Annual Meeting of 1897, volume viii. of the
Journal has been completed by the addition of a title-page, a fairly full subject index
and a list of explanations of plates, printed on separate sheets, to be bound oppo-
site the plates themselves. This arrangement is a new departure in the history of
the Journal, and it must be stated that the additional cost was not inconsiderable,
amounting to about £3.

The publication of the Journal in its new form has involved a further outlay in
this department, and it is most desirable that a marked increase in the membership
of the Society should take place in the immediate future, so that the Council may
be justified in continuing the increased expenditure. The average cost of each
number of the Journal in its old form was about £9, while it now amounts to about
Aik 1O8.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of the sending
of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears, and who were ulti-
mately declared defaulters, the Council decided in April last :-—

“That the first three numbers of the Journal for each year be sent to those
members who are not in arrear as regards the previous year’s subscription, and that
when the October number is ready for publication a notice, under cover, be sent
to all members who have not then paid the current year’s subscription, and that the
Journal be not forwarded till payment has been made.” This arrangement will
therefore come into operation in the year 1899.

With regard to the Society’s Library, it is satisfactory to note that more than
the usual number of serials and other books and papers have been received this
year, and that a complete card catalogue of the Library, on the Dewey decimal
system, has been prepared under the supervision of the Librarian, and presented to
the Society by him.

During the past year considerable use has been made of the Society’s Collec-
tions, both by local members and others residing at a distance who chanced to
visit Manchester. The Curator has, during the year, mounted portions of the
collections in glass-topped boxes, and only a small proportion now remains unavail-
able for ready reference. The Society is again indebted to Mr. A. G. Stubbs for
further additions to the fine series of specimens presented by him.

LONDON BRANCH.—Annual Report.

Since the last report eleven meetings of this branch have been held ; of these,
five were field-meetings, viz., at Tottenham, Barnes Common, Swanley, Hampton
Wick, and Abbey Wood. The meeting at Barnes, on June 4th, 1898, was well-
attended, and a number of freshwater species were collected. The Swanley

PROCEEDINGS: OCTOBER 22, 1898. 149

meeting on July 9th was also a success. At the other field-meetings, chiefly owing
to the very dry season, but few land shells were collected. On November 11th,
1897, an exhibition of Helix aspersa was held; nearly all the named varieties were
shown, and the Rev. J. W. Horsley contributed some notes. On December 3rd
Mr. DaCosta very kindly allowed the members to see a further portion of his fine
collection. Our thanks are also due to Colonel Beddome, F.L.S., and to Mr. J. C.
Dacie for inviting the Society to inspect their collections ; unfortunately in both
cases very few members were able to accept the invitation. During the past year

four new members have joined this branch.
28th September, 1898.

J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

LEEDS BRANCH.—Annual Report.

The Leeds Branch has had a prosperous and enjoyable year, and several meet-
ings have been held at the residences of members. One or two papers have been
read, but the chief interest has been in the exhibition of specimens, of which the
number and the value have been considerable. The Annual Meeting of the Branch
was held in April last, when Mr. Henry Crowther was elected President, and the

undersigned Hon. Secretaries—

W. DENISON ROEBUCK,

WILLIAM NELSON, \
ff Fon. Secs.

Treasuzer’s Report.

The financial condition of the Society remains much the same as before. It is
noteworthy that though the receipts have been the largest ever received in any year
hitherto, and that generous donors, who wish their names suppressed, have contri-
buted £18 9s. 6d. to the funds of the Society, yet the expenses have been

correspondingly heavy.

BALANCE
Receipts : fo Se th
Balance from 1896 AS een: 82
Subscriptions received in 1897 66 0 oO
Life Composition Fees... ... 4 5 6
IDOREWOMS sa ov nag vo HS © -H

Sale of Lists, Reprints, and
Back Nos. of 7. Conch. 1111 5

By Advertisements dp, oboy kB)?

£108 7 8

Audited and found correct,

De Co SAMUI.
J. H. KILLINGBECK.

November 14th, 1898.

LIONEL E. ADAMS.

Sie Evel
Payments : Lis. @.

Cost of Journals (vol. vili.,

nos. 8, 9, 10, II, 12) ... 5614 43
Secretary’s and Editor’s
_ Expenses 3.5 Des “LOST ZERO
ItreasUTeH’S IESGDEINSES cco Goo «=O
SWAMOMNEAY oa poo coo 000 © 2 §
Cost of Reprints and Plates 16 0 3

Second Instalment of Pur-
chase Money of Q./.

Conch. to Mr.J.W. Taylor 10 0 O
Purchase of Taylor's Mono-
graph ce O15 9
Rent of Leeds Room ... O10 6
Subscription to Y.N.U. © % ©
Im InWeEloos boo non ao oo LTS
Kies 7 &

LioneEL E. ADAMS, Z7veasurer.

150 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

274th Meeting, November oth, 1898.

Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, nos. 7-11; the Scottish Naturalist. nos. 27 and 28;
the Naturalist, 498-502 ; Science Gossip, vol. 5, nos. 49-54; Memoirs and Proceed-
ings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 42, parts 3 and 4 ;
Annual Report Microscopical Society for 1897 ; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes,
ser. 3, nos. 333-337 ; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 45, no. 4, vol. 46, no. 1;
Transactions and Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Sciences, vol. 2,
part 6; the Nautilus, vols. 3-10, and vol. 12, nos. 2-6; Abstract of Proceedings of
the Royal Society of New South Wales, May 4th, June Ist, and July 6th; Journal
and Proceedings, vol. 31, 1897; WRevista Museo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, vol. 1 ;
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 22, part 1; Bulletin of
the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, vol. 5, nos. 1-5, vol. 6, no. 1; Journal and
Proceedings of the Hamilton Association, no. 14; Report of the Trustees of the
Australian Museum, Sydney, for 1897; Report of the Keeper of the Manchester
Museum, for 1897-98; Armature of Helicoid Landshells, by G. K. Gude; Deep-
water Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast, by A. E. Verrill and K. J. Bush ; Nomen-
clature of the Seams of the Lancashire Coal Measures, by H. Bolton; List of the
Types and Figured Specimens of Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
by G. C. Crick ; Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), by J. W. Gregory ; Zoological Nomenclature, Remarks on the proposed
International Code, by Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing ; Irish Field Clubs Union : Ken-
mare Conference, Report on Mollusca, by R. Standen; Australian Museum
Records, vol. 3, no. 4.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
By Mr. J. Madison: Physa heterostropha Say, taken near Birmingham.

New Members Elected.
Mr. Leonard F. Biddle, 21, Canning Street, Liverpool.
Mr. E. Hartley Turner, 21, Bairstow Street, Preston.
Mr. H. Rowland Wakefield, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Mr. William Wells Bladen.
Papers Read.

‘*The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Somersetshire,” by E. W. Swanton.

“* Pupa anglica Fér. var. alba nov.,” by E. Collier.

‘* Helices climbing in dry weather,” by K. Hurlstone Jones.

“* Timnea peregra abandoning its shell,” by I. Hurlstone Jones.

‘“ Discovery of a Physa new to Britain,” by J. Madison.

“¢ Aust on the Norfolk Coast,” by Carleton Greene.

‘* Additional Note on Cecdlotdes actcula,” by J. W. Horsley.

“¢ Helix acuta monst. stnistrorsum at Tenby,” by Fred. Taylor.

‘* Remarks on the cause of Abnormality in Planorbis sptrorbis,” by R. Standen.

“ Vertigo moulinstana Dupuy in Cambridgeshire,” by R. Standen.

Exhibits.

By Mrs. Janet Carphin: Hedéx nemoralis and varr. roseolabiata, albolabzata,
and dzmarginata, Dollar and Eyemouth, var. redel/a, Birnam ; HY. hortenszs var.
olivacea, Eyemouth; A. hzspzda monst. szxdstrorsum, Coldingham ; Pupa marg-
7nata, Eyemouth; Vertigo edentu/a, Birnam and Luss; V. pyemea, Birnam ;
Planorbis nautileus, Coldingham

By Mr. R. Cairns: He/?x virgata from sand dunes between Rossall and Black-
pool. This species was first noticed near Rossali School, about twelve years ago,

PROCEEDINGS : DECEMBER 14, 1898. 151

and has since spread slowly but steadily southwards. There is strong evidence of
its introduction. The shells have always been remarkably uniform in colouring, but
have increased greatly in size of late years, and this year very large examples
occurred.

By Mr. B. K. Lucas: A representative collection of the shells occurring in the
neighbourhood of Winnington, Cheshire, comprising Ae/¢x memoralis, small but
brightly-coloured specimens with ordinary bandings ; &. hzspida, H. fusca, Mar-
bury ; 4. aculeata, Owley Wood; ZH. rotundata, Hyalinia cellaria, A. alliaria,
Hi. nitidula, H. crystallina, H. fulva, A. glabra, very fine, from Marbury, and
Hf. excavata var. vitrina, from Owley Wood and Marbury ; Coch/icopa lubrica,
Clausilia rugosa, Pupa anglica, from Marbury; Limnea peregra var. /abiata,
Hartford ; Z. ¢runcatula, Comberbach ; ZL. stagnalis var. fragilis, Marbury; L.
palustris, large, but much eroded, Hartford; Z. glabra, near Knutsford ; Physa
Jontinalis, Barnton; Planorbis contortus and Unio tumtdus, from Marbury.

By Mr. R. Standen: Vertigo moulinstana from several English localities ; and
microscopic preparations of Af7styzs anastatica, to illustrate notes read at the
meeting.

By Mr. J. D. Dean: Two remarkably fine specimens of Pzia rudis, to one of
which a gigantic specimen of Capulus hungaricus was attached, dredged between
Lizard Point and the Manacles, in from sixty to eighty fathoms.

By Mr. Fred. Taylor: A fine set of Helix pulchella, Riversvale, Ashton-under-
Lyne; Spherium lacustre, Bardsley Canal; a fine series of Pisidia, Fitton Hill;
and a sinistral specimen of He/zx acuta, the Burrows, Tenby.

By Mr. W. Moss: Szccinea cuvieri and Pupa pellucida, Grenada; Rhytida
coguiensis, New Caledonia ; and micro-photographs and slides showing the radula
and genitalia of Szccznea oblonga, from Kenmare, county Kerry.

275th Meeting, December 14th, 1898.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :—
The Naturalist, no. 503; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 338 ;
Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, no. 12; the Nautilus, vol. 12, no. 8.
New Member Elected.
Mr. William Wells Bladen, Stone, Staffordshire.
Letter Read.
From Mr. W. H. Dall, acknowledging the announcement of his election as an
Honorary Member of the Society.
Papers Read.
** Notes on the caput-serpent?s group of the Genus Cyprvea,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.
“ Note on Afttra (Pusia) rhodochroa Uervier. and AL. rhodinosphera Melv.,” by
J. Cosmo Melvill.
‘* Dredging at Seaton, Devon,” by L. St. G. Byne.
“* Felix virgata monst. sub-scalartforme, at Churston Ferrers, South Devon,”

by Alfred Sich.
Exhibits.

By Mr. Fred. Taylor: A series of very large Hedix pisana, taken in a cabbage
garden at Tenby. The abundance of food had doubtless been the cause of the
extraordinary increase in the size of these shells, as compared with a series of speci-
mens collected on the neighbouring sand-dunes, which were considerably under the
average Size.

By Mr. Edward Collier: A beautiful series of Pisedéum pustllums; Limnea
involuta; Succinea oblonga, S. putris; Pupa anglica, and vary. pallida and alba ;

152 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

Acme lineata and var. alba; Carychium minimum; Hyalinza fulva; Helix
lamellata; Clausilia perversa var.; Pupa cylindrica, from Kenmare and Killarney ;
also very fine Hyalinza nitida, from Canal Bank, Stafford.

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: Akitra rhodinosphera Melv., from Mauritius ; and
M. rhodochroa Herv.

A fine series of Cyprea caput-serpentzs LL. and its varieties amguzs Phil., and
colubrve Kenyon, were exhibited in illustration of Mr. Melvill’s papers. These were
from the collections, respectively, of Messrs. Melvill, Darbishire, Williams, Standen,
Hardy, Heathcote, Rogers, and Cairns. Specimens, including the type, of C. caput-
draconts Melyv. were also shown by Messrs. Melvill, Williams, and Standen.

By Mr. Alfred Sich: A living Helix virgata monst. sub-scalartforme, from
Churston Ferrers, South Devon.

Pupa anglica Fér. var. alba nov.—Whilst away in July last, at the Irish Field
Clubs Union Conference at Kenmare, County Kerry, I collected as many of the
shells of the district as the very dry weather would allow. From Mucksna Wood,
Kenmare, I brought back a large bag of moss shakings and dead leaves. On look-
ing over this on my return home [| fourd along with other shells a considerable
number of Pupa anglica Féy., and amongst them four specimens, two of which
were immature, of a pure white variety. As all the other British Pupe have
acknowledged white varieties, I propose to call this one var. a/éa. All the speci-
mens I got were alive, and when the animal was crawling it was all pure white
with the exception that when the tentacles were extended the eyes shewed as vivid
black spots. I hear from my friend, Mr. Rk. Welch, of Belfast, that he found one
specimen of this same variety amongst dead and very damp beech leaves on the mar-
gin of a wide drain in the demesne at Caledon, County Tyrone, on February 12th,
1897. Mr. J. Ray Hardy also told me that he had collected this same variety some
sixteen years ago near: Killarney, but although my friend Dr. Chaster and I looked
very carefully for them we did not succeed in finding any, but I am glad to say that
Mr. Lionel E. Adams and Mr. Stubbs, who visited Killarney in September, were
fortunate enough to discover the locality, and found this variety in considerable
numbers. —EDWARD COLLIER. (ead before the Society, Nov. 9th, 1898).

Discovery of a Physa new to Britain.—On July roth in a pool at the west
side of Birmingham, I found some rather large Physe, and on comparing them
later with some American forms, they seemed to me very similar to Physa heteros-
tropha. sent some to my old friend, Mr. W. Nelson, who wrote at once saying
that he thought they were Physa heterostropha Say, but expressed a wish to see living
specimens before deciding for certain. I then sent him some alive, and he placed
them at the disposal of Mr. J. W. Taylor, who from the digitations of the mantle,
so unlike that of Physa fontinalis, fully confirmed our opinions as to the identity of
the species. Some of the shells measured 18 mm. long and 11 mm. wide, varying
in the length of the spine, and some have the lip much expanded. They were fairly
plentiful in company with Lzmuea peregra.—J. MADISON. (Read before the Soczety,
Nov. 9th, 1898).

Note on Mitra (Pusia) rhodochroa Hervier and M. rhodinosphera Melv.
—These two are identical, and M. Hervier has unfortunately overlooked the descrip-
tion of IZ. rhodinosphera (J. Conch., vol. 5, p. 286, pl. ii., fig. 23, 1887). The
original type came from Mauritius, but, as Mr. Standen and I pointed out in our
papers on the Loyalty Islands mollusca, many Mauritian species find their way to |
Lifu ; AZ. exzmza Reeve is an instance of this.—J. Cosmo MELVILL (Read before
the Soctety, Dec. 14th, 1898).

153

THE ECONOMIC USE OF SOME BRITISH MOLLUSCA.,

(The Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, Oct. 22nd, 1898).

By J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

BEFORE proceeding to the main subject of my address this evening,
I desire to place on record my own regret at the losses which the
Society has sustained during the year in the deaths of three of its
members. One of these was an honorary member, Mons. H. Crosse,
the eminent French conchologist, a sketch of whose life and work will
be given elsewhere.

Another was Dr. E. B. Landis, who only became a member of our
Society in February last, and died shortly afterwards at Chemulpo,
Corea, of typhoid fever. From him we were expecting important com-
munications as to the mollusca of that distant country. The Rev.
J. W. Horsley, in writing to send us the sad news, says:—‘“‘A colleague
writes, his loss is not only one which we as a mission or as individuals
will feel, but a real loss to Corea, with which he had thoroughly identi-
fied himself. As a doctor he will be missed very much by the resi-
dents, native and foreign. Asa student he was amongst those who
knew most of Corea, her history, and her people ; and as a scientist
he was always trying to learn more of Corean animal and vegetable
life. It is only a year ago that we were out together hunting for snail
shells in the Paddy Fields, and killing the snakes that infest them.”
The third member whose death we have to deplore is Mr. Thos. F.
Burrows, formerly of Cheadle in this county, to whom I owe a
deep debt of gratitude for his unfailing kindness and for the valuable
assistance he gave to me in preparing a list of our North Staffordshire
mollusca a few years ago. Although during the last two years illness
had prevented his doing much field work in conchological science, we
must all feel that we have lost in him one of our hardest workers and
most useful members.

Our Society was represented at the International Congress of
Zoology, held at Cambridge, in August last. At that meeting it was
announced that favourable arrangements had been made with the
international postal authorities for the transmission of zoological speci-
mens, which will I am sure be welcome news to our members. The
question of zoological nomenclature, which many of us were anxious
to hear discussed, was unavoidably postponed. Several papers relat-
ing to conchology were read, and amongst others, one by Mr. F. W.
Harmer on “The Distribution of Ausus antiguus and its Allies,” and
another by Dr. Plate on ‘‘ The comparative anatomy of Chitons”;
whilst the Cambridge Museums, with their conchological collections,

154 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, I89Qg.

were much appreciated by the members of our Society attending the
Congress.

In these utilitarian times it is becoming every day more self-evident
that to preserve our native fauna we must be able to show what place
and use the various species composing it are intended to occupy and
fill in nature. We are all of course agreed that every species of
animal has its own special office to discharge and fills some special place
in the scheme of nature. In many cases, however, it is not easy, except
for those who are conversant with the whole life-history of a species, to
convince an untutored mind that to keep the proper balance of nature
such species of animal life must be preserved. In the case of our
mollusca generally, it must be admitted that to a casual observer the
slimy form and crawling habits of these animals are at first sight both
repulsive and repugnant to man, and man’s natural instinct is at once
to destroy such forms of life as blots in creation, and as probably in
some way damaging to man’s welfare. Inthe short time at my dis-
posal to-night I therefore propose to set before you some of the natural
functions performed by some of our British land and freshwater mol-
lusca, so as to entitle them to the protection of man within due bounds
rather than to destruction and extermination.

The uses of the mollusca may then I think be arranged under four
principal heads :-—

I.—As scavengers and helps to sanitation and to the preeeryanien
of the health of man.

II.—As food and medicine for man.

III.—As food of other animals.

IV.—As articles of merchandise, and so contributing to the wage-
earning of men.

I.—As scavengers and helps to sanitation, and to the preservation of
the health of man.

In considering this part of my subject I have carried out certain
experiments and investigations, to prove as far as possible in what
numbers and to what extent our native moilusca are found on land
and in our inland waters. It is of course well known that some species
are arboreal in their habits to a certain extent, such as Zimax mar-
ginatus, Helix nemoralis, H. hortensts, Buliminus montanus, B.
obscurus, and the C/austlie—others require shade and retirement,
such as 7. hispida, H. aculeata, and many of the Pupe—others are
found in damp places under stones and decaying wood and in damp
buildings, such as the Zonitidgze—others on warm dry cliffs, such as
H. pisana and fH. acuta—others on dry downs and sand-hills, such as
H., virgata, H. itala, etc.—others are marsh-dwellers, as the Succinece
—-others, again, are subterranean, such as the Zestacel/@ and Cactlioides

MASEFIELD : THE ECONOMIC USE OF SOME BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 155

acicula. And then we have the freshwater mollusca, thus showing that
these animals are to be found really everywhere.

The habitations of man appear to have a special attraction for many
species, no doubt on account of the surrounding cultivation affording
tempting food, and the crevices of man’s buildings providing safe
retreats during the day. On the other hand, non-cultivation appears
to be necessary to the survival of some species. Gwyn Jeffreys says on
this subject :—‘“‘ There is probably not a square rood of land either
in a cultivated or uncultivated state, or covered with fresh, brackish,
or salt water, that is not inhabited by mollusca of various kinds.
Trees and herbage are the chosen stations of many sorts, for the sake
of the shelter or food which they afford ; and even our cellars and
kitchens are not free from them.” Again, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, in
his excellent “ Manual” says of Agviolimax agrestis that it “ swarms
everywhere,” of Helix rotundata “found everywhere in sheltered
spots,” and of Limnea peregra “ distributed over every part of the
Eastern Hemisphere.” The truth of these statements I am now able
to confirm as far as this country is concerned. A correspondent in
Herefordshire, on a plot of cultivated land, 95 yards long by 5 yards
wide, and therefore containing 475 square yards, placed too flat
pieces or boards of old decaying wood, each about 18 inches long by
6 inches wide, and during three consecutive years the average number
of snails and slugs taken from under these boards was 18,000 per
annum, but it must be borne in mind that at least a quarter as many
more would be taken by thrushes and other birds on the same ground.
Each of these boards, my informant states, at first produced about
sixteen molluscs every three days. ‘The annual average has now be-
come reduced to only 300 molluscs, and this year only 152 have been
taken on the same ground, showing that it is possible by these means
to almost exterminate these animals altogether in a given area of
ground within a given time. On another patch of ground, containing
only five square yards, two similar boards to those I have described
were placed, and these yielded on a first examination 44 slugs, next
time 22, then 11, and afterwards only 1. These slugs and snails are
stated to have comprised 13 species, but now only 6 species are to be
found on the same ground, the others, it is presumed, have become
exterminated. As to the exact species, I am sorry to say that I have
not sufficient evidence at present to identify them. Similar experi-
ments made by myself in my own grounds give an average of 15 to
20 slugs (principally Agriolimax agrestis and Arion hortensts) to be
found on every square yard of ground, and I believe about the same
average will be found generally over all pasture, arable, and other
land ; this may easily be ascertained just at dusk any wet or damp
evening during open weather with the aid of a lantern.

156 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

On one excursion of some of the members of our society, it is
recorded that upwards of 3,000 specimens of Vertigo were collected
in one day in one limestone quarry near Clitheroe, and in one garden
in Hampshire 1,591 Helex aspersa were killed in four nights. The
abundance of the amphibious Limmncea peregra in every pond and
muddy hole, and of Helzx rotundata in every sheltered spot, is well
known to all conchologists. The rate of increase of Agriolimax
agrestis is enormous, as a single pair have been known to lay 800 eggs.

These facts, then, taken in conjunction with the Distribution Tables
of the Referees of our Society, will, I think, give some idea of the
general abundance of our mollusca all over the country, and as their
food consists to a great extent of decaying animal and vegetable
matter, no doubt can remain as to the amount of useful scavenging
these animals perform. Another well known fact is that the decaying
vegetable rubbish heaps and heaps of wayside hedge and bank crop-
pings are irresistibly attractive to many of our molluscs, and form
some of their chief feeding-grounds, being in close proximity to their
retreats in the dense bottoms of hedgerows and thickets; and thus
our country roads are to a great extent kept in a sanitary and whole-
some state. Again, in neglected arable and fallow land, so frequently
covered by a mass of weeds, especially of the coltsfoot, which in wet
autumn weather quickly decay, we see these fields cleared of this
unhealthy mass as well as of decaying fungi by our slugs and snails.
To show the pertinacity of Avon ater in clearing away decaying animal
matter, I have seen several of these molluscs crossing a pond by means
of the floating vegetation to reach a putrefying mass in the water.

_ Then we find every nook and cranny in our old walls to be the
abode of some mollusc during the daytime, which sallies forth at dusk
to clear these walls and their surroundings from decaying matter.
Many of our most noxious garden weeds also form part of the food
of some of our molluscs, and so are kept in check to some extent by
them. Our large slug, Zzmax maximus, is a most useful dweller in
our cellars and drains, where by feeding on the accumulated greasy
and fatty matter adhering to the insides of pipes, where no other liv-
ing animal can penetrate, it assists in keeping drains open and free to
ventilation. One of our members, the Rev. J. W. Horsley, shows the
value of another molluse (Ayalinia cellaria) in the following note con-
tributed to our Journal (July, 1898) :—“ The other day a drain in my
area being blocked, I found it necessary to open the ground in the
forecourt, and in so doing found an unexpected man-hole covered with
slabs of stone. When these were lifted, I found four fine specimens
of Hyalinia cellaria on the under-surface of the stone where they must
have lived always in the dark and exclusively on what a scullery pipe
brought down. Walworth is in the densest part of South London,

MASEFIELD : THE ECONOMIC USE OF SOME BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 157

where we live 200 people to the acre, and expect to find shells as little
as ferns.” :

Our arboreal species of molluscs spend the summer and autumn
months on the trunks and amongst the branches of many of our forest
trees, keeping them clear of deleterious and decaying matter, and I
believe many species ascend our forest trees to feed upon the honey-
dew on the leaves. .

The Testacellidze, again, feed exclusively on worms, and assist in
keeping their numbers down, and so help in preserving a healthy
balance of nature; whilst the subterranean dweller, Cecilioides acicula,
acts the part of scavenger underground. Mr. Shrubsole states that a
gardener near Chester purposely keeps 7Jestace//e to kill the worms
in his fernery.

Further, if we examine our inland waters, we find them all teeming
with molluscan life, without the presence of which all these waters
would soon become seriously contaminated with decaying animal
matter, and choked up with confervoid growths. ‘This is well known to
all who keep aquaria, wherein it is absolutely necessary to preserve a
proper balance of animal and vegetable life to maintain the water in
a pure state and the glass clear. The presence of our large bivalves
(Unto, Anodon, Spherium, Dreissensta, and other syphon possessors)
contributes to maintain clearness and purity of water in muddy lakes,
canals, and ponds, as their chief food consists of infusoria and other
floating organisms. But perhaps some one may say that these mol-
luses can only perform these useful duties in summer and autumn, if
-they hibernate during the winter and early spring; but this is not so.
Several species, such as Helix fusca, H. caperata, Vitrina, and others,
become active during the winter months, except in severe frosts, and
I have seen Vitv77a many times crawling over snow in search of food.

As to the variety of food of our mollusca, it is almost endless, but
amongst other things which they devour greedily is waste paper of all
kinds when reduced to a pulpy state by water or rain, and even
bivalves revel in this food. ‘They also live on dead insects of all
kinds, including flies, moths, and butterflies, and on one occasion
Flelix aspersa was found feeding on the decaying eggs in a deserted
bird’s nest, having first perforated the shell to get at such a choice
morsel. I hope I have now stated sufficient facts to show that our
mollusca are amongst the most useful of nature’s scavengers, and also
how very plentifully they are distributed over the length and breadth
of our land ; but if anyone is still sceptical, I can only repeat, let him
sally forth any damp night, and he will soon discover for himself that
no decaying or unhealthy matter escapes the attention of our slugs
and snails, which, I maintain, are some of our best friends in the
preservation of the health of man.

158 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

If.

Lovell in his “ Edible British Molluscs” mentions four species of
our Helicidz, viz.. H. pomatia, H. aspersa, H. nemoralis, and Z.
pisana, as the only edible species amongst our land and freshwater
molluscs. We can easily understand that the families Arionide,
Limacide, and Testacellide, are not exactly attractive as food for man,
their food habits being, as Mr. Adams expresses it, “not nice.” At
the same time, I have met with several instances where Agriolimax
agrestis has been regularly eaten as a cure for consumption. The
Vitrinidee, Zonitidz, Pupidze, and the smaller freshwater mollusca are
all far too small to be of any practical value as human food, and thus
we have left only the remaining Helicidze (of which I shall say more
later on) and the larger Limnzeidee (Z. feregra and L. stagnalis), the
Paludinide, Unionide,and Dreissensia. Of these the Limnzeidz and
Paludinidz are both mud-dwellers and carrion feeders to a great
extent, and would probably prove unwholesome, if not poisonous, as
food for man. If obtained from pure spring water I do not see why
both the Unionidze and Drezssensia polymorpha should not prove
palatable and wholesome food, especially the latter, which is so nearly
akin to the marine My#tlus edulis,’ although no doubt salt water does
render many molluscs palatable which would not be so if taken from
fresh water. It would be interesting to test this fact with Dvezssensza,
which is sometimes a marine species. Anodonta cygnea is said to be
eaten in County Leitrim, and species of Uio are eaten in the south
of Europe, roasted and scalloped. In China freshwater mussels are
cultivated in canals as food, and in North-west Australia they form —
a staple article of diet.

Now let us consider for a moment those Hedices which are not
mentioned by Lovell as edible. Of these . arbustorum would strike
one as quite as tempting and wholesome as, for instance, . xemoralis,
and I find this species mentioned by Moquin-Tandon as sometimes
eaten, though not much esteemed. The question of wholesome or
otherwise with the mollusca depends to a great extent upon the food
they have been feasting upon. For instance, molluscs sometimes feed
upon the leaves of foxglove, and even the more poisonous A/ropa bella-
donna is sometimes specially attractive to them as food, and if they were
soon afterwards partaken of by man, the result would be serious, if
not fatal. The same thing has actually occurred in the case of persons
who have partaken of rabbit which has been feeding upon the last-
mentioned fatal plant. A case further illustrating this point occurred
a few years ago to our newly-elected President. I forwarded to him a
number of Helix pisana from off the cliffs of Tenby, where these

As food and medicine for man.

1 This fact is disputed by F, Bernard (see Natural Science vol. 12 p. 4, 1898).

MASEFIELD : THE ECONOMIC USE OF SOME BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 159

molluscs had probably been feeding on some poisonous plant, but
unfortunately my friend who had eaten this species in Marseilles and
enjoyed them there, thought he would enjoy another meal of the
‘Tenby snails. He wrote to tell me that the result was not a happy
one, as, to use his own words, ‘‘they woke me in the night to think of
them, and the next morning I again remembered them.”

Then, taking the remaining larger He/ices, we have 1. cantiana, £1.
itala, and H. virgata; these are all, I believe, included in continental
menus, and I should have thought might be quite as palatable as other
fTelices in this country, although in order to get over the prejudice
against these animals as an article of diet, a famine must, I fear, first
occur.

We have now reduced our list to the four species mentioned by
Lovell. The first and largest, HZ. pomatia, is to be found every day
in the Parisian restaurants, and is generally and regularly eaten
throughout many continental countries. I have only been able as yet
to meet with one instance of this species being eaten in this country,
and that was near Chedworth, in Gloucestershire, where this snail is
plentiful, although it certainly appears from the whiteness and clean
appearance of the animal itself, to be a far more tempting morsel than
H, aspersa, which is eaten in many parts of England, and is regularly
sold in Covent Garden and other London markets, where I have heard
of its being labelled as ‘wall fish.” Dr. Gray says “ quantities
of these molluscs are packed in casks and sent to the United States
as delicacies. In France they are supplied to trading vessels as part
of their provisions.” L. E. Adams says: “Helix aspersa still forms
an article of food in various parts of England ; the taste is insipid,
and the animals tough if not well boiled; as nourishing food, however,
they rank with calf’s foot jelly, oysters, etc.” Harting states: “Snail
syrup is at the present day used as a specific in all cases of cough and
cold.” A. nemoralis and AH. pisana are both included in Lovell’s
edible list, and Mr. Adams tells me he has eaten both, and considers
fH, nemoralis the better of the two. Dr. Gray relates that the glass-
men of Newcastle-upon-Tyne indulged in a snail feast once a year, and
Rimmer in 1880 says the custom then still continued. In our Journal
(Jan., 1898) is a note by Mr. P. Lawson, in which he mentions that
he had then recently met a man at Teignmonth collecting land
molluscs, who stated that he often made his breakfast of snails
gathered in his morning walk, and that the excellence of these

molluscs had only to be more widely Lnaeetn for them to be appre-
ciated and valued as human food.

Lovell gives a number of receipts from old books as to how to
dress, bake, boil, fry, and make a hash or soup of snails, and also

160 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1899.

how to prepare them as medicine ; these directions show how gener-
ally some of our molluscs were used for food. The following are
rather quaint specimens of these recipes :—‘‘Snales which bee in
shells beat together with bay salt and mallowes, and laid to the
bottomes of your feet and to the wristes of your handes, before the
fit commeth, appeaseth the ague.” A decoction of snails: “ Take
garden snails, cleansed from their shells, number twelve; red cow’s
milk, new, two pounds, boil to a pound; and add rose-water, an
ounce, sugar-candy, half-an-ounce.” For a consumption, a drink is
recommended made from snails, hyssop, milk, etc., and directions
given to “drink this water two or three times a day, a quarter of a
pint at a time; 7¢ has done good”; and in another recipe, snails are
to be taken prepared in broth, ten, fifteen or any “number of snails
to twenty, as the person’s stomach can bear with.”

A clergyman has recently sent me word that he considers an appli-
cation of the slime of snails as almost the only cure for eczema. A
child in his village suffered fearfully from this complaint, and the
mother allowed the slime of snails to be rubbed on the affected parts,
and after two applications the child was perfectly cured! I can my-
self vouch for apparent relief having been given to the unpleasant
result of midge bites, by allowing a snail to crawl over the inflamed
part of the arm, as this has been tried in my own garden with a most
satisfactory result. This brings me to the close of the second part of
my subject, and what I have said may, I think, show that some of our
slugs and snails may be of some value as human food and medicine,
and I hope some of our members may experiment further to prove
that these animals may be utilized so as to benefit man in this way.

III.—As food of other animals.

Here we have perhaps the most important uses of mollusca, espe-
cially as the principal food of many of our most valued wild animals,
tame and wild birds, and fresh-water fish. A case was brought to my
notice only a short time ago where two young tame pigeons which had
just been feeding in a meadow were killed and their crops were found
to be distended bya mass of Limncaa truncatula. This is a dangerous
little molluse to the farmer, as it has been proved to be the host of the
Liver Fluke (asciola hepatica), the well-known internal parasite which
has caused so much disease and destruction to our flocks of sheep.
Whilst on the other hand, the finest mutton, according to Borlase,
comes from pastures and downs where in the early mornings sheep eat
with the grass the small /Ve/ces and other snails crawling upon it,
which he states ‘“‘yield a most fattening nourishment to sheep.” /Yeix
hispida and Cochlicopa lubrica have been found in the crops of young
sparrows, and 77. caperata in the crop of a wood-pigeon. Fowls and

MASEFIELD : THE ECONOMIC USE OF SOME BRITISH MOLLUSCA,. 161

no doubt game birds feed on HZ. rufescens and other snails, and we all
know how greedily ducks feed on all molluscs and especially fresh-
water snails. Then again Ancylus fluviatilis, Physa, and Valvata, form
a considerable portion of the food of the Dipper, the Moor Hen, Coot,
Water Rail, and the Waders, and fish. The extent to which Thrushes
feed on snails is clearly shown by “Thrush stones” (or “ Thrushes’
altars ” as they are called), where these birds break up the shells of
snails for the purpose of feeding on the animals therein. The food of
the Blindworm (Azgu7s fragilis) consists almost exclusively of Agv70-
limax agrestis, and this reptile should in consequence be carefully
protected, instead of being destroyed as it generally is whenever caught.
The frog and other amphibians are also feeders on our small snails
and slugs. A few years ago I collected a number of Natterjack
Toads (Bufo calamita) in a wet ditch at Southport, and placed them
in a tin box. The next morning I found they had disgorged a large
_number of Planorbis spirorbis, which evidently forms their staple food
in that locality.

Huxley tells us that the Crayfish (Asfacus) feeds on freshwater
mollusca, eating shells and all. Molluscs also form food for the
Hedgehog in his nocturnal rambles, and both the Fox and Badger are
said to feed on snails and slugs when pressed by hunger. Mr. Adams,
in a note in Scence Gossip, gives his opinion that wild rabbits feed on
Flelix nemoralis, H!. aspersa,and FH. ttala, from the piles of the shells
of these molluscs which he found at the mouths of rabbit burrows on
the sand dunes in Ireland, empty and apparently gnawed by the rab-
bits. I think it is extremely probable that rabbits do eat these
molluscs as a means of obtaining moisture, as these sandhills are
entirely destitute of fresh-water or succulent food.

Anodons when thrown on a bank or left high and dry are a tempt-
ing morsel to Rooks and Jackdaws, which easily make a hole in the
shells with their beaks and extract the animals. On the table I have
placed shells thus pierced by Rooks. Water Voles and Rats, too, feed
on these molluscs, as well as Dretssensia, and Mr. Whitlock, in our
Journal (vol. 8, p. 205) states that he has found numbers of these shells
bitten all round the edges by Otters, and Mr. Harting confirms this,
and gives other instances, in his “Rambles in Search of Shells,” of
Otters feeding on bivalves. Water Shrews find welcome food in the
Spheerlidee, and Shrews, Bank and Common Voles feed greedily on
all the Zonztes and young He/ices, as collectors well know from the
disappointment they so often experience in turning over a promising
stone or log of wood, only to find the ground underneath traversed
by the runs of these little mammals, and littered with the broken

shells of the molluscs being sought for,
4

162 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

Trout and other fish all feed greedily on snails, and Jeffreys has
recorded the finding of 350 shells of Valwata piscinalis in the sto-
mach of a large eel. Bats have even been found feeding on Paludina,
Planorbis, and Anodonta, but I think they must have been much
pressed by hunger to do so. And, lastly, slugs are themselves canni-
bals, and thus assist in keeping up the balance of nature.

IV.—As articles of merchandise, and so contributing to the wage-
earning of men.

From what I have already said under my second heading, “As food
for man,” it logically follows that, if they are to be consumed in any
large quantities, molluscs must be gathered and collected and even
reared to supply a lucrative market. So we find in France and other
countries of the Continent, regular snail farms, or “‘ Escargatoirs,” at
Fribourg, Dijon, Troyes, Copenhagen, and in Lorraine, Brunswick,
Wiirttemberg, and other places, where some nineteen species of snails
are regularly collected and fattened for the market as being suitable
for food, especially during Lent. The price of Aedx nemoralis at
Toulouse is from five to ten centimes a dish, and Moquin-Tandon
purchased 7. asfersa at fifteen centimes per hundred, and 4. xemo-
ralis at five centimes per hundred. A. Asana sells at Marseilles at
about three francs per fifty kilogrammes, and the much-esteemed 7.
pomatia at one franc fifty centimes per hundred. In Paris, Harting
states the daily consumption of 7. pomatia to be 100,000, and Sim-
mons gives the profits of a snailery near Dijon at £300 a year.

Our members will recollect Mr. Darbishire’s most interesting notes
in our Journal (vol. 8, p. 374) “Ona Visit to a Snail Farm,” wherein
is described the collecting and fattening of these snails for market,
where they are sold wholesale at seventeen francs per thousand for
“sealed shells ” (that is, when closed by an epiphragm, or false oper-
culum for hibernation), and ten francs per thousand for open shells.
They are then despatched to Paris, where they come into season with
the first frost, and are boiled in their shells, and seasoned with fresh
butter mixed with parsley and a little garlic. Lovell says the Parisians
partake of from fifteen to twenty for breakfast, when they are said to
give a better flavour to wine. I have several times tried to establish
a colony of these snails in my own garden, but they have always
wandered away, and the last was brought back to me last spring after
an absence of three years, from a place half-a-mile distant, to reach
which it must have crossed the fields and one if not two roads.

Perhaps, however, the most lucrative species of our mollusca, from
a business point of view, is the pearl-producing Uvxio margaritifer.
Both Unio tumidus and U, pictorum sometimes produce pearls, but

MASEFIELD : THE ECONOMIC USE OF SOME BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 163

they are not of so good a colour as, and not to be compared either in
size or beauty with those found in U. margaritifer. The pearl fishery is
still carried on in the Tay and other rivers of Scotland, where this
mollusc is found, and during a dry season, when the rivers are low, as
much as £8 to £10 has been made weekly. In Ireland, near Derry
and Waterford, and in Donegal, near Gweedore, in the Clady river,
pearl shell fishery is carried on to a small extent, and at the latter
place I have had pearls offered to me by the peasants of more or less
value according to the clearness of the colouring. The price asked
is from ros. to £5 and more, and single pearls have been found there
and sold for £20.

In the Conway river and in other rocky streams in Wales this mus-
sel is also met with, and I can see no reason why a pearl fishery there
should not pay if systematically carried on, as besides yielding pearls
the empty shells of this bivalve are regularly manufactured into purses,
toys, fancy work, inlaid work, and ornaments of various kinds. The
Rev. J. G. Wood states that a pearl taken from the Conway river holds
a place in the crown of England.

Another use for these shells is to pulverize them to give to poultry
to cure the very common trouble with poultry-keepers of hens laying
shell-less eggs. Shells, too, if calcined, make excellent lime, which is
said to be stronger than that made from limestone. The shells of
Anodons are also used as cream skimmers and sugar and flour scoops,
and the valves of Unios were formerly always used by artists for hold-
ing their colours, hence the specific name pzcforum. I have submitted
thick shells of Unios found in this county to pearl button manufac-
turers in Birmingham, to see if they could utilize them in their trade,
but they state that these shells are more brittle than those obtained
from abroad, or else they would be available for manufacturing pur-
poses. Cannot some of our chemists devise some means of over-
coming this brittleness, and so give us a new industry ?

I do not think it is generally known that slugs, and especially the
freshwater mussel, Drezssensia polymorpha, are most tempting baits for
Perch, Chub, Trout, Eels, and other fish.

The shells of our larger He/ices are also used for making whistles,
toys, ornamental pincushions, shell boxes, and ornaments, and I be-
lieve it is still a custom with the peasants of Bundoran and Iona to
make necklaces of He/ix nemoralis and H. acuta, and to sell them to
tourists for threepence and fourpence each ; bracelets may also be
made of these shells, or of 4. z¢adz, forming very artistic articles of
adornment. Another use of shells is that of making tooth powder by
grinding them to dust ; perhaps this may have arisen from Pliny’s old
recipe, contained in his “ Natural History ” (vol. 5), where he says

164 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

that ‘the ashes of empty snail shells, mixed with myrrh, are good for
the gums, and that the grains of sand found in the horns of snails
introduced into hollow teeth, relieve the pain instantly.” The slime
of Helix aspersa has also been used in making cement, which is said
to have been one of the best and most durable, resisting every degree
of heat and moisture, and in confirmation of this we all know how fast
these molluscs attach themselves to walls or stones during hibernation.
Lister says that the glutinous exudation of this snail was formerly used
in bleaching wax. I doubt if all housekeepers are aware that at the
present day dishonest dairymen manufacture ‘‘cream” by means of the
mucous from snails squeezed into milk, which converts the latter into
thick cream, but perhaps, after all, “ where ignorance is bliss ’tis folly
to be wise” !

The last point I will mention is the value of deformed, or sinistral,
varieties of mollusca, which are so much sought after by collectors of
the present day, and which command a market value only known to
those who have given attention to the subject. I may say for instance
that the supposed market value of a sinistral specimen of the garden
snail (47. aspersa) is said to be a guinea, but I doubt if any are to be
obtained at the present time even at that price.

I have now very imperfectly put before you some facts, in an
endeavour to show that even the poor despised snails and slugs have
their use and place in nature while living, and that the former may
also be of some service to man when they are dead, both as food and
as articles of trade and commerce. It is now for our conchologists to
further investigate the life histories and uses of these animals, so that
we may take advantage to the fullest extent of their benefits to man.

aS BY SS 2

Limnza peregra abandoning its Shell.—On September 20th, 1898, ar
Upwey, near Weymouth, I was much surpzised to observe’ two specimens of Lz7.
peregra crawling about without their shells. The locality was a rapid shallow chalk
stream of clear water, containing great numbers of rather small examples. Seeing
the note by Mr. A. G. Stubbs on this question, in the October number of the
Journal, suggested to me the idea of adding my own observations on this remarkable
phenomenon. It is, I should imagine, almost certainly due to a disease of some sort.
—K. HuRLSTONE JoNEs, M.B.,R.N., H.M.S. ‘Repulse.’ (ead before the Society,
Nov. 9th, 1898).

Additional Note on Cecilioides acicula. — Re Mr. Wright’s Note on
Cectliotdes acicula (vol. 8, p. 395), years ago when exploring a Saxon cemetery,
near Witney, I found abundance of this shell on the bones of our forefathers. I
suggest the burial of bones as a trap for them in places where their presence is
known or suspected.—J. W. Horsiry, St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth. (ead
before the Soctety, Nov. 9th, 1898).

165
ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

(Continued from page 138).

By. J. T. MARSHALL.

Homalogyra atomus Phil. (continued).

Var. polyzona Brus. (Zrish Wat., vol. 6, p. 125).—Rathlin
Island, Antrim (Chaster). This differs from the type in having a
sculptured periphery.

Although usually living in Chrondus crispus and other dwarf sea-
weeds, in one locality at Guernsey this species occurs plentifully under
smooth stones with Azssoa cingillus.

H. rota F. & H.—Scilly Isles (Burkill and J.T.M.); Port Erin
(Leicester) ! Antrim (Chaster); Cumbrae (Robertson); Ayr Bay and
Campbelltown Loch (Scott)! W. Sutherlandshire (Baillie and J.T.M.);
Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm; Torbay; Killala Bay; Connemara;
Eigg Island; Oban. Raised beach at Shewalton, Ayrshire (Scott) !

Even this minute shell has its dwarf form, specimens from Iona
being only a quarter the size of those from Guernsey, where the
largest occur.

Czcum trachea Mont.—Lamlash Bay, Iona, Sound of Sleat,
and Loch Inver (Somerville and J.T.M.); Guernsey, rare; Scilly
Isles ; Skegness; Connemara; Mayo; Sligo; Iona; the Minch off
Loch Boisdale, 35 f., a young specimen, the furthest northern point
recorded.

The concentric rings which characterise this species are of every
degree of coarseness, and the shell also varies in the degree of curva-
ture. Young shells are more curved and tapering, not more “‘convex”
as misprinted in ‘“ British Conchology.”

C. glabrum Mont.—From very fine sand dredged off Guernsey
remarkably long and curved specimens occur, some being equal in
length to two ordinary examples, and forming almost a half-circle. In
this stage it is the Brochus arcuatus of Brown, who also made two
other species of different stages of the young. The shell of the fry is
at first a little flattish coil of 2-3 whorls, and then gradually lengthens
out as shown in Jeffreys’ figure. The young must be searched for
with a microscope, and care must be taken not to confound them with
the fry of Cyclostrema serpuloides with which they live, for they are
remarkably alike; but the latter, though of microscopic size, are
shaped like the parent, or a minute He/ix evicetorum, whereas the baby
Ceca are shaped like a miniature Valvata cristata. The drift sand
onic shell, but here again the fry of Cyclostrema serpuloides is equally
abundant.

166 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

Turritella Lm.—The Rev. Boog Watson, writing on this genus in
the ‘Challenger’ Report, says it has “‘two remarkable features which do
not seem to have been noticed ; the first is the system of microscopic
spirals which covers the entire shell, and the second is the presence of
an epidermis”; and he adds that ‘‘ hardly sufficient importance seems
given to the sinuation of the outer lip, which is a feature quite as dis-
tinctly marked as in Pleurotoma.” The outer lip is very thin and
brittle, and frequently imperfect, which is probably the reason why
neither Jeffreys’ nor Sowerby’s figures exhibit the peculiar sinuation
indicated by Dr. Watson ; but it is obvious in a perfect adult specimen.

T. terebra var. nivea Jeffr.—Scilly (Smart and others); Pen-
zance (Tregelles); Aberdeenshire (Simpson) ! Torbay, 12 f.; Dogger-
bank, 30 f.

Var. gracilis Jeffr.—Milford Haven (Span)! Aberdeenshire (Simp-
son)! Torbay; Pembrokeshire coast; Doggerbank, 3o f.; Loch
Boisdale, 30 f. An intermediate form is not uncommon.

Mr. Clark has given some very interesting details of the animal of
Turritella in his work, in which he says it is ‘‘one of the shyest of the
Gasteropoda ; its locomotion is unknown to me. I have examined
hundreds for hours, and never even saw it turn from one side to the
other. . . . . It never protrudes the head when immersed, but
entrenches itself within the operculum. . . . . I must, therefore,
for the present presume that they have scarcely the power of motion,
and though perhaps not bodily fixed, as in Vermetus, they are virtually
so.” Its inaptitude for motion arises from the:shortness of the foot,
and not from the length of the shell, as in other animals with elong-
ated shells the progression is sufficiently active. He also adds—
“The shell is singular in not having longitudinal ribs or varices, and
in this respect is, I believe, only resembled by the Acts ascaris and
Murex (Defrancia) teres.’ Aclis supranitida, however, must be
added to the foregoing.

The egg-capsules are lodged on the whorls of the shell, singly or in
small groups; they are oval in shape, with a small orifice at one end,
and are attached by a short stalk. The lower whorls of the shell are
invariably more loosely coiled than the upper. The Rev. R. W. J.
Smart has observed Odostomia pallida \odged on the opercula of speci-
mens dredged in the Shetlands.” It would be interesting to know if
this occurs elsewhere, but the Odostomie can only be found by break-
ing back the shell of the Zwrritedla, as the animal retires considerably
within it. It also affords a home outwardly for a variety of Calyf-
trea chinensis, already noticed.

x Brit. Mar. Test. Moll., p. 332-333, 1855.
2 New habitat for Odostomta pallida, J. Conch., vol. 5, p. 152, 1887.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 167

Truncatella truncatula Drap.—Jersey, Guernsey, and Sark ;
Torbay.

An absolutely smooth specimen is rare. Traces of the longitudinal
ribs may generally be seen in the sutural groove or on the shoulders
of each whorl. The immature truncated whorls, however, are always
smooth.

Scalaria turtonz Turt.—Scilly Isles, 40 f.; Doggerbank, 30 f. ;
Lancashire coast ; Rum Island, 33 f. Guernsey specimens are much
smaller and more slender.

S. communis Lm.—Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm, at low spring
tides, among Zostera.

This shell is not common in a living state. Dead specimens are
frequently cast ashore, but I have never known them taken alive in
any number on our coasts. The Torbay form is shorter, broader,
and highly coloured. I have a specimen from Liverpool Bay with the

delicate ribs of S. pseudoscalaris, but without the encircling keel which
_ distinguishes that species.

S. trevelyana Leach.—14 to 100 f., muddy sand. Off Peterhead,
58 f. (‘Triton’)! Aberdeen trawlers (Simpson)! Antrim (Chaster) ;
Scilly, 40 f.: 30 miles off Whitby, 40 f.; Rum Island, 33 f.; Barra,
14—45 f.; West Orkneys, 45 f.; East Shetlands, 25 f.

The young of this differs from .S. cla/hratula of the same size in
being thicker and more conical, with fewer ribs which are angulated
at the top, and a deeper suture. ‘The operculum varies according to
age, from a light horn colour in the young to almost black in the
adult. My largest, from the Doggerbank, are 1} inches in length. I
have never seen an adult specimen possessing the top whorls ; they
are always more or less truncated.

S. clathratula Ad.—This species is variable in its proportions ;
some slender individuals are only half the width of others. Jeffreys’
dimensions are much too large; the usual length is 0°25 inch, though
exceptional specimens from Guernsey and Laugharne have been found
exceeding 0'5 inch, and it was probably one of these that constituted
his type. The conditions so favourable to its growth on the Laugh-
arne coast are shared by S. /wrfon@, specimens thence exceeding two
inches in length. A finely ribbed form, which is scarce, has double
the usual number of ribs.

S. pseudoscalaris Brocchi.—Scilly, North Devon, and Pegwell
Bay.’ In the Montagu Collection in the Exeter Museum, two tablets
of S. communis have a specimen each of this species, which most
probably had a Devonian or Cornish origin. They also appear to
have escaped the notice of Dr. Jeffreys, who contributed an article on

1 J. Conch., vol. 5, pp. 190-192, pl. 1, f. 4, 1887.

168 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

the Montagu Collection to this Journal in 1879.1. Both Sowerby and
Jeffreys figure this species in their supplementary plates, but not well.

Cioniscus unicus Mont.—Living in sea-weeds at low-tide mark,
and dredged dead down to 95 fathoms. Jersey (Duprey and J.T.M.);
Scilly (Burkill and J.T.M.); Loch Boisdale, 17—70 f., and Sound of
Sleat, 80—95 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); W. Sutherlandshire
(Baillie) ! Sarkand Herm; St. Ives; Falmouth and Helford; Skeg-
ness; Southport; Caldy Island and Tenby; Pendine; Harlech ;
Connemara; Mayo; Sligo; Portrush; Portmarnock ; Oban, 25 f. ;
Vatersay Sound, Barra, 5 f.; W. Orkneys, 45 f. Raised beach at
Shewalton, Ayrshire (Scott) !

I have a specimen from Jersey, 1°5 lines in length, and fragments
of others which must have been two lines. Some examples are very
slender.

Aclis ascaris Turt.—Jersey, Sark, and Herm; Scilly Isles; St.
Ives and Porthcurnow ; Eddystone; Dawlish, Torbay, and other
parts of South Devon; Lancashire coast; Skegness ; Connemara ;
Mayo; Sligo; Loch Inver, 25 f.; Dornoch Frith.

Some specimens have a decided umbilicus ; others have a varicose
rib on the last whorl ; and in a few rare instances an example will be
met with that runs very close to an immature A. swpranitida.

A. supranitida S. Wood.—Jersey (Duprey and J.T.M.); Scilly
Isles (Smart and others); Dawlish (Webster)! Jersey; Herm ;
Borough Island ; Torbay; Babbacombe Bay ; Harlech; Aberdovey;
Lancashire coast, especially at Southport, where it is not uncommon
with A. ascaris; Skegness; Mayo and Sligo; Bundoran; Portmar-
nock ; Loch Inver, 25 f.

This pretty shell is extremely variable in size and sculpture, some
specimens from the same locality being three or four times the size of
others ; but they are not often met with of the size given by Jeffreys.
The largest I have are from Aberdovey, N. Wales, and exceed a
quarter-of-an-inch in length. Jeffreys’ plate figure differs from his
generic one; the latter is right, but the former has the suture too
deep and oblique, giving the shell a spindled appearance which it
does not possess. The animal has been re-described by Jeffreys.?

A. walleri Jeffr.—Dornoch Frith, W. Sutherlandshire, a single
specimen from shellsand; West Orkneys, 45 f. Also Atlantic off
Scilly, 690 f., with var. mznor Jeffr. (Porcupine) !

“The mouth in perfect specimens resembles that of Pherusa gul-
sone” (Jeffreys) ; but it is not sinuated to quite the same extent. The

t J. Conch., vol. 2, p. 1-4, 1879.
2 Proc. Zool. Soc., May, 1884, p. 343.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 169

more specimens of this rare mollusc that are brought to light by deep
dredging, the greater appears its range of variability. My Dornoch
specimen is slender, like Jeffreys’ and Sowerby’s figures ; but in the
Shetland specimens, which I consider the type, the lower whorls are
broader and more convex, and the upper ones proportionally more
slender. Sars gives a figure double the length of our shell, showing a
lengthened cone regularly proportioned, without the pinched-up apex
or the peculiar aperture ; similar specimens to this were dredged by
the ‘Porcupine’ off the coast of Portugal in 1,095 fathoms. Other
specimens procured by the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition show a great varia-
tion in size, as in the last species, some being three times the size of
British examples, with others dwindling down to the var. mnor of
Jeffreys (4. exigua G. O. Sars); while other forms from very deep
water in the Atlantic are sculptured, some with spiral and others with
longitudinal striz. An analogous case to the latter occurs in C7thna
tenella, which was described and is usually found to be a smooth shell,
but specimens of which dredged by the ‘Challenger’ and ‘Porcupine’
were found to be more or less striated, longitudinally or spirally. I
have also two specimens of another smooth species, Pherusa gulsone,
from deep water in the Mediterranean, that are sculptured with two
spiral striz round the periphery and one at the base of the upper
whorls.

Pherusa gulsonz Clk.—12 to go f. in fine sand. Isle of Man
(L.M.B.C.)! Arran Isles (Barlee) ; Loch Boisdale, 15 f., and Sound
of Sleat, 80—g0 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Jersey; Scilly ; Land’s
End; Eddystone; Borough Island; Torbay; off Dawlish; Bere-
haven; Connemara; Iona; N. Sutherlandshire; W. Orkneys, 45 f.;
Pentland Frith, 35 f. Also Vigo Bay, 20 f.; off Tangiers, 335 f. ;
and Pantellaria, 390 f. (‘Porcupine’) !

Var. tenuicula Jeffr.mGuernsey ; Scilly Isles; St. Ives; Fal-
mouth ; Berehaven ; N. Sutherlandshire ; W. Orkneys; E. Shetlands.

There are three sizes of this shell—one is 0°125 inch in length,
which I have from Guernsey only ; the second is of the dimensions
given by Jeffreys, and the third is the dwarf form ¢enwicula. Mr.
Clark in his description ascribes to this species a rudimentary tooth,
but I have found no sign of it in at least a hundred specimens.
There is no difficulty in identifying the species so long as the aperture
is perfect ; it is remarkably expanded outwards, and like no other
except 4. wa/leri; but when broken off, to which accident it is very
liable, its aspect is entirely altered, and it looks more like Odostomia
zivosa. Immature specimens of course have not the expanded outer
lip, and in this stage they very closely resemble O. mzxzma, the only
differences being that the latter has a more pointed apex and a more
slender spire.

170 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

I do not know of any good figure of this species. Jeffreys’ is bad,
and badly executed, and only likely to mislead the student. Sowerby’s
is nothing like. Forbes and Hanley’s has some resemblance to it, but
it is not slender enough, and the aperture is incorrect.

Odostomia Flem.—An accurate knowledge of this difficult and
prolific genus is not to be learnt or taught by the most concise de-
scriptions or from the most accurate of plates, but by an extended
experience in the examination of large numbers of specimens from
various localities, and by an intimate acquaintance with them both in
the field and in the study. There is no short cut to it. The difficul-
ties of identification are caused principally by the smooth members
of the genus possessing such few points of distinction, and these diffi-
culties are enhanced not only by the presence of varieties and of —
intermediate and immature forms, but by those individual and sexual
variations which exist in all univalve species, of having a shorter and
also a more slender form than the type, as well as a longer and a
shorter one, even the varieties presenting the same mutations. It is
these latter, more emphasized in some species than in others, which
form the groundwork of many of our named varieties, especially in the
Odostomie. In some species, where the sexes are separate, this varia-
tion only indicates the male and female; but the rule will be found
to obtain. in all species, univalve and bivalve. (Among bivalves, this
rule of variation exhibits not only a more globular and also a more
depressed form than the type, but likewise a longer and a broader form).
It is becoming more and more realised that to obtain a practical know-
ledge of any given group or species, a large number of specimens
from different localities must be examined, so as to obtain the range
of individual variation before generalising. No one, for example,
could write with any authority on the genus Homo by merely examin-
ing a couple, a dozen, or a hundred examples; but the more there
are examined, the more expansive becomes one’s ideas of their capaci-
ties for variation up to certain definable limits. is

Jeffreys’ descriptions of the Odostomie are excellent, and leave
nothing to be desired so far as conciseness and fulness go; but in
many critical species such a close comparison of the details is neces-
sary that they should be read side by side, which is of course impos-
sible in a bound volume ; and although in many instances the author
mentions in the text the main points in which they differ, these are
sometimes too short to be serviceable. The figures of the Odostomia
in “ British Conchology,” though not badly drawn, are very badly
printed, while those in “‘British Mollusca” are admirably drawn and
printed, but do not always correctly represent the type forms—in
some cases they even misrepresent them ; and the same must be said

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”’ 171

of Sowerby’s “Index.” Then the nomenclature of the genus shows
a great poverty of resource and want of intellectual ingenuity ; not
only species, but their varieties are called alba, albella, pallida, lactea,
etc., names that are equally applicable to almost every species and
variety in the genus.

The one good and permanent character of the Odostomie is un-
questionably the sinistral and inverted apex, which is constant
throughout the genus, although in some littoral species, and in those
frequenting rough ground, this may not be observable on account of
the apical whorls being often ground down to an obtuse point. The
character of the tooth is unreliable, as is also that of the umbilicus,
both of which are calculated to mislead beginners; the former is
often obscure or altogether absent in species characterised by a
tooth, while the latter varies considerably, even in the same species
when taken from one locality, from being open in some examples
to a mere fissure or imperforate in others. The following notes
‘indicate great variation in this character. Many of the Odostomia,
when aged, develope a deeper umbilicus and a more or less complete
peristome of the aperture, as in some species of Aissoe. The
umbilicus, where present, is just behind the tooth, and suggests a
needle having pierced the coiumella and madea slight excrescence
on the other side. Most of the species in the Zurbonilla and Eul-
mella sections have the lower whorls less compact, with deeper sutural
lines, as in Zurritella terebra.

Dr. Jeffreys has remarked on the difficulty of obtaining a perfect
pair of Cardium edule, but it is equally difficult in nearly all species,
to those who possess the critical faculty, to get two specimens that
shall be perfect fac-s¢miles, just as it is said there are no two human
beings alike, or no two leaves on a tree. The forms of the QOdos-
tomie are so varied that it would not be difficult, with large series of
examples, to run one into another in regular gradation ; but an accus-
tomed eye soon learns to detect, as by instinct, the family likeness of
each species. In the sculptured ones there is of course no diffi-
culty, and the rigid observance of one form as the type is not abso-
lutely necessary ; but in the smooth species, determinable as they are
principally by shape and outline, and all of them more or less minute,
it is essential to have a fixed type and to adhere to it. And if the
species themselves are difficult to identify, the figures even in the
standard works do not help the student much, from the difficulty of
determining what are the type forms. Three figures of the same
species in three different works may be found to be quite unlike each
other, though no doubt the authors had the same species before them.

(To be continued),

172
THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS.

IByy Ik, Sh (Go INVINS.) MloiSe:
With a PREFATORY NOTE by J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.

(Read before the Society, February 8th, 1899.)

PREFATORY NOTE.

Mr. L. St. G. Byne having requested me to give a few prefatial
remarks to his paper, it is with pleasure that I comply. It was at
my instigation primarily, that Mr. Byne took up the interesting and
important question as to the deterioration of marine shells in public
museums ; and, though I cannot vouch for his having actually solved
the enigma, yet he is assured that butyric acid is the cause,
and this is borne out in a remarkable way by several experiments
subsequently made by him. Indeed, if Mr. Byne’s researches do no
more than further discussion on the subject, they will have well
served their purpose. Hitherto the shells of mollusca have been
considered among the most enduring of created things, and a formid-
able vista of trouble in time to come looms before us when the
possibility of the decay of “types” is considered.

I first noticed the deterioration of a Mitra (Zierliana) ziervoge-
Zana in our National Collection, now many years ago and a year or two
afterwards the disease had spread to another example on the same
tablet. I have never had any specimen in my own collection thus
attacked, excepting one, and that I fancy must have come into my
possession diseased, and it was forthwith destroyed. But none of these
are glued or affixed in any way to tablets, as is the case in most public
museums, but are either placed loose on cotton wool, or in glass-
topped boxes. JI may add that I have seen too frequently in the
almost hermetically-sealed drawers under the cases in the British
Museum, a dulness first pervading the exterior of certain sooth
species more markedly e.g., Conus, Cyprea, and especially Naticide,
Then grey acid efflorescence, both tasting and smelling strongly
of vinegar, covers the whole surface like a powder, rising doubtless
from the interior, and the specimens are soon almost irretrievably
ruined. This evil being, therefore, of most serious significance, the
sooner one is able to cope with it satisfactorily the better, and I am
sure our best thanks are due to Mr. Byne for having been the first
to take the matter in hand. J. Cove

The subject under consideration in this paper is of the greatest
importance to private collectors of Mollusca, and also to curators of
museums.

BYNE: THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS. 173

I have added an Appendix, which contains purely chemical matter,
being a detailed account of the experiments performed, which can
if necessary be repeated by other workers. It has been a matter of
regret that, with the exception of a short note by Mrs. Kenyon, there
is no literature to consult; and, consequently, it was doubtful what
course my investigation should take.

The shells which formed the subject of my experiments were from
the National Collection at South Kensington, furnished me through
the courtesy and kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith. These alone are
referred to unless where otherwise distinctly stated. ‘The shells in the
cabinet drawers are in many instances either partially or entirely
destroyed, the surface being corroded and covered with a fine white
powdery substance, which can easily be scraped off with a knife.
This causes them to resemble Eocene mollusca.

Many species are quite unrecognisable on account of the surface
_ being eaten away so deeply. The destruction has travelled from shell
to shell and drawer to drawer, like a disease, several valuable speci-
mens having been spoilt. The mischief has assumed large propor-
tions, and being still on the increase, causes the greatest anxiety.

The most remarkable facts are :—

1.—Only marine species are attacked.

2,—Highly-polished shells, such as those of Cyfvea, are the most
liable to be affected.

4.—It does not extend to every specimen in a drawer, and of
several mounted on the same tablet, perhaps one only is
attacked.

4.—Loose shells are also destroyed, but there are comparatively
few of these compared with the number of those mounted on
cards.

5.—The shells affected are from twenty to fifty years old, but the
corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of about ten
years. The process is thus an extremely slow one.

6.—It occurs principally amongst the shells kept in drawers in
the dark, where the air is confined and seldom changed.

7.—If the tongue be placed against one of the shells, an astrin-
gent alum-like taste will be observed.

We now come to the consideration of possible causes of the corro-
sion. They appear to me to be four in number.

I1.—Danmp.
If the shells were placed in a room or gallery that was not properly
warmed, a very probable reason would be that a fungus had been

1 Notes on the Effects of the Atmosphere on the Shells of Mollusca, Proc. Roy. Soc,
Tasmania for 1896, p. 88, 1897.

174 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

formed, eating away the surface of the shell. The Shell Gallery of
the Natural History Museum is, I am assured, excessively dry. This
cause is, therefore, excluded. It may be interesting, perhaps, to many
collectors to know that in one instance practically the whole of a fine
collection of mollusca in Manchester was attacked by a fungoid
growth. This arose from the house being extremely damp. Removal
to a drier locality and treatment with pure spirit of turpentine restored
the shells to their normal condition. The turpentine was rubbed
over the surface of the shell, any excess being removed with a dry
cloth. The nuisance has never recurred. In no case of this sort has
turpentine been known to fail in its action.

II.—ACcTION OF SULPHURIC ACID.

It is well known that the atmosphere of cities contains free sul-
phuric acid (in addition to other sulphur compounds) derived from
household fires and the burning of coal-gas. This acting over a
period of years would slowly eat away the calcium carbonate of the
shell, forming calcium sulphate. If this were the explanation, then
the zo/e of the white powdery substance on the surface of the shell
would consist of calcium sulphate. Analysis, however, showed that
none was present. In order to give some idea of the amount of sul-
phur compounds in the air, I append some figures taken from a
paper by Dr. G. H. Bailey.’

SULPHUR COMPOUNDS EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER MILLION.

Owens College, Manchester ... clear breezy weather ... O'1 to O°5
Ditto dull hazy weather, winter months ... 2 to 5
Ditto slight fog ditto oo KD) 1K)
Ditto dense fog ditto ... 10 to 20

University College, London dittom yy Decr22-arSoom SORE

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London
dense fog Dec. 22, 1892 ... 38°17

Ditto ditto Dechy 235 1892) e159
St. George’s Hospital ...... ditto ditto sog HERO)

iHam\psteade ieee eee CULO ditto Se OMeMsiite)

III.—PRESENCE OF SALT.

Shells that had not been soaked in fresh water before being placed
in the cabinets would contain salt, not only in the epidermis, but
also held mechanically amongst the particles of calcium carbonate
It is highly probable that its presence would exert a deleterious
influence.

Chemical tests showed that it was practically absent in the shells
examined, a fact that occasioned some surprise.

xt Some Aspects of Town Air as compared with that of the Country, Manchester Memoirs,
ser. 4, vol. 8, for 1893-4, p. 8, 1894.

BYNE: THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS, 175

Mrs. Kenyon, in the paper above mentioned, says :—‘‘I had the
opportunity of visiting a collection on which the near vicinity of the
sea had the effect of partially destroying the enamel of the dorsal
surface by streaks or clouds of a whitish or lime-like substance, the
saline particles held in solution in the atmosphere evidently exerting
a corroding effect in this instance.” It must be pointed out that so
far as we at present know, the gases which constitute our atmosphere
(oxygen, nitrogen, argon, etc.) have no power to dissolve saline par-
ticles. Solid particles of salt are, however, held mechanically in minute
amounts.

As the shells under consideration were not near the sea, we may
dismiss this cause from our further consideration.

IV.—ACTION OF AN ACID SUBSTANCE.

After carefully considering all the facts in my possession, I have
come to the conclusion that the corrosion is due to the action of
butyric acid.

Upon opening the box of shells sent me by Mr. E. A. Smith, I at
once noticed a pungent vinegar-like odour, which pervaded the
fingers and everything that came in contact with them. This pointed
to the presence of acids of the acetic series. Analysis showed that
every shell contained butyric acid as calcium butyrate. A few con-
tained calcium acetate. Butyric acid is a product of the fermentation
of animal matter, and its original source was found in the following
manner :—A specimen of Strombus tricornis was soaked in distilled
water for a week. A piece, about the size of a pea, of a greyish
gelatinous substance was found at the bottom of the glass vessel.
This had come from the interior of the shell, and chemical tests
showed it to be organic matter. The shell had probably been more
than twenty years in the Museum.

This at once furnished the explanation which I now bring forward,
namely :—That the pieces of the animal left in the shell through
insufficient cleaning or otherwise, ferment, setting free butyric acid.
This substance is extremely volatile, and pervades the whole of the
drawers and cabinets. The amount present can only be extremely
small, but acting as it does for so many years, it slowly eats away the
surface to a considerable extent, converting the calcium carbonate
into calcium butyrate.

The reason that land and freshwater species are not attacked is
that their epidermis acts, so to speak, as a coat of mail. Hence,
highly-polished species of Cyfv@a, etc., are the most liable to corro-
sion through lack of such protection,

176 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

The fact that the shells exposed to daily public inspection in the
top cases are less attacked is explained on the hypothesis that the
light acts as a deterrent.

In one case of three shells mounted on the same tablet, only the
middle one is corroded. It surely will be granted that from some
yet unexplained cause some shells will be more liable to attack
than others.

The question of the dryness or moisture of the room or gallery
does not arise—for, according to the equation expressing the reaction,
for every hundred grammes of calcium carbonate acted upon, eighteen
grammes of water are set free. Moisture is thus continually supplied.

I have also come to the conclusion that the gum used in attaching
the shells to the tablets has something to do with the corrosion. This
is supported by the following arguments :—

1.—The majority of the shells affected in the National Collection
are gummed to tablets.

2.—As far as can be ascertained, the corrosion has never occurred
in private collections where the shells are, and always have
been, loose.

3.—It has not occurred, so far as I am aware, in the extensive
series of mollusca in the Manchester Museum. The speci-
mens of the Swainson Collection have been for more than
forty years stored there, and those of the Cholmondeley and
Walton Collections not so long. The Swainson shells were
formerly affixed to glass tablets, cemented with Canada Bal-
sam, a cement that does not ferment, although its effects in
other ways are prejudicial to the specimen, breaking away the
epidermis, and leaving an indelible mark at the point of attach-
ment. All shells in the above museum are, however, now
loose, and placed on cotton wool in cardboard boxes with
glass lids. A far different state of affairs exists, unfortunately,
in another museum with which I am acquainted. The disease
we are now striving to combat has existed there, unchecked
and increasing, for many years, and the results are more than
deplorable.

The gum ferments, acetic acid being formed. This eats away the
calcium carbonate, forming calcium acctate; this latter substance
was found in several of the shells examined, in addition to the cal-
cium butyrate. Many recipes for gum contain acetic acid, which is
added as a preservative. Probably some was used forty or fifty years
ago at the British Museum, although I am assured that none has been
used of late.

BYNE : THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS. — 177

V.—PREVENTION.

In the case of those shells which are badly affected, nothing can be
done, and their instant removal is absolutely essential, for if left they
only increase the mischief with those just beginning to shew signs of
corrosion. I recommend that they be soaked for twenty-four hours
na solution of corrosive sublimate (1 part in 1,000 water) and then
thoroughly dried.

As an experiment a// shells should be subjected to such a treat-
ment, in the hope that it may prove effectual. It is quite impossible
to say beforehand whether this will be an infallible remedy. Time
only can prove its efficacy.

SUMMARY.

1.—The corrosion is caused by the action of butyric acid upon
the calcium carbonate of the shells.

2.—The butyric acid was derived originally from the decay of
pieces of animal left in the shells. —

3.—A subsidiary cause is the action of acetic acid, formed by the fer-
mentation of the gum, used in attaching the shells to the tablets.

4.—The white powdery substance upon the surface of the affected
shells consists of calcium butyrate, mixed in some cases with
a little calcium acetate.

5.—In all probability treatment with corrosive sublimate solution
(1 in 1,000) will prove an effectual remedy.

APPENDIX.
The tests are numbered consecutively for convenient reference.
I.—The fine powdery substance was scraped off with a knife, care
being taken not to bring away any of the shell.

1.—A small quantity was placed in a watch-glass, and a few drops
of dilute hydrochloric acid added. No effervescence took
place, thus shewing calcium carbonate to be absent. A most
marked smell of vinegar was evolved, pointing to the presence
of acetic acid. Probably some butyric acid was also present
with it.

2.—Another portion was heated strongly in a hard glass tube.
Slight charring took place, owing to the presence of organic
matter. An aromatic odour was given off, shewing presence
of calcium salts of fatty acids (acetic and butyric).

3.-—Mixed with arsenious oxide, and heated in a hard glass tube,
the characteristic garlic-like odour of cacodyl, was evolved,
shewing the presence of an acetate.

II.—The shells were broken into small pieces, and placed in a
beaker of distilled water, the whole being left to macerate for a week.

178 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

Calcium butyrate is less soluble in hot than in cold water. In the
case of a specimen of Strombus tricornis, a small piece of greyish
gelatinous matter came from the interior of the shell. This was
proved to be organic matter by the two following tests :—

4.—A portion was heated to redness in a porcelain basin. It
charred, giving off the odour of burnt feathers.

5.—Another porticn was heated in a hard glass tube, with a small
piece of sodium. ‘The tube, whilst still hot, was plunged into
cold distilled water, and the whole filtered.

The filtrate was tested

(a) With sodium nitroprusside, which gave a purple colora-
tion (sulphide). _

(2) With ferrous sulphate and ferric chloride; on adding
dilute hydrochloric acid, a blue coloration was produced,
shewing the presence of a cyanide, derived from the nitro-
genous matter of the piece of substance examined.

The solution obtained by the maceration of the shells was filtered,
and the clear filtrate tested as follows :—

6.—A few drops of acetic acid and then ammonium oxalate solu-
tion were added. A heavy white precipitate showed the
presence of much soluble calcium salt.

7.—Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution were added.
No precipitate showed the absence of a chloride (salt, etc.).

8.—Dilute nitric acid and barium nitrate solution were added.
No precipitate was formed, showing the absence of a sulphate.

9.—Neutral solution of ferric chloride was added. A deep red
coloration was produced, and on boiling a_reddish-yellow
precipitate was thrown down, showing the presence of an
acetate.

1o.—A few drops of alcohol and strong sulphuric acid were added,

and the whole was warmed thoroughly. A pleasant odour
was evolved, resembling that of pears. ‘This pointed to the
presence of butyric acid. In order to confirm this, a little
pure butyric acid was neutralised with caustic soda and
warmed with alcohol and sulphuric acid. An identical odour
was evolved. There can be no doubt that the white powdery
substance is calcium butyrate.

My best thanks are due to Mr. W. H. Hurtley, B.Sc., for his help
in conducting these experiments, and to Mr. R. Standen for many
kind suggestions.

I shall always be pleased to receive criticisms or suggestions.

8, SEA VIEW TERRACE,
SEATON, DEVON.

179

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

276th Meeting, January 11th, 1899.

Mr. Thomas Rogers in the Chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, no. 1; the Scottish Naturalist, no. 29, Jan., 1899;
the Naturalist, no. 504; Science Gossip, vol. 5, no. 56; Memoirs and Proceed-
ings, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 42, part 5; La Feuille
des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 339; Die Opisthobranchier der Sammlung
Plate, by R. Bergh ; four pamphlets on Zoological Nomenclature and Priority, by
Rey. T. R. R. Stebbing ; Catalogue special, no. 1, de la Bibliotheque des Jeunes
Naturalistes, 1898 ; Notes on Cytherea ( Tivela) crassatelloddes Conrad, with descrip-
tions of many varieties, by R. E. C. Stearns ; Description of a species of Acteon,
from the Quaternary Bluff at Spanish Bight, San Diego, California, by R. E. C.
Stearns ; Check- List of Non-Marine Mollusca of South Africa, by J. C. Melvill and
J. H. Ponsonby ; Variation in the shell of Helix nemoralis in the Lexington Va.,
Colony, by J. L. Horne.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Mr. John Edward Crowther ; Mr. C. B. Crampton.
Papers Read.
‘* imax cinereo-niger in Carnarvonshire and Derbyshire,” by Chas. Oldham.
“‘The occurrence of Limncea peregra var. burnettt in Lake Windermere,” by
K. Hurlstone Jones.

** Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ (cozétznzation),” by J. T. Marshall.
“* Vertigo alpestris Alder in Lancashire, ” by R. Standen.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. D. Dean: An interesting collection of marine shells, from Cheefoo,
China, which, although mainly beach shells, included some very fine examples of
Cancelaria spengleriana, Soleteliina japonica, and others.

By Mr. K. Hurlstone Jones: A fine series of European land shells, including
Flelix aspersa vary. untcolor and sonata; H. marmorata and var. alba; FH. lactea
and var. grisea, H.pisana, H. conspurcata, H. lens, H. apicina ; Hyalinia helvetica ;
Rumina decollata; and HA. acuta, from Gibraltar. Ctonella retsst ; Helix conozdea,
H. lanuginosa, and varieties of 1. pisana, H. virgata, and H. lactea, from Alge-
ciras. Helix aspersa var. unicolor ; and varieties of H. nenzoralis, from Arosa Bay.
Also a beautiful set of Helex hortens¢s, from Osmington, Dorset, shewing transitional
colour gradations between varr. zucarnata, lilacina, olivacea, and /utea; a sub-
scalariform specimen of 7. asfersa, and examples of ‘ repaired’ shells from Dorset ;
a scalariform /. vzrgata, from Upover, Dorset; Lemnaea peregra var. burnettz,
from Loch Skene, and what he believed to be the same variety from Lake Winder-
mere—but this may prove to be an intermediate form between the var. /acustris and
the true dzzzet¢2, which latter it resembles in the peculiar intortion of the spire, but
is more angled at the shoulder of the whorls.

A large number of duplicates collected by Mr. Jones at Gibraltar and Algeciras
were distributed amongst the members present.

By Mr. R. Standen: Vertigo alpestris Alder, from the Roughlee Valley, Pendle
Forest ; and a choice series, from the Gulf of California, of Erato vitellina, E.
columbella, Pustularia pustulata, Trivia pulla, T. radians, T. sanguinea, T. cali-
fornica, and Pedicularia californica.

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire : Pedzcularza sicula and varieties, from the coralline
zone, Messina, and elsewhere in the Mediterranean.

180 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

277th Meeting, February 8th, 1899.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the Chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, no. 2; the Naturalist, no. 505; Science Gossip,
vol. 5, no. 57; Journal of Malacology, vol. 7, no. 1; Feuille des Jeunes Natura-
listes, ser. 3, no. 340; the Nautilus, vol. 12, no. 9; Journal of Applied Microscopy,
vol. I, no. II.

Donation to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :—

Claustlia semtdenticulata Pfr., from Asia Minor, by Mr. J. Bliss.

New Members Elected.
Mr. John Edward Crowther, Portland Street, Elland.
Mr. Cecil B. Crampton, M.B., C.M., 17, Parsonage Rd., Withington, Manchester.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mr. T. A. Appleton; Mr. H. Brooksbank; Mr. A. E. Wilson.

Resignation of Member.
Miss J. E. Linter.
Papers Read.

“*Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets,” by L. St. G. Byne, with a Prefatory Note by
J. Cosmo Melvill.
“ Vertigo pusilla Miiller in Lancashire and Westmorland,” by R. Standen.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. C. Melvill: Two beautiful specimens of Cochlostyla damahoy? Pfr.,
one of them being the type, from the collection of the late Mr. Patrick Dalmahoy,
W.S., of Edinburgh, who died in 1873. This specimen was procured at the sale
of Mr. Dalmahoy’s effects on Oct. roth, 1873, at Stevens’ Auction Rooms. Mr.
Melvill drew attention to the erroneous spelling of the specific name by Pfeiffer
(Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 328), which has been copied by Paetel, Clessin, Tryon,
and others, and which ought to be ‘dalmahoy7,’ instead of ‘damahoyz.’

By Mr. Thomas Rogers: Specimens of Pararhytida dictyotdes Pfr., from New
Caledonia ; Chlorites rehset von Marts., and Fapuina brumertensis Forbes, New
Guinea ; and Papuzna ramsdent Angas, Solomon Islands.

By Mr. Edward Collier: Physa heterostropha Say, taken near Birmingham ;
and Claustlia perversa var. albina from Barnt Green, Worcestershire.

By Mr. R. Standen: Vertigo pusilla, from new localities in Lancashire and
Westmorland (exhibited on behalf of Mr. A. W. R. Roberts); Pyramzdula
cockerellt Pils.; Polygyra rhyssa Dall; and Polygyra ashmunit Dall, New Mexico.

A series of diseased shells from various collections, private and public, was
shown in illustration of Mr: Byne’s paper.

278th Meeting, March 8th, 1899.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the Chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, no. 3; the Mollusca of Dorsetshire, by J. C.
Mansel-Pleydell (/rom the author); the Nautilus, vol. 12, no. 10; Journal de
Conchyliologie, vol. 46, no. 2; the Naturalist, no. 506; Science Gossip, vol. 5,
no. 58; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 341.

New Members Elected.

Thos. Alfred Appleton, M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 46, Britannia Rd., Fulham, S. W.

Hugh Brooksbank, M.B., B.C., B.A., College Road, Windermere.

Arthur Ernest Wilson, 228, Victoria Street, Grimsby.

SCALARIA FIMBRIOLATA : VERTIGO PUSILLA. 181

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mrs. Blundell; Mrs. Smith; Mr. G. E: Mason; Mr. G. M. Morris; Mr.

J. E. Neild.
Papers Read.

“ Ferviera, a new genus of Pyramidellide,” by J.Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen.

*« A contribution towards a list of the Marine Mollusca of Tenby and neigh-
bourhood,” by Bartlet Span.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. C. Melvill: Pyramidella glans Rve., Odostomia levis Ang., Tus-
bonilla templaris Mely., Pyrgulina casta Ads., Larthenia kreffit Ang., Syrnola
elegans Ads., and S. karachiensis Melv., to illustrate the paper on Herviera.

By Mr. Bartlet Span: A fine series of British marine mollusca, illustrating the
more important species and varieties mentioned in his paper on ‘‘ The marine
mollusca of Tenby.”

By Mr. E. C. Stump: Some very beautiful and unusual varieties of Cyprea
dectpiens Smith, from West Australia.

boa Geog

Note on Scalaria fimbriolata Melv.—Two specimens of this exquisite Sca-
lavia were dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend in the same region (Persian Gulf) as
the type, which is now in the British Museum. The additional material thus to hand
tends to confirm the distinctness of this mollusk from its nearest congener S. deczs-
sata Kien.(=S. kiener? Weink.), the lamellze being closer, finer, and more fimbriolate,
the upper portion of the whorls straighter, leaving a narrow, pseudo-canaliculate
suture. The second and larger example, 52 mm. long, was found off Sheik Shuaib
I., the third off Maskat. Its occurrence is, therefore, probably general at the
entrance to the gulf. S. decwssata also occurred, found at fifteen fathoms, by Capt.
Tindall of the S.S. ‘ Patrick Stewart,’ off the Angrias Banks, west of Bombay, he
having dredged there at Mr. Townsend’s request. Probably the large example
will soon be in the British Museum; the third specimen has been lately presented
to Mr. Melvill by Mr. Townsend. Another exceedingly beautiful, though small,
Scalarvéa has also been discovered by Mr. Townsend, dredged in fifteen fathoms, off
Malcolm Inlet, Persian Gulf, and has been recently described as S$. malcolmensts
Mely. It will be placed in sequence next to S. dzan@, which is, however, a more
extraordinary shell still, both, however, agreeing in the uniform, triangular lamelle,
more closely set in the new species and not projecting at so wide an angle. Of this
two examples occurred.—J. CosMO MELVILL (Read before the Soctety, March 9th,
1898.

Vertigo pusilla Miiller in Lancashire and Westmorland.—An interesting
series of V. pusilla, which I exhibit on behalf of Mr. A. W. Rymer Roberts, is
particularly noteworthy by reason of its adding another to our meagre list of Lanca-
shire localities, together with no fewer than four separate records for Westmorland,
from which county it has not been previously reported by those conchologists who
have investigated the molluscan fauna of the Lake district. All the localities are
near Lake Windermere, the Lancashire one being Ferry, and the others Calgarth,
Ellery Bank, Rayrigg, and St. Catharine’s. The shells were collected in fair
numbers during 1897-98, and are of precisely the same type as those from Silver-
dale and Grange-over-Sands (see p. 113 of this volume).—R. STANDEN (Read before
the Society, February 8, 1899).

182

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
“‘The Mollusca of Dorsetshire (marine, estuarine, freshwater, and land) and

the Brachiopoda,” by J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL. Dorchester, 1898.

We hail the appearance of this concise and well-arranged county hand-book
with unusual satisfaction. It is, we trust, the pioneer of many similar catalogues,
compiled on the plan of our best local floras. It is dedicated to Mr. E. Ruthven
Sykes, who has ably“assisted the author in the bibliography and nomenclature,
adding much to the value of the work.

We should, however, like to take the opportunity of enquiring about one or
two knotty points, on which it might be well to invite discussion.

Are adjectival names, ¢.g., Polita, Vitrea, Retusa, Arctica, even though upheld
by the law of priority, to be allowed to stand, or does their retention not violate one
of the primary canons of nomenclature ?

Is not Pyramidula Fitz. too near Pyramidella Lam. ? Is not Azla Brug.,
1789, antedated by Amphiperas Gronoy., 1781; must not 4Aporrhais Aldrov. (red.
in syn.) fall before Chenopzs Phil.; and is not Péychina Phil. far more recent than
either Axinus J. Sowb., 1821, or Cryptodon Turt., 1822?

We only note one omission of any importance, that of Vertzgo moulinsiana
Dup., which was recorded by Mr. R. Standen (/. Conch., vol. 6. p. 348, 1891),
as occurring in 1889-90 at Morden, Dorset, in large quantity.

One other point: He/7x, we note, is rightly sub-divided according to Smith
and Pilsbry’s views. Why are not certain other genera, ¢.¢., Massa and Lzssoza
so treated? As the author says in his preface, much requires to be done with re-
gard to the latter genus, and yet certain sub-genera (or genera) are recognised
almost universally, and fairly well defined.

But all these are only minor points, and which in nowise detract from the value
of the work, and from our great admiration of the thoroughness and zeal with which
Mr. Mansel-Pleydell has completed his task, again placing under much obligation
to him not only the naturalists of Dorsetshire, but of all English counties.

‘“‘Die Opisthobranchier der Sammlung Plate,” by R. Bercu [Aplyscopsis
juanina, 0.g., n.sp., and 11 other nn. spp. from west coast of S. America, 6 pls. ]-

“Check List of non-marine mollusca of South Africa,” by J. C. MELVILL
and J. H. PONSONBY.

“Variation in the shell of Helix nemorali’s, in the Lexington, Va., Colony,”

by J. Lewis Howe [Reprint from American Naturalist, vol: 32, no. 384,
December, 1898].

Papers on Nomenclature, by the Rev. T. R. R. STEBBING.

‘«¢ The most pious priority purist,’ on the lobster, the crayfish, and Professor
Bell.” ‘The lobster and the crayfish: a reply.” ‘‘Astacus vindicated as the
lobster’s genus.” ‘‘On random publishing and rules of priority.” ‘*‘ Remarks, on
the proposed international code.”

The Nautilus, vol. 12, nos. 6-10, Oct., 1898-Feb., 1899.

“A new Spheriam” [S. Lilycashense Joliet], by F. C. BAKER. ‘‘ Description
of a new species of Ofivella” [O. blanes¢, Cardenas, Cuba], by JOHN Forp. ‘‘ An
interrogation in regard to Septifer bifurcatus Rve. and ALytilus bifurcatus Conrad”
[inconstancy of septum renders generic diagnosis uncertain], by Mrs. M. B.
WILLIAMSON. ‘* Note on Seftifer befurcatus Conrad” [gives diagnostic char-

BIBLIOGRAPHY. - 183

acters], by H. A. Pitspry and W. J. RAyMonp. ‘‘ Nomenclature of some African
land-shells” [Zzxea neecrostoma, Vertigo thaumasta, Curvella has precedence of
Alapalus and Fauxulus of Faula], by C. F. ANCEY.

‘¢ Shell-collecting at Mount Desert, Maine,” by J. B. HENDERSON. ‘‘A new
Polygyra from New Mexico” [P. wzorhyssa], by W. H. DALL. ‘“‘ Description of
anew Ampullaria from Florida” [A. pznez], by W. H. Dati. ‘‘ New Polygyras
from White Mountain, New Mexico” [P. altisstma, P. rhyssa var. hyporhyssa] by
T. D. A. CocKERELL. ‘‘ New Pisidia” [P. ropferz, P. fallax v. septentrionalis,
P. walkeri v. mainensis|, by V. STERKI. ‘‘ Haltotts cracherodtt var. californiensis
Swainson,” by H. A. PILSBRY.

““ Descriptions of new species and varieties of American Zonitidz and Endodon-
tide” [Pyramtdula cockerelli, P. striatella catskillensis, Omphalina fuliginosa
polita, Gastrodonta clappi, Zonitoides randolphiz], by H. A. PILsBRY. ‘‘Anodonta
enebectlis, Hermaphroditic,” by V. STERKI. ‘San Diego, California, as a collect-
ing ground” [list of 83 spp. collected in one day], by F. W. Keuszy. ‘“* New
species of Bzfidaria” [B. perversa, B. dalliana, Arizona], by V. STERKI. ‘‘ Note
on the generic names of two groups of Achatiénide,” by C. F. ANcEy. ‘‘ A new
Unio from Texas’ [U. zherizgz], by B. H. WricH?.

“Collecting shells in the Klondike country,” by P. B. RANDOLPH. ‘‘ Uvosat-
pinx cinereus in San Francisco Bay,” by R. E. C. Srearns. ‘‘ Pornatolithus
jacubyensis, n.sp.” [Brazil], by H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘ Remarks on the American
species of Cozulus” [with annotated list of American forms], by H. A. PILSBRY.
*¢Some studies on the morphology of the Cycladidz,” by V. STERKI. ‘‘Station
of Limnea gracilis,” by R. J. KIRKLAND. ‘‘ Notes on the zzdentata group of
Vitrea,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL.

“¢ Collecting in the Great Smokies,” by J. H. Ferriss. ‘‘ New American land
shells” [Vetvea rhoadst, Succtnea retusa magister, n.var.], by H. A. PILSBRY.
‘‘ Preliminary description of a new variety of Ha/zot7s” [| A. fulgens v. walallensis],
by R. E. C. STEARNS.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 7, no. 1, Dec., 1898.

“ Description of a new species of Cryptosoma (C. austenz),” by W. E. COLLINGE
[with pl. i]. ‘‘In memoriam: M. H. Crosse,” by Rev. A. H. Cooke. ‘‘On the
dimensions of some Arion empiricorum Fér.” [22°5 X 3cm.], by G. BREEDEN.
““ New locality for Aygromia revelata” (St. Columb Minor, Cornwall], by B. B.
Woopwarp. ‘“‘Limax variegatus Drap. var. rufescens Mog. in Warwickshire,”
“Slugs from N. Devon” [Amalia sowerbtt vary. nigrocarinata, pluimbea, flavescens
nn.] by W. E. COLLINGE.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 46, no. 2 [dated ‘‘ter Avril, 1898,” received

Feb. 11, 1899].

**Deuxieme contribution a l’étude de la Faune malcologique du Nord-Ouest de
lV Afrique” [with pl. v.-ix.], by P. PALLaRY.

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, for

1897, vol. 31.

‘“*A second supplement to a census of the fauna of the older tertiary of Australia,”
by RALPH TATE.

Australian Museum, Report of Trustees for the year 1897.

“* Mollusca,” by CH. HEDLEY, T. WHITELEGGE, and T. COOKSEY.
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 22, part 2, Dec.

1898.

**On two new cretaceous bivalves,” ‘‘ On some Australian species of Eulimidze
and Pyramidellide”’ [Z. orthopleura, E. commensalis, E. indiscreta, Eulimella
tricincta, Odostomia (Syrnola) tnfrasulcata, O. (Pyrgulina) mayit, nn.spp., all

184 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

figured], ‘‘On some recent and fossil Australasian species of Phzlobrye” [P. fim-
briata, P. bernardi, P. prenuntia, nn.spp., figured], by R. TATE.
The Naturalist, nos. 501-505, Oct., 1898-Feb., 1899.

“* Viviparus contectus near Askern,” by J. E. CROWTHER. ‘“‘ Zestacella halio-
tidea at Gainsborough,” by F. M. Burron. “Note on Aalea perversa, etc., in
North Lincolnshire,” by A. SmitH. ‘‘ Extracts from a conchologist’s notebook—
3, To Wistow and Cawood for Limnea glabra; 4, From Selby to Camblesforth
and Gowdall for Zzmnea glabra,” by W. NELSON. “‘ Food as influencing variations
in Helices,” by J. HAWKINS.

Science Gossip, vol. 5, nos. 53-58, Oct., 1898-March, 1899.

“Armature of helicoid landshells,” by G. K. GupE. ‘‘ Helix nemoralis eating

sand,” by R. ASHINGTON BULLEN. ‘‘ Mollusca in Norfolk,” by R. ASHINGTON
3ULLEN. ‘“‘Aortoliémax levis var. maculatus,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL. ‘‘ Helex

‘nemoralis in Ireland.” ‘Fossils from millstone grit” [Note on Pule Hill], by Wo Jal
GRUNDY. ‘‘ Pleistocene beds of the Lower Thames valley,” by A. S. KENNARD.
“¢ Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Isle of Wight,” by the late C. ASHFORD.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, nos. 336-341, Oct., 1898-Mar., 1899.

**Organes des sens chez les mollusques terrestres,” by L. GERMAIN. ‘“‘ Les
Cyclostomes du Nord-ouest de Afrique,” by P. PALLARY. ‘* Mode de nourriture
de Helix hortensis.” ‘* Revision des Pleurotomes éocenes du bassin de Paris,”
by E. DE Boury. ‘‘Le Pupzlla cupa Jan (alpicola Charp.) dans les Alpes fran-
caises,” ‘* Les /sthmza de la faune francaise” [Z. wznutissema, L. strobelt, I. claus-
tralts|, by E. MARGIER.

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 7, nos. 10-12, Nov.-Dec., 1898; vol. 8, nos. 1, 2,

Jan., Feb., 1899.

«*« Supplementary notes on the mollusca of south-west Ireland,” by A. G. SruBBs
and LIONEL E. Apams [figure of Zémmea involuta). ‘‘ Hydrobia jenkinsé Smith
in Co. Down,” by R. WELCH.

The Annals of Scottish Natural History, no. 29, Jan., 1899.

“‘ Notes on the effect of the recent October gale upon marine life on the coasts
of the Lothians,” by W. Evans. ‘‘ Rossta macrosoma and Eledone cérrosa on the
East Lothian shore,” by W. EVANs.

Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, nos. 1145, 1149.

“* Description of a species of Acteon from the Quaternary Bluffs at Spanish
Bight, San Diego, California,” by R. E.C. STEARNS. ‘‘ Notes on Cytherea ( Tzvela)
crassatellotdes Conrad, with descriptions of many varieties,” by R. E. C. STEARNS.

$:-O@:p =

Helices climbing in dry weather.—On the 23rd September, at the end of
almost a month’s extremely dry weather, when everything was brown and parched,
I was surprised to see numerous specimens of Helix hortensis, H. aspersa, and A.
rufescens at considerable elevations on a hedge at Wyke near Weymouth. The
molluscs were exposed to the full glare of the afternoon sun, and had retired far
within their shells. Many of them were ten and twelve feet from the ground.
They were adherent by dried mucus to the leaves and twigs. A. we7-gata I also
noticed had climbed to the tops of the stalks and blades of grass in the same
vicinity. That the above-mentioned species ofien climb high in the hedges in wet
weather I am well aware, but I have not before noticed the tendency to do so when
it is very dry. .I imagine the object of the molluscs is to obtain the fullest benefit of
the heavy dew, which is especially deposited on leaves, grass-blades, and other
projecting objects.—K. HURLSTONE JONES, M.B., R.N.,H.M.S. ‘Repulse.’ (Read
before the Soctety, Nov. 9th, 1898).

185
HERVIERA, A NEW GENUS OF PYRAMIDELLID&é.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., anD ROBERT STANDEN,
(Read before the Society, March 8, 1899).

AmoncstT the marine mollusca described by us in October, 1896, from
the Loyalty Islands, was a very erratic member of the Pyramidellide,
which, with considerable diffidence, we provisionally placed in the
genus Pyzgulina, under the name P. glirzel/a. This was a very minute,
obtusely-oval, rather solid shell, thickly ribbed longitudinally, purplish
pink in colour, and superficially much like Zafra pupordea A. Ad. in
miniature, but with the aperture oval, peristome continuous, thickened,
columella strongly uniplicate.

Another species, to be described below, having recently come to
hand, prompted us to examine the original type more closely, and we
now decide that it 1s necessary to propose a new genus for their
reception, as follows :—

Herviera, gen. nov.

Testa minuta, ovata vel oblonga, obesa vel attenuata, solidiuscula, per-
levis, nitida, violacea, punicea, vel brunneo-tincta ; anfractus sex vel
septem, quorum apicales 14 vel 2, heterostrophi, vitret, globulares,
colorati, nitentes,; cetert apud suturas compresst, ventricosull, longi-
tudinaliter arcté costati ; coste stmul ac interstitie perleves; apertura
ovata ; peristoma continuum, incrassatum ; columella fortiter unt-
plicata ; plica obliqua.

Shell, minute, ovate or oblong, stout or attenuate, somewhat solid,
very smooth, shining; in colour tinged with either violet, pink, or
brown ; six or seven whorled, the apical whorls being one-and-a-half
or two in number, and heterostrophic, glassy, globular, very shining,
and coloured as in the body of the shell ; the remainder of the whorls
are compressed suturally, and inclined to be tumid; longitudinally
they are closely smoothly nbbed, the ribs in one of the species at
least having a glazed appearance as of vitreous enamel ; they are thick
in proportion, and their interstices are perfectly smooth likewise.
Aperture ovate, peristome continuous, thickened, coloured; the
columella strongly once plicate, the plait being oblique.

Type: H. gliriella. (Ayzgulina gliriella Mely. and Stand., /. of
Conch., vol. 8, p. 303, pl. 10, f. 57, October, 1896).

Hab. : Lifu and Uvea (Hadfield), New Caledonia (C. Hedley).

In comparison with its nearest allies, this new genus in substance
and general form somewhat resembles a very diminutive Pyvamidella
glans Reeve, but the small size and single columellar plait and absence
of interstitial pitting at once distinguish it. Syrzo/a Ad. possesses an
uniplicate columella, but the whorls are smooth and ribless, and

186 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

general form quite dissimilar. /wsa is turriculate, and attenuately
fusiform ; AZormuda, rissoid, and scarcely plicate, though like Herviera
in solidarity, and to some extent, in the longitudinal coste. From
any of the Odostomie, inclusive of Pyrgulina, Parthenia, Chrysallida,
Mumiola, etc., it amply differs in the characteristic thickened sub-
stance of the shell, in coloration, in the absence of any decussating
striae, In continuous peristome, and peculiar columellar plait, though
in general form it resembles certain Pyrguline.

We have much pleasure in being able to dedicate this genus to one
who is so successfully investigating the molluscan fauna of the
Loyalty Islands, and is publishing from time to time in the pages of
the Journal de Conchyliologie admirable descriptions, which have been
and are of such signal service to us, the Abbé Joseph Hervier, S.J. of
St. Etienne, Loire, France.

The second species of the genus is now to be described as follows :—
Herviera isidella sp. nov.

fT, testa oblongofustformi, multum attenuata, pallide puniceo-brunnea,
solidiusculi, levi, nitida; anfractibus septem, apicali incluso per- -
vitreo, pellucido, dorsaliter heterostropho et retorto,; apud suturas
tmpressis, ventricosulis, undigue longitudinaliter arcté recticostatis ;
costis, ut in typo (Ff. glirtella) perlevibus, nitidis, interstitialiter
levissimis , apertura parva, ovata, peristomate paulluin incrassato,
continuo ; columella uniplicata, plica obliqua. Long. 3 mm.;
Lat., 1 mm.

Hab. : Uvea, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia.

Two examples of a species much resembling the type
in substance and general characteristics of sculpture, but
of far more graceful form, being attenuate, oblong fusi-
form, of a pale pinky brown hue, somewhat solid,
smooth, shining. Inclusive of the bulbous, pellucid,
smooth glassy-brown apical whorl, dorsally retrorse,
the whorls are seven in number, and are suturally im-
pressed, somewhat tumid, and uniformly straightly ribbed, = Aeraiera
the coste being rather thick, smooth, and close, the “sde//a, x 8.
interstices likewise smooth. The aperture is some-
what small, ovate ; peristome thickish, continuous ; columella once
plaited ; plait oblique, but not so pronounced as is that of the
typical species.

The likeness, in miniature, of the whorls to the longitudinally ribbed
jointed sections of the well known Alcyonarian (/s7s Aippuris L.) sug-
gested the trivial name.

187
THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OF SOMERSETSHIRE.

Jee 18, W. SWANTON.

(Read before the Society, Nov. oth, 1898).

THIRTY-EIGHT years have passed away since the appearance of the
only complete list—as far as we know—of the Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of Somersetshire (60). Many local lists have been pub-
lished since that time (see Bibliography, at end), of which free use
has been made in compiling this catalogue. In the nomenclature I
have followed Collinge’s ‘‘ Catalogue of British Slugs,” and the ‘List
of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca” published by the Concho-
logical Society in 1892.

An asterisk preceding a species denotes its omission for Somerset
in the latest census list, as given in the second edition of Lionel E.

- Adams’ ‘‘ Manual.”

Without the assistance of many kind friends this list could not
have been compiled, and I here take the opportunity of thanking
them; more especially Mr. Wm. Bidgood, of the Taunton Museum,
for kind loan of books; the late Mr. Edward Wilson, of the Bristol
Museum, for much useful information respecting his beautifully
mounted collection of local shells; also Messrs. W. Herridge, C. D.
Heginbotham, E. W. Bowell, and many others whose name are duly
appended to records made by them.

Arion ater L.—Generally distributed.

Var. lamarcki Kal. (ruber Moq.).—Bratton St. Maur.

Var. violescens Mge.—Weston-super-Mare.

Var. alba Fér.—Gardens at the foot of West Hill, Wincanton
(W. Herridge). Last year I took a very beautiful variety from a
hedge in a lane at Stoke Trister, near Wincanton. Ground colour
yellowish-white, lineoles of a vivid orange, a broad black band
extended the whole length of the back, mouth and tentacles being
also black.

Var. reticulata Roeb.—One example from Hatch Beauchamp,
near Taunton (Bowell).

* A. subfuscus Drap., 1805.—Somewhat abundant in the woods
and hedgerows of the eastern part of the county. It is the Avion
flavus Miller mentioned by Norman (60) as having been taken
“among the ruins of Walton Old Church, and likewise in Brockley
Coombe”; and is doubtless generally distributed. Woods at
Butleigh, near Glastonbury ; Hatch Beauchamp, Taunton, “ under
stones beneath Pinus sylvestris” (Bowell).

zt The numbers in heavy type refer to the Bibliography at the end of the paper.

188 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

Var. krynicki Kal., 1851, sub-v. gv7sews Collinge.—Feeding on
gorse-bloom, on Bratton Hill, near Wincanton.
A. hortensis Fér., 1819.—A very common species throughout the
county.
Var. ceruleus Clige.—Bratton St. Maur, frequent.

*A, fasciatus Nilsson, 1822 (=A. circumscriptus Johnston,
1828, = A. bourguignati Mabille, 1868).—Not so abundant as the
preceding species, but apparently evenly distributed.

*A. minimus Simroth.—In all probability common, but often
confounded with immature forms of Avion afer. It should be noted
that the rugosities in this species consist of small pointed projections,
arranged in symmetrical rows, whilst those of 4. afer are long and
irregular ; moreover A. minimus has lateral bands, which are never
present in 4. afer. It is common in the district around Wincanton,
and I have also observed it at West Pennard, near Glastonbury.

* Limax maximus L.—Very common. Norman says of this
species :—‘‘ The striped and spotted varieties are common. We met
with a variety in Cleve Coombe remarkably distinct, and we believe
hitherto unrecorded. It was altogether pitchy black, without spot or
markings of any kind, and fully six inches long.”

Var. maculata Leach, 1820 (Norman’s spotted variety).—
Bratton St. Maur, abundant; Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd); Hatch Beau-
champ (Bowell).

Var. cellaria D’Arg. (Norman’s striped variety).—Bratton St.
Maur, common.

Var. lilacina Roeb., 1884.—Hatch Beauchamp (Bowell).

Var. fasciata Raz., 1789.—Bratton St. Maur. The “ pitchy
black” form of Norman may doubtless be referred to ZL. cimereo-niger
Wolf in Sturm. 1805, var. #2ger Moquin-Tandon. It may here be
remarked that Z. cinereo-niger has no claim to specific rank, being only
a variety of the above species.

L. marginatus Mill, 1774(=—L:. arborum Bouch., 1838).—
Fairly well distributed. ‘On trees and rocks in Goblin, Cleeve, and
Brockley Coombes, and some of the glens running up into the Men-
dips, near Wells” (Norman) ; general, in the Bristol district (Cundall) ;
“Very common in the woods around Hatch Park, near Taunton”
(Bowell); Coombe Down, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; Lily Wood, Bratton
St. Maur, and Milton Clevedon.

Amalia sowerbyi Fér., 1823 (= Limax marginatus Jeffr.).—-
A very local species. Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; ‘somewhat sparingly at
Hatch Beauchamp, more common at Beer Crowcombe, an adjacent
village” (Bowell); “at Clevedon in gardens, and in the copse
between the Upper Clevedon and the beach” (Norman).

SWANTON: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. 189

Agriolimax agrestis L.—The most abundant of our slugs.
Var. sylvatica Moq.—Bratton St. Maur.
Var. nigra Morelet.—Bratton St. Maur ; Glastonbury.’
Var. grisea Ckll.—Shepton Montague.
Var. punctata Picard.—Hatch Beauchamp (Bowell).

*A. levis Miill., 1774 (= Limax brunneus Drap., 180r).—A
somewhat local species. ‘Among heaps of stones by the side of
the lane which runs parallel with the cliff from Walton to Portishead,
and among decaying vegetation by the side of a rhine in Portishead
Moor” (Norman); Coombe Down, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; in damp
situations, Bratton St. Maur; ‘‘ Not uncommon by a ditch, Hatch
Beauchamp” (Bowell).

Testacella maugei Fér., 1819.—Introduced with foreign
plants, therefore very local. There are examples in the Jenyns
Collection of land and freshwater mollusca in the Bath Museum;
‘doubtless these were taken in the district, and others in
the Bristol Museum, which Mr. Wilson tells me were taken
at Long Ashton. We have also had examples taken from a
nursery garden at Castle Cary. The remarks on this species
as given in Norman’s list are so interesting that we here give
them in full:—‘ Forty-six years ago this most interesting mollusk was
found in what were then Messrs. Sweet and Miller’s, but which are
now Messrs. Jaraway and May’s, nursery grounds at Clifton. From
that time to the present it has thriven and propagated freely in its
original locality, and has likewise been introduced with plants into
many other gardens in the west of England. In this way it has estab-
lished itself at Bath, at Buslington, at Clevedon (in the gardens of Sir
Arthur Elton and those of Lee), and at Taunton, and thus may be
considered to have made good its claim for admission into our list of
- British mollusca.”

Vitrina pellucida Miill—‘ Widely distributed but not abun-
dant” (Norman). Mr. Bowell writes: “ Not very common at Hatch
Beauchamp, near Taunton. Largest specimen measured alt. 3°8 mm.,
breadth 6°7 mm., but the variation is not constant = var. mayor
Fér. ?” It is common and frequent in the Wincanton district. There
are typical specimens in the Jenyns Collection in the Bath Museum,
and others from Long Ashton in the Bristol Museum.

Hyalinia polita Held—A common species. ‘‘Common among
damp heaps of stones and moss in woods; very fine in Brockley
Coombe” (Norman). Possibly the ‘very fine’ specimens were Hya-
linta draparnaldt Beck, for this species occurs in the neighbourhood

1 Invariably occurs under pieces of wood in damp situations, near to evita sheds, etc.
I have never obseryed it in any other habitat,

190 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 1899.

of Bristol, there being examples in the museum labelled ‘Clifton.’
The Jenyns Collection at Bath contains some fine typical examples.

Var. albina Moq.—Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd); Holbrooke, Bratton
St. Maur (E.W.S.).

*H. glabra Studer.—Apparently a very local and rare species.
I have a few specimens taken on Creech Hill, near Bruton; and Mr.
Bowell records from Hatch Beauchamp ‘“‘a small form, not rare, alt.
4° mm., breadth 8‘o mm.”

Hyalinia alliaria Miller.— Common in woods, on hedge banks,
and under stones” (Norman); Leigh Woods and Portishead (Cundall) ;
near Wincanton and Creech Hill, Bruton (E.W.S.) ; Combe Down,
Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd). Specimens in the Jenyns Collection.

Hyalinia nitidula Drap.—“ In similar situations to the last, and
like it, very common among decaying beech leaves” (Norman) ;
Leigh Woods, Bristol (Cundall) ; Bristol Museum Coll., Wilson ;
Creech Hill, Bruton, and Penselwood (E.W.S.) ; Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd).
Type examples in the Jenyns Coll. ; Rejectamenta of the River Brue,
Castle Cary (E.W.S.) ; Hatch Fae Taunton, very common,
and frequently attaining a large size. 7 514 mm. 5 Br) Tosser
(Bowell).

Var. helmii Alder.—-Abbots Leigh (Bristol Mus. Coll.) ; Pensel-
wood (E.W.S.).

Hyalinia pura Alder.—A local species. nome rotting leaves
at the foot of Elson Hill, Clevedon ; at Wrington, near Wells; and in
Brockeley Coombe” Norman; Leigh Woods, Bristol (Cundall).
“ Common in woods at Hatch Beauchamp” (Bowell) ; Rejectmenta
of the Brue, Castle Cary (E.W.S.). Specimens in the Jenyns
Collection, Bath Museum.

Hyalinia radiatula Alder.—A rare species. “At roots of
stunted grass, growing in the crevices of limestone rocks on Elson
Hill, and in similar situations on the eastern scarp of Clevedon Hill”
Norman); Leigh Woods Bristol (Cundall) ; Jenyns Coll., Bath.

Hyalinia crystallina Miill——-Commonly found throughout the
county amidst decaying leaves and moss. There are typical examples
in the Bristol Museum, also in Jenyns Collection, Bath.

Var. complanta Jeff.cLeigh Woods, Bristol (Jeffreys).

*Hyalinia fulva Miuill.—Local; frequenting damp situations.
Bath (Jenyns Coll.); Long Ashton (Bristol Mus.); Leigh Woods
(Cundall) ; Wincanton and district (E.W.S.); Hatch Beauchamp,
not frequent (Bowell) ; Brockley Coombe and near Wells. “Small ;
under stones lying among grass on Elton Hill, Clevedon ; and among
rushes in Walton Moor” (Norman). Might Norman’s “ small” form

SWANTON: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. I9QI

be referred to the variety AZortoni, Jeffr., recorded (without precise
locality) for Somerset, by Cundall and Rimmer ?

Hyalinia nitida Miill—Given in the last census list for Co. No.
6, Somerset N. Locality? Apparently a rare species. We have two
or three bleached specimens picked out from the rejectmenta of the
stream at Shepton Montague, at a point immediately below Redlynch
Park, April, 1897.

Helix rotundata Mill.—Very common. Bath (Jenyns Coll.) ;
Abbotts Leigh (Bristol Mus.).

Var. rufula Mog.—Bratton St. Maur, rare (E.W.S.).

Var. turtoni Flem.—Bristol (Jeffr.); Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ;
rejectmenta of valley streams at Bratton St. Maur and Shepton
Montague (E.W.S.).

Var. alba Moq.—Clevedon (Norman); Bratton St. Maur
(E.W.S.); “‘Hatch Beauchamp. Five specimems, an under-sized
race. Diam. = 6 mm.” (Bowell).

Var. pyramidalis Jeffr.—Bristol (McMurtrie).

Helix rupestris Drap.— Common on walls and exposed situations
in most parts of the county. “‘ Common in the crevices of limestone
rocks at Clevedon and Elton Hills, Cleeve Foot, Wrington Hill,
Cheddar Cliffs, etc., and often exceedingly abundant among the
rotten mortar of old walls as behind the Royal Hotel at Clevedon,
and in many spots on the Mendips” (Norman, as A. wmbdilicata,
Montague).

*Helix pygmza Drap.—Apparently an uncommon species, but
so minute a shell is doubtless often overlooked. Wincanton district,
uncommon (E.W.S.); Hatch Beauchamp, one specimen (Bowell) ;
Ashley Hill, Bristol; Bath (Jenyns Coll.). “At roots of grass on
Clevedon and Elton Hills. Not common ” (Norman).

*Helix aculeata Miller.—A local species. Claverton Down,
Bath (Clark) ; Jenyns Coll. ; Hatch Beauchamp, common (Bowell).
“Under bark of a fallen tree in Brockley Combe” (Norman) ; Leigh
Woods (Cundall) ; ‘‘ Creech Hill, Bruton ; woods at Holbrooke, near
Wincanton. Very abundant in rejectamenta of River Brue at Castle
Cary, and streams at Bratton St. Maur and Shepton Montague”
(E.W.S.).

Var. albida Jeffr.—Bath (Clark).

Helix pulchella Miiller.—Generally distributed.

Var. costata Miiller.—Wincanton; rejectamenta of Brue at
Castle Cary (E.W.S.) ; Abbots Leigh (Bristol Museum Coll.) ; near
Tickenham (Norman) ; Coombe Down, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd).

192 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 6, APRIL, 18g9.

Helix lapicida Linn.—A well distributed species. Bath (Mrs.
Oldroyd); Jenyns Coll.; Leigh Woods (Cundall); Abbots Leigh
(Bristol Mus.). “ Common, but confined apparently to the limestone
rocks, near Wells, Cheddar, Wrington, Clevedon, and Elton Hill ;
Cadbury Hill, Yatton; Cleeve Foot, Axbridge, etc.” (Norman) ;
Taunton (Bowell). “‘ Wincanton, Glastonbury, hills around Milton
Clevedon” (E.W.S.).

Var. nigrescens Taylor.—Bristol (Bristol Mus.); Bratton St.
Maur and Wincanton (E.W.S.).

Var. minor Mog.—Specimens approaching this form from
Bratton St. Maur.

Var. depressa n. var.— Apex of shell much depressed.
Bratton St. Maur, rare.

Helix aspersa Mill—Abundant everywhere. This species is
much sought after in the winter months by men from Bristol, who
collect and sell them by the gallon to fishmongers. (See Waturalists
Chronicle, Jan. & Feb., 1897).

Var. conoidea Pic.—General in hedges (Cundall) ; Bratton St.
Maur. Not common.

Var. globosa Moq.—-One example from a hedge bank near
Pitcombe Rectory. :

Var. minor Moq.—Bristol (Mus. Coll.); Bratton St. Maur,
frequent.

Var. nigrescens, Moq.—Occasionally with the type in hedge-
banks. Bratton St. Maur.

Var. maxima Taylor.—An exceedingly fine specimen from a
hedge ; Bratton St. Maur. We regret not having taken measurements
(have since given it away). It was quite as large as a full-grown Z.
pomatia, and altogether stout. In colour approaching the zzgrescens
form.

Var. grisea Moq.—Coombe Down, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; Leigh
Woods, Bristol (Bristol Mus.).

Var. unicolor Mogq.—“ An unicolorous specimen (not exa/bida,
Menke) from Hatch Beauchamp, near Taunton ” (Bowell).

Var. albo-fasciata Jeffr.— Near Bristol (Bristol Mus.) ; Bratton
St. Maur; hedge-banks, near the Cross Roads, tolerably common.

Var. exalbida Menke.—Evidently very local, but always
abundant where it occurs. Near Bristol (Bristol Mus.) ; Cuckoo Hill,
near Bruton (Heginbotham) ; Cannington, near Bridgewater; the
Cross Roads, known as “ Jack White’s Gibbet” ; Bratton St. Maur.

Var. tenuior Shutll.—Bratton St. Maur; rare.

Var. zonata Moq.—Bratton St, Maur and district,

SWANTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLILUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. 193

Var. undulata Mog.—Holbrooke, near Wincanton.

Monst. sinistrorsum Hele.—Clevedon (Norman).

Monst. cornucopia Gmelin (= Monst. scalariforme ‘Yaylor).—
Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd).

Monst. subscalariforme Williams.!—-Doubtless the following
may be referred to this monstrosity. ‘‘ Examples upon the cliffs
towards Ladies’ Bay, Clevedon, have the spire produced so that the
shell assumes the form of Paludina viviparus” (Norman).

Helix nemoralis L.—Generally distributed, especially abundant
on the sand dunes of the coast about Burnham.

Var. roseolabiata Taylor.—An extremely local form, evidently
referred to by Norman in the sentence—‘‘ We have met with a rare
variety at Wells, which is orange, with five pale yellow bands, and has
the lip and throat peach-coloured.”

Var. bimarginata V. Marts.—One example from Abbott’s Hill,
Bratton St. Maur.

Var. castanea Mog.—Bristol (Bristol Mus.) ; Bath (Mrs. Old-
royd) ; Hatch Beauchamp (Bowell); Milton Clevedon and around
Bruton (Heginbotham); Bratton St. Maur, abundant in gorse on
hill sides (Herridge) ; sand hills, Burnham, abundant.

Var. carnea Rbk. & Tylr.—Burnham ; Milton Clevedon, near
Bruton ; Lilly Wood, Bratton St. Maur.

Var. rubella Mog.—A very frequent form. Bath (Mrs. Old-
royd) ; Weston-super-Mare ; Burnham sand dunes ; gorse at Bratton
St. Maur ; hillsides at Milton Clevedon.

Var. libellula Risso.—Frequent. Bristol (Bristol Mus.) ;
Weston-super-Mare; Burnham; Milton Clevedon, and _ Bruton
(Heginbotham) ; Woods and gorse at Bratton St. Maur.

Var. major Fér.—I have a very fine specimen from the Burn-
ham sand hills, which may be referred to this variety; Blagdon ;
Weston-super-Mare (Bristol Mus.).

Var. minor Moqg.—Bristol (Bristol Mus.); sand dunes at
Burnham.

Var. Olivacea Risso.—Taunton (Bowell); Milton Clevedon,
Bruton. Common at Burnham. I have a form intermediate
between o/ivacea and castanea, taken from gorse bushes on Grovelands,
Bratton St. Maur.

Var. petiveria Moq.—Weston-super-Mare; Milton Clevedon,
Higher slopes of hill ; from gorse, Bratton St. Maur.

Var. conica Pascal.—A fine example from Abbott’s Hill,
Bratton St. Maur. /

1 Science Gossip, 1892.
M

194 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Var. compressa Terver.—Hedgebank at foot of Bratton Hill.
One example.

Var. lurida Moq.—Some very beautiful forms from the hedge-
banks at the top of Milton Clevedon Hill; also from Grovelands,
Bratton St. Maur.

Var. undulata Gent.—Same localities as the preceding variety.

Var. coalita Moq.—Common at Burnham. Frequent amidst
gorse at Bratton St Maur. and Milton Clevedon.

Var. hyalozonata Taylor.—Burnham, rare.

Var. citrino-zonata Ckll.—Abbott’s Hill, Bratton St. Maur.

Helix hortensis Miiller.—Common everywhere. Especially
abundant in hedge-banks near dwelling-places. Subject to great
variation.

Var. lutea Moqg.—A common form, occurring everywhere
throughout the county.

Var. luteo-lurida Wlms.—A very local race. We have seen it
abundantly in the hedge-banks at Holbrooke, near Wincanton ; also
on the hill tops at Milton Clevedon and Penselwood.

Var. albina Moq.—Not common. Bratton St. Maur, near
Bruton. Bristol (Bristol Mus.).

Var. major Marq.—A very large specimen from Bratton St.
Maur might be referred to this form.

Var. minor Moq.—Perfect specimens somewhat uncommon, for
this variety must not be confounded with forms whose growth has
been stunted by accidental injury to the shell. Bratton St. Maur,
with many colour and form variations ; Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; Cuckoo
Hill, Bruton (Heginbotham) ; Bristol Mus. Coll., several forms.

Var. incarnata Moq.—Frequent in and around Wincanton
and district. Penselwood (E.W.S.).

Var. lilacina Taylor.—A local and beautiful variety. Hedge-
banks at Holbrooke, Bratton St. Maur ; Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; Hatch
Beauchamp (Bowell) ; also in Bristol Mus. Coll.

Var. pallida Cockerell—A pale purplish form, very local.
Hedge-banks at Bratton St. Maur and Cuckoo Hill, near Bruton.

Var. olivacea Taylor.—Very local. Near Bruton.

Var. baudonia Moq.—An extremely rare form; I have only
observed it in hedge-banks in the village of Bratton St. Maur.

Var. tenuis Baud.—Bratton St. Maur.

Var. roseozonata.—This extremely pretty form occurs amidst
the gorse bushes on Abbott’s Hill, Bratton St. Maur.

Var. roseo-labiata Taylor.—A well-distributed variety.

The Conchological Society.

ee ANNUAL MEETING

WILL BE HELD AT THE

Condon and Dorth Western Hotel, Stafford,

Ones A Tr URDAY, 2Zist OCYOBER, 1899,

And will take the place of the ordinary October Meeting.

PROGRAMME.
4 p.m.—Council Meeting.
4 p.m.—Exhibition of specimens.

5 p.m.—Meat Tea provided (price 2/- each) for any one who sends
in his name to the Manager, London and North Western
Hotel, Stafford, not later than October roth.

6 p.m.—General Meeting.
Business :
Annual Reports and Balance Sheet.
Election of Officers and Council for 1899-1900.

President’s Address by LioneL E. Apams, B.A.
‘“¢Some of our Minute Land Shells.”

EXHIBITS.

Members who intend to exhibit, are requested to furnish particulars
of their exhibits and amount of table space required, to Mr.
L. E. Apams, 68, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford, not later than
October 16th.

Flon. Sec.

LF,

This paper to be returned in time for the Annual Meeting, October
2ist, 1899, in sealed envelope, SIGNED OUTSIDE by the Member
voting, and addressed to ‘‘The Scrutineers, Conchological Society, c/o
W. E. HOYLE, The Museum, Owens College, Manchester,” or delivered
to him on the day of meeting at the London and North Western Hotel,
Stafford. .

~ Conchological Society.

VOTING PAPER.

The under-named are Nominated for the respective offices
for 1899-1900.

President :
TB To SUID SSS RVe ns cadh doe tacegoa0% adpaepoesabe abil | Me am Abanony ond banehed aos are nEnebodooor

Wice=Presidents :
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REED) DNB LS ENE RIE: Bs Awa Ron Gasien ue ye mer a MN TM ee lane

Pror. SYDNEY J. HICKSON,
ID) Syesey ML wale “1S ol oto na) Wl) ah aon a nace ing eee retsdorath ace ca on pe

Ye Re. Bos IMUNSI STS A BWE ID) ANIA Gio setae ciaee atte ir aie helper alae are nt ae ee
‘bon. Treasurer :
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‘tbon. Secretary and Dibrarian :
Nee ELON UE: MON PRES IR nial a es ua ieee Ri rete cant UA nen OD

fbon. Curator :
IROIRDIRAP, GAPVAINADISIN, soscccoce |. cbsousoecnbedseode [Wares cimenk ecaneannn ts tain Bs sntee

PELONUASRO GERS ase nian Mine ink (Brent Ata mogeune. oe a

CAA ANC LUAGID DRARNIDEN CG! Seer neni bike meee alley bales | agi
FTPs GNU ACSI PIECED meine Cee celine WIN lls Wines Ne awk, We seh
EGOSIMON NENG V IIE IME AGH MS 0) cil. vaca stan eG aes cee en alee
A WADIA VEO SS ease \GaAGe. cee at ate hi Oe oli a sl Seen RDU Wa a
IE PS ATUU INU IE es acmavare ete caioe Man Es ony fife cld hg ae ape MY
RUMEN EUR t Moe nen te in. eae ah RIAs a Sa cd «ce NTT UN ME

Members voting are at liberty to substitute for any name disapproved of the
name of any other Member of the Society, or they may at their option erasenames -
without necessarily substituting others. Members wishing to vote for the list as
nominated, should send in the paper unmarked.

= The Voting Paper must not be signed.

SWANTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. 195

Var. fusco-labiata V. Marts.—Well distributed.

Var. lurida Mog.—With the bands half-effaced. Frequent at
Bratton St. Maur.

Var. arenicola Macgill.—_-Very common. I have paid great
attention to the banding of this species within a comparatively small
area, viz., Bratton St. Maur and surrounding villages, bounded by
the towns of Wincanton, Bruton, and Castle Cary, and have secured
the following variations (Von Martens’ band formula) :—

00000 1(12345) 003(45)

00005 00300 (123)(45)

00045 10005 1(23)(45)

10345 10045 1(234)5

12345 02345 123(45)
100(45) 000(45)

It has been recorded that the absence of the third or peripheral band,
or its presence only (as seen so commonly in 4. nemora/is) is of rare
occurrence in ZZ. ortensis; yet of the twenty-four possible band
variations in which the peripheral band is absent (including the
totally bandless form, so called variety wszcolor), we have secured
eight in our district. | Cockerell? has given a list of all the then
known band variations of HZ. zemoralis and AH. hortensis, to those of
the latter I may add 02345, 000(45), 100(45), 003(45), (already
given above and not recorded in his list). B.F. 00300 is decidedly
rare, I have only 2 or 3 examples.

Helix arbustorum L. — “Frequent, though local. I have
taken it in the lane leading from Clevedon to Clapton ; under heaps of
stones on Strawberry Hill, Clevedon ; upon the banks of the canal at
Bath; among nettles at Cheddar Cliffs; and hedge-banks near
Axbridge” (Norman). To the above localities we may add Dundry
and Leigh Wouds, Bristol (examples in the Wilson Collection, Bristol
Mus.) ; near Taunton (Bowell) ; hedge-banks on the lower slopes
of Castle Cary Hill (Macmillan) ; West Pennard, Glastonbury ; also at
_ Pitcombe, Milton Clevedon, and many other places in and around
Bruton.

Var. major.—Leigh Woods, Bristol (Bristol Mus.).

Var. fuscescens D & M.—Bath; Milton Hill, near Bruton ;
hedge-banks at Castle Cary.

Var. albina Moq.—Bath (Bristol Mus.).

Var. conoidea West.—Leigh Woods, Bristol (Bristol Mus.) ;
hedge-banks at Milton Clevedon ; and the lower slopes of Creech
Hill, towards Bruton.

1 Var. coalita of Mog.-Tand.
2 British Naturalist, July, 1894.

196 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Var. flavescens Moq.—Bath; Bristol (Bristol Mus.); Gants
Mill, near Bruton, Castle Cary, a conoidal form.

Var. cincta Taylor.—Near Bruton, rare (Heginbotham).

Helix cantiana Mont.—An extremely local species. ‘“‘ Brisling-
ton is the only locality in Somersetshire in which we know this shell to
occur. It was first taken there by Mr. Miller ” (Norman). All attempts
to introduce it (and I have made several) at Bratton St. Maur, have
failed. There are specimens’ in the Jenyns collection (Bath Mus.),
probably from the Bristol district. Ashleigh Hill, and Leigh Woods,
Bristol (Cundall, and verified by Mr. Wilson) ; Avon Gorge (Bristol
Mus.). ‘‘Common in one extended locality at Hatch Beauchamp,
near Taunton ” (Bowell).

Var. albida Taylor.—Bristol (Bristol Mus.).

Var. minor Moq.—Dundry, near Bristol (Bristol Mus.).

Helix rufescens Pennant.—“ Varies according to the habitat.
Those among brambles and inhedges are mostly large and horn-coloured
while specimens from drier situations are smaller, deeper in colour, and
more elevated in the spire” (Norman). Commonly distributed.

Var. depressa Loc.—Toomer, near Henstridge.

Var. minor Jeffr.—Abbott’s Leigh (Bristol Mus.).

Var. rubens Moq.—Bath. Common throughout the Wincanton
district. |

Var. albo-cincta Ckll.—With a white peripheral band. From
rejectamenta of the stream at Shepton Montague, Feb. 1897.

Var. alba Moqg.—A frequent form. I have often observed it
on the leaves of Arum maculatum. Bath, Wincanton, Glastonbury,
Bruton, etc., etc. “Near Clevedon, stones lying by an old lime
kiln” (Norman).

A pronounced variation, which is probably new, very convex, with
spire generally elevated and deep sutures, was obtained from rejecta-
menta of stream at Shepton Montague, and from hedge-banks, Bratton
St. Maur.

Helix hispida L. (= concinna Jeffr., which for a long time
was considered a distinct species).—Jeffreys’ “7. Azsfida being identical
with Mousson’s var. Azspidosa, it now ranks as that variety. Albino
varieties of both forms having been recorded, I have discarded
albida-hispida and retained Jeffreys’ albino form of concinna. A very
common species.

Var. albida Jeffr.— Ashley Downs (Cundall); Bath; Castle Cary;
churchyard at Bratton St. Maur.

Var. nana Jeffr.—There is a variety mznxor recorded for Bath by
Mr. Clark, which might be referred to v. zaza, which is much smaller,
with a strong labial rib.

SWANTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. 197

Var. depilata Alder.—“ Rare on Cadbury Hill; Yatton and
Ebbor Rocks, near Wells” (Norman). Rejectamenta of the stream at
Shepton Montague.

Var. subglobosa, Jeffr.—Churchyard, Bratton St. Maur. Rare.
Two specimens from débris of stream below Shepton Montague.

Var. hispidosa Mouss.—A very common form throughout the
county.

Var. subrufa Mog.—Rejectamenta of stream at Shepton
Montague, and of the River Brue below Castle Cary. Frequent in
hedgerows Bratton St. Maur.

Var. albo-cincta Taylor.—With a whitish peripheral band. One
example from stream débris at Shepton Montague.

*Helix fusca Montagu.—A very local species, frequenting
hedge banks. Leigh Woods, Bristol (Cundall) ; Gribb Wood, Bratton
St. Maur, not common; hedgebanks by road-side on the upper
- slopes of Milton Hill, near Bruton ; Hatch Beauchamp, near Taunton.
“‘Local but occurring in several hedge-banks. It seems to be fond of
moss as a habitat” (Bowell).

*Helix granulata Alder.—A rare species, apparently to be found
only in the neighbourhood of Bristol. There are unlabelled specimens
in the Jenyns collection (Bath Mus.). Only records are Ashley Marsh,
Bristol (Bristol Mus.) ; rejectamenta of the Avon (Norman).

Helix itala .—A somewhat local species, but abundant where it
occurs. Examples, unlabelled, in the Jenyns collection (Bath Mus.) ;
and others from Burnham, in the Wilson collection (Bristol Mus.).
“Cadbury Camp, Mendips, near Wells; and Wrington. Abundant
but somewhat local” (Norman). Stapleton ; Ashley Hill (Cundall) ;
Castle Cary; road over hill leading to Ansford; Crawlands and
Holbrooke; Bratton St. Maur; very abundant on Creech Hill,
near Bruton. ;

Var. instabilis Zieg].— Near Clevedon (Bristol Mus.).

Var. minor Moq.—Crawlands, Bratton St. Maur, frequent.
St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol (Cundall) ; Burnham (Bristol Mus.) ; on
Creech Hill, Bristol, very common.

Var. leucozona Moq.—Cornfields at Holbrooke, Bratton St.
Maur ; also on Creech Hull, Bruton.

Var. lutescens Moq.—On Creech Hill. Common.

Helix caperata Montagu.—Common everywhere in dry situations
preferring a calcareous soil.

Var. subscalaris Jeffr.—Two examples from the railway cutting
(S. & D. J. R.) at Shepton Montague.

Var. ornata Pic.—A common form.

198 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Var. fulva Moq.—An equally common form.

Var. nana Ckll. (?)—A dingy-grey and very small form from
Creech Hill, near Bruton.

Var. obliterata Pic.—Common in the neighbourhood of
Wincanton, Castle Cary, and Bruton,

Var. lutescens CkIl. (?)—A dirty reddish-yellow, unicolorous
form from a quarry on the summit of Castle Cary Hill. This form
has entirely adopted the colouring of the stones of the quarry, and is
altogether remarkable and interesting.

Helix virgata Da Costa.—A somewhat local species, judging from
the records to hand. It is very common around Wincanton and Bruton.
Liable to great variations. We here give zz foto Norman’s remarks
upon it: “‘ Near Burnham one variety is found wholly deep chocolate
brown, and another brown with a narrow white band running round
the base of the whorls, and more or less lineated round the umbilicus.
A third resembles the last, but has in addition to the basal white fillet,
a row of white spots round the upper margin of the whorls, A fourth
is white, with one, two, or three interrupted spiral bands. Intermediate
specimens as well as the more common varieties are also to be found. —
On the sand-hills at Barrow, these varieties are replaced by a fifth
which is milk-white, with the exception of the mouth and apex which
are rufous. In Tickenham Churchyard the milk-white variety with
translucent bands is to be found. We have taken a reversed specimen
on the sea wall near Clevedon.” Specimens (loc. ?) in the Jenyns
collection (Bath Mus.) ; Abbott’s Leigh, collected by Wilson (Bristol
Mus.) ; Clevedon, and Portishead.

Var. sub-aperta Jeffr.—Bath (Clark).

Var. carinata Jeffr—Bratton St. Maur. Rare.

Var. lineata Olivi—Clevedon (MacMurtrie).

Var. minor Taylor.—Creech Hill, near Bruton. Rare.

Var. leucozona Taylor.—Bristol (Wilson coll., Bristol Mus.) ;
Burnham (Norman) ; quarry on top of Castle Cary Hill.

Var. maculata Moq.—Holbrooke, Bratton St. Maur, near
Burnham (Norman).

Var. albicans Grat.—Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd); Penselwood ;
Minehead ; near Bristol (Wilson coll., Bristol Mus.); Berrow (Norman) ;
Holbrooke, Bratton St. Maur, common; hills around Bruton and
Batcombe.

Var. alba Taylor.—Tickenham Churchyard (Norman).

Var. rufula Moq.—Near Burnham (Norman).

Var. subdeleta Ckll.—Creech Hill, near Bruton; and a small
form from Crawlands, Bratton St. Maur.

SWANTON: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. I99

Monstr. sinistrorsum Taylor.—Sea wallnear Clevedon (Norman)
Helix acuta Miller.—Confined exclusively to the sand-hills of
the coast, especially abundant in the neighbourhood of Burnham.
I might draw attention to an extremely doubtful locality for it, given
in Cundall’s list, where it is recorded for ‘Leigh Woods and the Downs,
Bristol.” Norman records it for Burnham and Weston; the examples
in the Bristol Museum are from the former locality, where I have
very frequently taken var. s¢vigata Menke.

Buliminus montanus Drap.—Apparently confined to the
Mendips, and Bristol and Bath districts. ‘‘ Though nowhere to be
met with in any numbers Bulimus lackhamensis is widely distributed
throughout Somersetshire” (Norman); Neighbourhood of Bristol
(Miller, Jeffr.) ; Beachen Cliff and woods on Claverton Down, Bath
(Clark, Mrs. Oldroyd) ; and there are examples in the Jenyns collection
(Bath Mus.); near Cheddar (Rev. W. H. Hawker); ‘“Hedgebank
_ on road between Axbridge and Cheddar, three-quarters-of-a-mile from
the former” (Norman); Milton, Clevedon Hill, two miles from
Bruton ;common. Frequenting the decaying fronds of Scolopendrium
vulgare in summer; in the late autumn I have found it concealed
in the hollow dried stalks of various umbelliferous plants (E.W.S.).

Buliminus obscurus Miller.—A common species. Examples
in Jenyns coil. (Bath Mus.), and Wilson coll. (Bristol Mus.).

Var. albina Mog.— Coombe Down, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd).
Abbott’s Leigh (Bristol Mus.).

Pupa secale Drap.—A local species, and, like B. montanus, con-
fined to the northern half of the county. Coombe Down, Bath (Mrs.
Oldroyd) ; Examples in the Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.) ; Leigh Woods,
Bristol (Cundal!) ; ‘“‘ Abundant amongst limestone rocks, Wrington,
Yatton, Clevedon, Wells, and Cheddar” (Norman).

Pupa cylindracea DaCosta.—A common species. Jenyns coll.
(Bath Mus.) ; Wilson coll. (Bristol Mus.).

Var. edentula Mog.—Bratton St. Maur; rare (E.W.S.) ; Near
Tickenham (Norman).

Var. albina Mog. —- Near Clevedon (Bristol Mus.). Ebbor
Rocks near Wells, and Clevedon (Norman).

Var. curta Westl.—Rejectamenta of the river Cale at Burton’s
Mill above Wincanton (E.W.S.).

Var. gracilis Issel (?)— “A fine produced variety occurs among
the ruins of Walton Castle” (Norman).

Pupa muscorum L.—A local species. Leigh Woods, Bristol
(Bristol Mus.); Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.); Coombe Down, Bath
(Mrs. Oldroyd) ; Rejectamenta of the Brue at Castle Cary, and of
the stream at Shepton Montague (E.W.S.).

200 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Var. bigranata Rossm.—Weston-super-Mare and Bath (Clark).
Var. albina Menke.—Clark, see Rimmer (80, p. 156). Locality ?
Var. edentula Moq.—With type (Norman).

Vertigo pygmza Drap.—A common species. Jenyns coll. (Bath
Mus.) ; Extremely abundant in rejectamenta of the streams in the
Wincanton district (E.W.S.).

Var. quadridentata Stud.—Clevedon (Norman).

*Vertigo antivertigo Drap. — An extremely local and rare
species; “at Bath and Bristol under ash boughs that have lain long
on the ground” (Jeffr.); Rejectamenta of the Avon (Norman) ;
Rejectamenta of the stream at Shepton Montague, below the railway
cutting, abundant (E.W.S.).

*Vertigo substriata Jeffr.—Very rare. The only record is Leigh ©
Down, near Bristol (Miller).

*Vertigo alpestris Alder.—Very rare. Only record, the canal
banks, at Sharpness (Jones).

*Vertigo pusilla Mull—Apparently very rare. Only record is
from near Bristol, in rejectamenta of the river Avon (Jeffr.).

*Vertigo angustior Jeffr—Another very rare species, found in
company with the preceding species (Jeffr.).

*Vertigo edentula Drap.—A very local species. Examples in
Jenyns coll., locality? (Bath Mus.); it occurs in Ellescombe and
Holbrooke Woods near Wincanton; and I have taken it from the
rejectamenta of the river Cale, at Burton’s Mill, above Wincanton,
and the stream at Bratton St. Maur.

Var. columella von Marts.—Two examples from rejectamenta
of the Bratton stream (E.W.S.).

Balea perversa L.—Well distributed in the northern part of the
county. Bristol (Wilson coll.) ; Bath (Jenyns coll.); common on
many old walls in the Wincanton district, rejectamenta of the Brue
at Castle Cary (E.W.S.); ‘“common in several orchards under the
loose pieces of bark from the apple trees at Hatch Beauchamp, near
Taunton” (Bowell); ‘very local, under moss on trees in Small
Coombe Wood, Bath; among decaying leaves on Walton Downs,
near Clevedon; also at Brockley Coombe, and near Wells” (Norman).

Clausilia perversa Pult.—Generally distributed.

Var. everetti Miller.—Bristol (Miller) ; Leigh Woods (Bristol
Mus.) ; rejectamenta of Avon, and Mendip Hills, near Axbridge, not
uncommon” (Norman).

Var. tumidula Jeffr. — Brockley Coombe, Bristol (Jeffr). ;
Milton Clevedon and Bratton St, Maur (E.W,S.).

SWANTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. 201

Var. gracilior Jeffr.—Leigh Woods (Bristol Mus.); Bratton St.
Maur (E.W.S).

*Clausilia rolphii Gray.—A very rare species, occurring only at
Long Ashton, near Bristol ; Wilson coll. (Bristol Mus.).

*Clausilia biplicata Mont.—Another very rare species, appa-
rently confined to the Bristol district. ‘Stated by Miller to exist in
the neighbourhood of Bristol” (Forbes and Hanley); Leigh Woods
(Cundall).

Clausilia laminata Mont.—A well-distributed species.

Var. pellucida Jeffr—sStoke Bishop and Leigh Woods (Cun-
dall) ; “Avon Gorge, near Suspension Bridge, Somerset side” (Bristol
Mus.).

Var. albina Moq.—A frequent form. Brockley Coombe (Cun-
dall); Leigh Woods (Wilson coll.); Box Wood, Bath (Clark);
Coombe Down, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; Hatch Beauchamp, Taunton,
three specimens (Bowell); Woolston, near Wincanton (E.W.S.);
‘around an old lime-kiln, Clevedon ” (Norman).

Azeca tridens Pult.—“ Brockley Coombe is the only Somerset-
shire locality known for this shell. It should be looked: for more
especially on the south side among damp moss” (Norman). Brock-
ley Coombe, Bristol (Cundall).

Var. crystallina Dup.—Brockley Coombe (Jeffr.).

Cochlicopa lubrica Miull—Common everywhere.

Var. lubricoides Fér.—Bath (Clark).

Var. hyalina Jeffr.—Creech Hill, Bruton (E.W:S.).

Cecilioides acicula Mull. A _ local species. There are
examples in the Jenyns collection, Bath ; those in the Bristol collec-
tion are labelled “from an ant hill, Clifton.” Yatton, Leigh Woods
(Cundall), Leigh Down (Miller). ‘“ Roots of grass, Clevedon Hill ;
Mendips, near Wells ; and among rejectamenta of the river Avon ”
(Norman), Taunton (Rev. W. R. Crotch). Hatch Park, Taunton ;
one specimen only (Bowell). Rejectamenta of the Cale, above Win-
canton (E.W.S.). Rejectamenta of the Brue, below Castle Cary, in
large numbers (E.W.S.). Rejectamenta of a rivulet at Bratton St.
Maur (E.W.S.).

Succinea putris L.— Abundant in the rhines on the moors.
Kenn Moor (Norman). Yatton (Bristol Mus.). Examples in Jenyns
coll. (Bath Mus.). Very common in ditches on the moors around
Glastonbury (E.W.S.).

Var. albida Morch.—Pennard Moor near Glastonbury (E.W.S.).

Succinea elegans Risso.—A well-distributed species. Barrow
Gurney (Bristol Mus.). Bath, Burnham, Glastonbury, Wincanton
(E.W.S.).

202 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Var. albida Taylor.—Near Bristol (Bristol Mus.). In a quarry
pool, Bratton St. Maur; rare (E.W.S.).
Var. pfeifferi Rossm.—Near Clevedon (Norman).

Succinea oblonga Drap.—A doubtful record from Burnham
(Cundall).

Carychium minimum Mill.—Fairly common and well distri-
buted. ‘ Common, especially among decaying beech leaves, Yatton,
Wrington, Brockley Coombe, Clevedon, Wells” (Norman). In large
numbers from rejectamenta of the river Brue, below Castle Cary
(E.W.S.).

Planorbis fontanus Lightfoot.—A local species. ‘In a pond
at Yatton, and another at Weston-in-Gordano” (Norman). Ponds
at Hatch Park, Taunton (Bowell). Grosvenor, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd).
Rejectamenta of river Brue, below, Castle Cary; and in ponds at
Holbrooke, near Wincanton (E.W.S.).

Planorbis nautileus L.—Common. Examples from Failand
(Wilson coll., Bristol Mus.).

Var. crista L.—-Of common occurrence with the type in the |
Wincanton district (E.W.S.).

Planorbis albus L.—Local, but having a wide range. “Scarce.
Found in a few rhines on Kenn Moor, and in a pond near Wells, also
at Weston-super-Mare” (Norman). Grosvenor, Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd).
Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus). Beer Crowcombe, near Taunton, un-
common (Bowell). River Stour, Gaspar (E.W.S.); rejectamenta of river
Brue, at Castle Cary, and of streams at Bratton St. Maur and
Shepton Montague (E.W.S.).

Var. draparnaldi Shepp.—Bristol (Jeffr.).

Planorbis parvus Say.—Very rare. Bristol and Clevedon only.
“My Planorbis glaber (P. levis of Alder) was first found at Bristol. It
is the Planorbis rossmassleri of continental writers” (Jeffr.). ““We have
taken it fine and in great abundance in a large pond by the railway
side, at the third (?) bridge from Clevedon ” (Norman).

Planorbis spirorbis Miller—Common in ponds and ditches
in the northern part of the county. No records from the south.

Var. albida Nelson.—From a pond near Penselwood ; rare
(E.W.S.).

Planorbis vortex L.—-‘‘ Very common on the whole of the
western side of the county in rhines and ponds” (Norman). Jenyns
coll. (Bath Mus.). Yatton (Bristol Mus.). ‘‘ Horwood, near Win-
canton; very abundant in rhines on Pennard Moor, near Glastonbury
(E.W.S.).

(Zo be continued).

203
A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS

A LIST OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TENBY
AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.

By BARTLET SPAN.

(Read before the Society, March 8th, 1899).

As I have seen nothing like a complete list of the marine shells that
have been found in the above-named localities, I propose to give a
list of those species that I have obtained by shore collecting, dredging,
and. from trawlers during the past ten yeas.

As my dredging expeditions have been few I have no doubt that any
one who would dredge thoroughly off this coast would be able to add
a good many species to those obtained by me.

The paucity of harbours on this coast, and the dangers of a lee
shore from the south-west gales, that spring up so suddenly, and the
strong currents that prevail, especially during spring tides, render
dredging unpleasant in an ordinary boat. At times the Laugharne
and Pendine sands (which extend from the village of Pendine to the
Laugharne river, a distance of seven miles) are strewn with shells.
Ceratisolen, all the Solenidz (except S. fed/ucidus), Mactra stul-
forum and its variety cinerea, Tellina tenuis, T. balthica, T: fabula,
Donax vittatus, Scrobicularia piperata, S. alba, Thracia papyracea,
Venus gallina, Philine apertaand Acteon tornatilis in thousands, heaps
of valves of Lutraria elliptica, a number of Cardium echinatum, C.
edule, Utriculus obtusus, and Hydrobia ulve, with an occasional shell
of some fifty other species. Some of the specimens found on these
sands are of unusually large dimensions as will be seen from measure-
ments that I have given elsewhere.

The list of species is as follows :—

Anomia ephippium L.—On rocks and stones at low water, spring
tides, near Giltar Head.

Var. squamula L.—With the type.

Var. aculeata Miill.—On stones and roots of Laminaria. Tenby
and Caldy Island.

Var. cylindrica Gm.—On stems of seaweed, Pembrokeshire coast.

Ostrea edulis L.—The Tenby oysters taken from the beds, off
‘Caldy, and between Caldy and St. Govan, are well-known.

Pecten pusio L.—My best specimens are from the oyster beds.
Valves only from Caldy, Tenby, and Freshwater West.

P. varius L.—At times plentiful (alive and dead) on Tenby sands.
Attached to stones and oyster shells, at Milford Haven. Some of
the shells are large, and mostly clean and bright coloured,

204 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

P. opercularis L.—Nowhere common, except at times, on Tenby
sands, when numbers are found living. ‘The shells are very bright and
varied in colour and marking, but nearly always small.

Var. lineata Da C.—With the type.

P. tigrinus Miull.—Rare. Two perfect specimens, Tenby. Valves
from Freshwater West Bay.

P. maximus L.—Valves only. Tenby, Laugharne and Milford
Haven.

Pinna rudis L.—Trawled in Caermarthen Bay.

Mytilus edulis L.—Numerous all along the rocky coast.

Var. incurva Penn.—Good specimens from Freshwater West
Bay.

Var. pellucida Penn.—Common, at times, on the Pendine and
Laughharne sands. ‘This variety is transparent and beautifully rayed.

Var. galloprovincialis Lam.—Three specimens only. Saunders-
foot.

M. modiolus L.—Common on Tenby sands. Elsewhere scarce.

Var. umbilicata.— Two good specimens from Tenby sands.

M. barbatus L.—From various localities. My best specimens —
are from Tenby sands. Living and dead.

M. adriaticus Lam.—Common on Tenby sands.

Modiolaria marmorata Forbes.—Caldy and Manorbier, scarce.

Nucula nucleus L.—Very abundant and some fine specimens at
Milford Haven. A few at Tenby and Laugharne.

Var. radiata F. & H.—A few with the type.

N. nitida G. B. Sow.—Common, at times, near Saundersfoot.

Leda minuta Miill.—A few dredged at Milford Haven.

Var. brevirostris Jeffr—Much more common in the same

locality.
Pectunculus glycimeris L.—Dredged alive, Milford Haven.
A few valves only elsewhere.
Arca lactea L.—Valves only. Caldy, and Freshwater West.
A. tetragona Poli—A few valves. Freshwater West.
*Montacuta bidentata Mont.—Caldy Sound.
*M. ferruginosa Mont.—Caldy.
Lasza rubra Mont.—In crevices of rocks. Giltar, and Caldy.
Var. pallida Jeffr.—With the type.
Kellia suborbicularis Mont.—Common from stones dredged on ~
the Tenby oyster beds.
Var. lactea Brown.—A few with the type.
Lucina borealis L.—Valves numerous, but perfect shells rare,
Tenby sands.
*L, spinifera Mont.—Milford Haven,

SPAN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TENBY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 205

Diplodonta rotundata Mont.—Not uncommon. ‘Tenby sands.

Cardium echinatum L.—Common (living and dead) on the
sands between Saundersfoot and the Laugharne river.

C. exiguum Gm.—Common at Milford Haven.

*C. fasciatum Mont.— Milford and Caldy.

C. edule L.—Fine examples from the Laugharne cockle beds.
Some 14 in. by 12 in.

C. norvegicum Spengl.—Not uncommon. ‘Tenby sands.

Cyprina islandica L.—Numerous. Milford Haven and between
Tenby and Laugharne.

Var. crassior Jeffr.tMore numerous than the type, in the same
localities, especially at Milford Haven.

Astarte sulcata Da C.—Common at Milford Haven, rare at
Tenby.

Var. paucicostata Jeffr.—Rare. Milford Haven.
Var. incrassata Broc.—Rare. Milford Haven.

Circe minima Mont.—Fairly common. Milford Haven.

Venus exoleta L.—Not common. Tenby and Milford Haven.

V. lincta Pult.—Not common. Milford Haven.

V. fasciata Da C.—Common, Milford Haven. Rare, Tenby.

V. verrucosa L.—Valves only. Milford Haven.

V. ovata Penn.—Numerous, Milford Haven. Scarce, Tenby.

V. gallina L.—Very plentiful in all sandy bays between Tenby and
Laugharne River. I have specimens 12 in. in breadth from the Laug-
harne and Pendine sands.

Var. alba.—Common with the type.

Var. laminosa Mont.—With the type, rare.

Var. gibba Jeffr.—With the type, rare.

Var. triangularis Jeffr.—A few with the type. Lydstep Haven.

Tapes virgineus L.—Fairly common. Tenby sands.

T. pullastra Mont.—Very common on Tenby sands; some
beautifully marked, and coloured purple, yellow, and pink.

Var. perforans Mont.—Common. ‘Tenby, and near Saunders-
foot.

T. decussatus L.—Valves only. Saundersfoot.

Lucinopsis undata Penn.—Common in all sandy bays between
Tenby and the Laugharne river. Some very large.

*Gastrana fragilis L.—Milford Haven.

Tellina balthica L.—Very plentiful between Pendine and Laug-
harne. Some specimens tr} in. in breadth.

T. tenuis Da C.—Numerous in all sandy bays between Tenby and
the Laugharne river.

T. fabula Gron.—Plentiful on the Laugharne and Pendine sands.

206 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

T. squalida Pult.—Scarce, on all the sandy bays between Tenby
and the Laugharne river.

Psammobia tellinella Lam.—Tenby, Freshwater West, and
Pendine. Not common.

P. ferroensis Chem.—This is usually an uncommon shell on this
coast, but during the severe weather and high spring tides of February,
1895, they were washed ashore on Tenby sands (all the animals frozen)
in hundreds. From these I obtained a nice series. Pure ivory white,
chalk white, flecked with black, yellow, and purple and black (all these
were rayless) besides fine specimens of the ordinary marking.

Donax vittatus Da C.—Numerous in all sandy bays between
Tenby and Laugharne, and on Newgall sands, St. Bride’s Bay.

Mactra solida L.—Common in all sandy bays.

Var. truncata Mont.—A few with the type.
Var. elliptica Brown.—Common on Tenby sands.

M. subtruncata Da C.—Saundersfoot, Tenby, Lydstep, and
other sandy bays. Not common.

M. stultorum L.—Very numerous in all sandy bays along the
coast. During the hard weather of February, 1895, they were in heaps,
a foot or more deep, for miles, between Saundersfoot and the Laug-
harne river.

Var. cinerea Mont.—Numerous, with the type.

Lutraria elliptica Lam.—Numerous between Tenby and Laug-
harne, living and dead. Odd valves in millions.

Scrobicularia alba Wood.—Numerous and fine, near Saunders-
foot, and on the Pendine and Laugharne sands.

S. piperata Bell.— Most abundant. Laugharne and Amroth. I
have specimens 2+ in. by 17 in. from the mud-banks in the latter
locality.

Ceratisolen legumen L.—In millions on the Pendine and
Laugharne sands. Common in all the sandy bays between Tenby
and Pendine.

Solen ensis L.—Numerous between Tenby and Laugharne.

S. siliqua L.—Abundant in all the sandy bays between Monkstone
and the Laugharne river. ‘This species is eaten by the poorer classes.
I watched men catching them. They were most successful and filled
several buckets. The men walked backwards and the fish, disturbed
by their footsteps, spurted out jets of water, which, when the men
perceived, they thrust small darts into the air holes and seldom missed
their prey. Several ZL. e/liptica were speared, but had to be dug out
as their shape gave them a firm hold of the sand. The Solens were
drawn up without any difficulty.

Var. arcuata Jeffr—Common, with the type.

SPAN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TENBY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 207

S. vagina L.Common on the Laugharne and Pendine beaches.
Scarce on Tenby and other sands.

Pandora inzequzvalvis var. obtusa Jeffr.—Dredged alive at
Milford Haven. Fairly common.

Lyonsia norvegica Chem.—Not common. Some fine specimens
(living and dead) from Tenby sands.

Thracia papyracea Poli.—Very abundant on the Laugharne and
Pendine sands. Common on other sands.

T. distorta Mont.—Not common. Good living specimens from
stones dredged on the oyster beds.

Var. truncata Turt.—One specimen, with the type.

Corbula gibba Olivi—Fairly common at Saundersfoot, and
Milford Haven. A few in other localities.

Var. rosea Brown.—A few with the type.

Mya arenaria L.—Common near the Laugharne river.

M. truncata L.—Common (living) on Tenby sands.

M. binghami Turt.—A nice series from stones dredged on the
oyster beds.

Saxicava rugosa L.—Very numerous in the limestone rocks at
Giltar, St. Catherine’s and Caldy Islands.

Var. pholadis L.—Common, with the type.

Var. arctica L.—Attached to stones dredged on the oyster beds.
Venerupis irus L.—Two specimens from limestone, Giltar.
Gastrochzena dubia Penn.—Small dead specimens, Caldy.
Pholas dactylus L.—Dead specimens abundant, living rare, in

mud banks near Amroth.
P. candida L.—Numerous, living, in old trunks of trees in the
submerged forest between Saundersfoot and Amroth.
*P, parva Penn.—Caldy Sound.
Teredo norvegica Spengl.—Good living specimens from wreckage
brought into Tenby Harbour.
T. navalis L.—From wreckage thrown up on Tenby sands.
Dentalium tarentinum L.—Common, but seldom living. Tenby
and Laugharne sands.
Chiton fascicularis L.—On stones. ‘Tenby and other localities.
C. cinereus L.—On stones, same localities as preceding.
C. ruber L.—Two specimens on old valves of shells. Tenby.
Patella vulgata L.—Numerous, and varying in size, shape and
colour, all along the rocky coast.

Var. elevata Jeffr.Freshwater West, and Waterwynch.

Var. depressa Penn.—Waterwynch and other localities.
Helcion pellucidum L.—Numerous, on seaweed. Giltar, Caldy

Island, Lydstep, &c.

208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Var. lazvis Penn.—On roots of seaweed. Freshwater, Tenby
and Caldy.
Tectura virginea Miill—Uncommon. Caldy and Tenby.
Emarginula fissura L.—Dredged alive. Milford Haven.
Fissurella grzca L.—Scarce. Tenby, Caldy and Freshwater.
Capulus hungaricus L.—Dredged at Milford Haven and off
Tenby.
Calyptrza chinensis Lam.—Common, on valves of oyster and
other shells. Milford Haven and Tenby sands.
Trochus magus L.—Common, Milford Haven. Rare, Tenby.
. tumidus Mont.—A few dead specimens. ‘Tenby sands.
. lineatus Da C.—Common on rocky ledges. Freshwater West.
. cinerarius L.—Common all along the coast.
. umbilicatus Mont.—As common as the preceding.
. exasperatus Penn.—One specimen. ‘Tenby sands.
. granulatus Born.—Fine specimens dredged in Caermarthen

SSS) Si) ee

B
Var. lactea Jeffr.—Two specimens, with the type.
T. zizyphinus L.—Common at Tenby, scarce elsewhere.
Var. lyonsii Leach.—Not uncommon. ‘Tenby sands.
Phasianella pulla L.—Freshwater West and Caldy.
Lacuna crassior Mont.—Scarce. ‘Tenby sands.
L. divaricata Fabr.—Common on seaweed. Giltar Point and
Caldy Island. .
L. pallidula Da C.—Common on seaweed. Gailtar, Caldy Island
and Lydstep.
Var. albescens Jeffr.—With the type.
Littorina obtusata L.—Common all along the coast.
L. rudis Maton.—Common all along the rocky coast, of various
colours and sculpture.
Var. jugosa Mont.—A very prettily coloured example from
Bullslaughter Bay, Pembrokeshire.
L. littorea L.—Common on the rocky coast.
Var. brevicula Jeffr— Common near Tenby.
L. neritoides L.—Common. ‘Tenby and Waterwynch.
Rissoa parva Da C.—Common. Caldy and Tenby.
Var. interrupta Adams.—Common. Caldy.
Var. semicostata Mont.—Common. Caldy.
R. costata Adams.—Common. Caldy.
R.membranacea Adams.—Common. ‘Tenby and Caldy.
R. striata Adams.—Abundant. ‘Tenby and Caldy.
Var. distorta Marshall.—A few with the type.
R. vitrea Mont.—Rare. In shell-sand. Tenby.

SPAN : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TENBY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 209

R. semistriata Mont.—Common in shell-sand. Caldy.
R. cingillus Mont.—Scarce, in shell-sand. Caldy.

*R. costulata Alder.—Caldy Sound.

*R, inconspicua Alder.—Caldy Sound.

Hydrobia ulvz Penn.—Swarming on mud flats. Laugharne.

Turritella terebra L.—Numerous, living, at Milford Haven and
Newegall sands, St. Bride’s Bay.

Var. nivea Jeffr.—A few with the type. Milford Haven.
Var. gracilis Jeffr.—A few with the type. Milford Haven.
*Truncatella truncatula Mont.—Caldy Sound.

Scalaria communis Lam.—Not uncommon on Laugharne sands.
Only dead shells, but fresh and of a large size.

S. turtonz Turt.—Common on Laugharne sands. Only dead
shells, but fresh, some specimens 2 in. in length.

S. trevelyana Leach.—Rare. One or two from Laugharne sands,
and dredged off Tenby.

S. clathratula Adams.—Not common. A few fine and large
specimens from Laugharne (one r in. and two nearly ? in. in length).
More common but smaller from Caldy Island.

Aclis unica Mont.—Rare. From shell-sand. Caldy.

A. ascaris Turt.—Rare. From shell-sand. Caldy.

A. supranitida S. Wood.—Rare. From shell-sand. Caldy.

Odostomia rissoides Hanl.—Common in shell-sand. Caldy.

. unidentata Mont.—Common in shell-sand. Caldy.
. turrita Hanl.—Rare in shell-sand. Caldy.

. insculpta Mont.—Rare in shell-sand. Caldy.

. indistincta Mont.—Common in shell-sand. Caldy.
. interstincta Mont.—Common in shell-sand. Caldy.
. scalaris Phil.—Rare in shell-sand. Caldy.

rufa Phil.—Uncommon. Tenby and Milford Haven.
. lactea L.—Common in shell-sand. Caldy.

. pusilla Phil.—Caldy Sound.

Eulima polita L.—Rare. Freshwater West.

E. distorta Desh.—Common. Caldy.

E. intermedia Cantr.—Rare. Freshwater West.

Natica sordida Phil.—Trawled off Milford Haven.

N. catena Da C.—Common in all sandy bays between Saunders-
foot and the Laugharne river.

N. alderi Forbes.—Uncommon. ‘Tenby and Laugharne.

Lamellaria perspicua L.—Small specimens from Caldy Island.

Velutina laevigata Penn.—Rare. Tenby sands.

Aporrhais pes-pelecani L.—Numerous in St. Bride’s Bay. Rare
on Tenby sands,

S590000000

210 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Cerithium reticulatum Da C.—Numerous. Caldy and Tenby.

C. perversum L.—Rare. ‘Tenby sands.

Cerithiopsis tubercularis Mont.—Fairly common. Caldy
Island.

Purpura lapillus L.—Very numerous all along the rocky coast.
Varying much in shape and colouring. Some prettily banded.

Buccinum undatum L.
harne.

Murex erinaceus L.—Common at Tenby, scarce elsewhere.

Var. sculpta Jeffr.—A few with the type. ‘Tenby.

Trophon muricatus Mont.— Dredged off Tenby.

Fusus islandicus Chem.—One fine specimen near Tenby.

F. gracilis Da C.—Dredged off Tenby, alive and dead, on various
localities on the coast.

Nassa reticulata L.—Common at Tenby, Laugharne sands, &c.,
seldom living.

N. incrassata Strém.—Common. ‘Tenby and Freshwater West.

Defrancia gracilis Mont.—Not uncommon. ‘Tenby and Laug-
harne sands, and dredged off Tenby.

D. linearis Mont.—Rare. Caldy Island.

Pleurotoma attenuata Mont——Common. Tenby and Caldy
Island.

P. costata Don.—Rare. Freshwater West.

P. nebula Mont.—Common. ‘Tenby sands.

P. septangularis Mont.—Rare. Tenby sands.

P. rufa Mont.—Scarce. Tenby sands.

P. turricula Mont.—Common. ‘Tenby sands.

Cyprza europza Mont.—Common. ‘Tenby sands.

Ovula patula Penn.—Rare. Dredged off Tenby and in Milford
Haven.

Marginella laevis Don.—Rare. Freshwater West. One living
specimen from a lobster pot, off Caldy.

Cylichna cylindracea Penn.—Common. ‘Tenby.

Utriculus truncatulus Brug.—Scarce. Caldy.

U. obtusus Mont.—Common, near the Laugharne river.

U. hyalinus Turt.—Rare. Caldy Island.

Acera bullata Miull.—Numerous. Milford Haven.

Bulla hydatis L.—Rare. Tenby.

Scaphander lignarius L.—Common. St. Bride’s and Caer-
marthen Bays.

Var. alba Jeffr.—With the type.

Philine aperta L.—Plentiful (living). Pendine and near Saunders-

foot. Uncommon elsewhere,

Common between Tenby and Laug- .

SPAN ; MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TENBY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. ZEY

P. catena Mont.—Rare. Caldy Island.
P. punctata Clark.—Rare. Caldy Island.
Aplysia punctata Cuvier.—Scarce. Tenby and Saundersfoot.
Melampus bidentatus Mont.—Giltar Head.

M. myosotis var. ringens Turt.—In a cave, above high water
mark, near Giltar Head. ;

Var. alba.—With the above named.

[The species marked * were seen by me in the cabinet of a friend
after my paper had been read. Most of them had been procured by
the dredge.—April 7th, 1899].

HEywoop Mount, TENBY,

20th Frp., 1899.

Helix acuta monst. sinistrorsum at Tenby.—On August 29th, in company
with Mr. A. G. Stubbs, I paid a visit to ‘‘ The Burrows” at Tenby. The weather
was wet, and the snails out in abundance, and on the edge of the golf-links, in a
fringe of short grass at the foot of a small sandhill, I took a great number of He/zx
acuta, both the typical form and varr. artzcelata, strigata, and bizona. My chief
prize, however, was a living sinistral specimen; it is rather small, measuring 10
mm. in height by 5 mm. in breadth, but is apparently mature. I have never heard
of the occurrence of sinistral shells of this species before, and if this be the first
record I can only say that it is very singular that amongst the millions observed
on our coasts no others have been detected.—FRED TAYLOR (ead before the
Society, Nov. 9th, 1898).

Note on Cliausilia semidenticulata Pfr.—Of the specimens of this species
herewith presented to the Society’s cabinet, the smaller ones were found at Mag-
nesia ad Mzeandrum, the larger at Sochia in Asia Minor. For the identification of
these I am indebted to Dr. Boettger, of Frankfort, who writes me regarding them :
‘‘They agree with the description and figures given by Kiister, though they are
larger ; this, however, does not prevent me from regarding them as CZ. semzden/z-
culata. They stand between C/. denticulata Ol. and CV. thessalonica var. spreta
Gr.” So far as I am aware, this is the first time this species has been taken on the
mainland of Asia Minor, having hitherto only been found on some of the Ionian
Islands and on the European side of the Bosphorus.—J. Biiss (Read before the
Soctety, April 12, 1899).

Limax cinereo-niger in Carnarvonshire and Denbighshire.—This slug
is fairly plentiful in the woods of the Conway Valley in the neighbourhood of Tre-
friw and Bettws-y-Coed. In the early part of May, 1898, I collected several
specimens on the Carnarvonshire side of the river, from beneath the bark of dead
trees where they were always associated with Limax marginatus. I had few
opportunities of searching the woods onthe Denbighshire side, but found an imma-
ture example beneath the bark of a dead ash at the Conway Falls. All the slugs
were referable to the variety /ctuosa Moq.—CHAas. OLDHAM (Read before the
Soctety, Jan. 11th, 1899).

212

OBITUARY NOTICE OF
THE LATE JOSEPH CHARLES HIPPOLYTE CROSSE.

Adapted from the French Memoir of C. Poyard and H. Fischer,

By CLARA NORDLINGER.
With a portrait presented to the Society by the family of the late M. Crosse.

(Read before the Society, May 1oth, 1899).

JosEPH CHARLES HIPPOLYTE CROSSE was born on October tst, 1826,
and was educated at the College Bourbon, where he studied diligently
and distinguished himself chiefly in the class of humanity. He was
gifted with rare facility for learning, and at an early age his range of
knowledge was extensive.

At college he excelled in Latin verse, and his work was equally
appreciated by his professors and fellow students. On leaving the
College Bourbon, Crosse took his legal degree as became the son
of a lawyer, and succeeded in this undertaking as in everything he
attempted. But his own inclinations were already strongly urging him
towards the natural sciences to which he was later to devote all his
energy. When hardly fifteen years old, a nephew of Adanson had given
him a number of shells which formed the nucleus of the magnificent
conchological collections gathered by him during fifty years of patient
study and research. In £849 he visited the southern coast of France
and for the first time travelled with a purely scientific aim. He brought
back a number of specimens and henceforward devoted himself
entirely to his favourite study. Ere long he had put himself into
communication with the principal workers in the same field both at
home and abroad.

In the year 1850 Petit de la Saussaye founded the /ournal de
Conchyliolgie, which, however, soon ceased to appear. Six years later
Messrs. Fischer and Bernardi resuscitated the /owrna/, and in 1861
Crosse began to collaborate and to give the paper his welcome material
assistance. For thirty-seven years Crosse and Fischer were associated
in the editorship of the /ournal which soon took a high place in the
field of scientific literature.

Crosse’s next great undertaking was the work on the Terrestrial and
Fluviatile Mollusca of Mexico and Guatemala, which forms one of the
seven parts of Milne Edwards’ Zoological Researches on the history
of the fauna of Central America and Mexico. Crosse and Fischer
worked together, and in 1869, two years after Milne Edwards had been
entrusted with the organization of this great scientific publication,
Crosse was writing the introduction to the portion confided to him and
his friend, ‘Their work was continued uninterruptedly for twenty-five

NORDLINGER : THE LATE JOSEPH CHARLES HIPPOLYTE CROSSE. 213

years, and after Fischer’s premature death, Crosse still laboured at his
task which was not even ended when he died.

The scientific work of Hippolyte Crosse, which is no less remarkable
for quality than for quantity, is the outcome of methodical and perse-
vering study of that branch of science to which his life’s work was devoted.

His first important publication in the 2nd vol. of the Journal de
Conchy Hologie contained the interesting results of his travels with Cotteau
in the south of France, Italy, Corsica, and Sicily, where many rare
shells came under his observation. His connection with travellers in
distant lands soon helped to increase his private collection of shells,
which it would be difficult to rival both in extent and in interest outside
any of the well-known museums. His library was no less complete,
and contained some of the rarest conchological works, which were
readily placed at the disposal of anyone who cared to come and
consult them.

Unusual intelligence, combined with great conscientiousness, marked
every phase of Crosse’s work, and these qualities were not restricted
to his purely scientific researches, but were equally displayed in the
literary and business sides of his labours. Thus he would read the
manuscript, review proofs and plates for the /ourna/, and even attend
to the accounts and the minutest administrative details in his desire
for completeness and excellence. No one who ever confided a collection
of specimens to Crosse’s care had cause to regret his confidence, and
conchologists of all nations vied in expressing their respect and esteem
for his work.

Crosse published almost all his writings in the /owrnad, which he
thus enriched by some 355 papers and original memoirs, as well as
bibliographical analyses and odd notes, containing a mint of useful
information. These various publications, written partly in collaboration
with Paul Fischer and other authors, have made known nearly 600 new
species. The numerous articles which Crosse wrote on Pleurotomaria
have done much to demonstrate the importance of this genus, which
had long been known in its fossil form, but which had been believed
to be extinct, until in 1856 Paul Fischer and Bernardi obtained a
living specimen from the Antilles. Crosse soon found a second
example in the collection of a Dr. Commarmand, where it had long
lain unrecognised. These discoveries aroused such general curiosity
that the American Government undertook special deep sea explorations
in order to study the abysmal fauna of the Antillean regions.

Some of Crosse’s writings treat of Conchological Palaeontology,
but it would be impossible to enumerate a complete list of these and all
his other articles here. We may, however, mention a few papers pub-
lished outside the /ourna/, as for example the Notes on the Terrestrial

214 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

Mollusca of New Caledonia, which appeared in the Rezwe e¢ Magasin
de Zoologie between the years 1855 and 1859. One important work on
the Natural History of the Mollusca of Madagascar, which was com-
menced with the assistance of P. Fischer, remained unfinished. Nor
did Crosse live to enjoy the satisfaction of seeing the publication of the
last part of his important studies on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of Mexico and Guatemala.

Crosse possessed a very characteristic and distinguished style of
writing which combined literary elegance with scientific exactitude.
He would rigorously exclude all generic or specific terms of doubtful
Latinity, and never admitted that naturalists had a right to ignore the
idiom of a language which was once, and still ought to be, the universal
scientific medium. He insisted that each detailed description of a
new species should be accompanied by an exact Latin diagnosis.
How much easier of access would be the obscure works of foreign
writers if this rule were universal.

Crosse was a faithful supporter of Cuvier’s theories and held firmly the
conception of a species asa permanent entity. The Darwinian theory
of the variability of species, which was in opposition to his philosophical -
and religious tenets, was never accepted by him, or granted to be more
than a hypothesis, seductive no doubt, but void of sufficient proof.
In contradiction to the theory of evolution, he would cite as a positive
and indisputable fact the persistence of such ancient genera as
Pleurotomaria and Lingula, which are still represented with their
unaltered primitive characteristics.

Crosse repeatedly opposed the tendency of certain naturalists who
desire to abolish the Linnean species, replacing them by a large number
of others founded on slight and unimportant differences, without taking
into account the intermediate links between them. He considered
that the drawback of this proceeding consisted in attaching too great an
importance to mere details, and in relegating broad comparisons and
generalities to the background. But although he held firmly to his
own convictions, he generously appreciated the standpoint of those
opposed to him, and if his criticism was often keen, it was neither bitter
nor personal. Indeed, even while jealously guarding his own indepen-
dence of judgment, his genial temperament would lead him to soften
the expression of his opinions, and to meet his opponents with
indulgent kindliness. To the humble worker and the newcomer in
his own field he always extended a warm welcome.

Conchologists alone know how large is the debt their branch of
science owes to Hippolyte Crosse, and it will not be forgotten that
during a long life he clung to high ideals and unwavering principles. -
He was a spiritualist, in the philosophic not the popular sense, and

NORDLINGER : THE LATE JOSEPH CHARLES HIPPOLYTE CROSSE. 215

saw God in nature, repudiating the modern school, which would
eliminate the Creator from creation. In private life, Crosse was
greatly beloved and esteemed ; though devoted to scientific studies,
he took a keen interest in literature, history and political economy
and was a lively conversationalist, as well as a ready listener and
charming companion. His interest in public events, particularly
during the Franco-Prussian war, was manifested during a long series
of years, when he repeatedly held the mayoralty of the district of
Vernou, in which lies Argeville, an estate which has been in the Crosse
family for several generations. His home life was of the happiest;
his mother, his wife and four daughters, and a large circle of ever-
welcome friends forming delightful and congenial surroundings to a
man who was as affectionate as he was studious. In later years a
rapid series of domestic afflictions, which he bore with great outward
calm, quickly undermined his seemingly robust constitution.

Two apparently slight accidents brought about the fatal illness
which cut him off in the midst of perfect physical and intellectual
activity. Even when he knew that death was inevitable he continued
to work as had always been his habit and thus for some time succeeded
in hiding the fact of his dangerous condition from his own family.
Until the last he laboured to set his affairs in order and sought to
terminate the work he had still to do. Not long before the end came,
he expressed his regret that there would be no one of his name to
inherit and profit by the scientific treasures he had amassed. He
made arrangements to bequeath to the son of his old friend Paul
Fischer, the property as well as the editorship of the /ouwrnal de
Conchyliologie, and on the 7th of August, 1898, he closed a long life
of honour and usefulness.

His devotion to science was completely disinterested ; honours
came unsought and unasked, but perhaps they were rarer and less
distinguished than they might have been had he not been proudly
tenacious of his strictly religious and conservative views. His reputa-
tion, however, did not suffer, in spite of his exceptional modesty ;
he had earned a great name in the scientific world and those who
now mourn his loss belong to all nations and all countries.

ee A ee

Fusi on the Norfolk Coast.—The neighbourhood of Cromer is not at all
favourable to the conchologist, and I was agreeably surprised to find on the beach
at Sherringham this summer a large number of /wsz, along with the specimens of
Buccinum undatum, thrown away by the fishermen in clearing their nets. uses
antiquus was, of course, most plentiful, but 7. gvacz/zs and a smaller species, prob-
ably 7. propinguus, were also among them. I also secured a very fine Saxzcava
rugosa embedded in the hardened chalk on the foreshore. —CARLETON GREENE,
(Read before the Soccety, Nov. 9th, 1898).

REMARKS ON THE CAUSE OF ABNORMALITY IN
PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS.

By Rk. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, Nov. oth, 1898).

Mr. A. G. Stubbs, in his interesting paper (vide p. 106-108 anfea) on
the remarkable assemblage of monstrous shells from a ditch at Tenby,
makes a suggestion as to the possible cause of this phenomenon, which
distinctly merits consideration. But it has occurred to me that the
same cause would equally apply to other ditches, and yet I do not
know of any similar abnormalities occurring in such profusion else-
where, although individual cases of distortion in Planorbis spirorbis,
etc., are by no means uncommon, as the experience of most collectors
will show. ‘The statement that they only occur in a restricted area of
this particular ditch, made me curious to investigate the general fauna
of that area more fully, and on communicating this desire to Mr.
Stubbs, he very kindly sent me a number of living /. spzrvorbis, both
normal and abnormal, in all stages of growth, together with samples
of the aquatic vegetation.

On placing these in a tank, I soon noticed that all the shells were
more or less covered with a flocculent growth, which a pocket lens
resolved into luxuriant colonies of Lp7stylis anastatica, one of the
rigid-stalked Vorticellidee. Closer microscopic examination showed
that the needle-like stalks of this organism form dense spiky tufts, and
each stalk is furthermore studded with numbers of diatoms, which add
to the rigidity of the mass. On carefully examining the points where
the whorls of the shells first show a tendency to scalarity, more espe-
cially in young examples, I was quite satisfied that this growth of
Lpistylis is the primary cause of abnormality in the Tenby specimens.
During the resting periods which intervene between the successive
“growth stages” of the shell, the Vorticel/e increase rapidly, and
cover every portion ; and should a vigorous colony chance to locate
itself in the suture immediately at the junction of the mouth and
whorl, especially when the shell is quite young, the animal, on com-
mencing to add a new portion to its shell, is confronted by a prickly
living bush—-which, doubtless, possesses some irritant or stinging
power as well—and is obliged to carry on the construction of its
shell at a tangent, in order to avoid the interfering parasite. In this
way the regular coiling of the shell is interrupted, and it twists off
into all manner of eccentric forms, as is so admirably shown in the
plate accompanying Mr. Stubbs’ paper.

These observations were further confirmed on receiving another
large consignment of shells taken, at my suggestion, from different

VERTIGO MOULINSIANA : HELICES ABANDONING THEIR SHELLS. 217

parts of the ditch, and carefully kept separate. From those portions
of the ditch where no abnormalities occurred, although the shells
were equally abundant and the conditions of life apparently the
same, the specimens were all exceptionally fine, and very clean, with
no trace whatever cf Lpzstylis.

The presence of this Vorticellid on shells of Zzmn@a and Physa,
especially in their earlier stages, may also account for those occasional
scalarid or other monstrous forms noted as occurring along with the
deformed Planorébes, for I noticed plenty of colonies on shells from
the infected area, whilst specimens from other parts of the ditch were
quite normal, and free from this parasitic growth. It would be
interesting if collectors would look out for and note the presence of
Vorticelle on shells from ditches where abnormalities, particularly
of P. spirorbis, occur.

Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy, in Cambridgeshire.—At the annual meeting,
on October 22nd, I had the privilege of exhibiting a set of this rare Vertigo, received
from my friend Mr. J. R. B. Tomlin, of Llandaff, and collected by him in the early
part of September last, at Wicken Fen, near Soham. This discovery possesses a
peculiar interest, inasmuch as it proves the correctness of the late Dr. J. Gwyn
Jeffreys’ surmise that V. moulinszana would probably be found to exist in the fen
districts of our eastern counties, if careful search were made (Brit. Conch., vol. 1,
p- 256). It is also a valuable addition to the limited number of recorded localities
for the species in the United Kingdom. Mr. Tomlin informs me that he was
searching for Coleoptera in what now remains of this once famous fen, and whilst
beating the reed-stems, and shaking bundles of freshly-cut sedges over a news-
paper, he found the Vertzgo in some quantity. He considers that it would be found
abundantly by any assiduous collector, who had time to systematically search
amongst the reed-beds and sedges—‘‘sedge” being the fenman’s comprehensive
term for the luxuriant undergrowth that characterises this fen, and comprises a
large variety of tall plants and grasses. The animal seems to be of a sluggish dis-
position, living exposed on the tall plants during the summer and autumn, and
probably hibernating in hollows of the dead stems during the winter months. The
Wicken habitat is very similar in some respects to that in which the mollusc was
discovered by Mr. C. O. P. Cambridge, at Morden, Dorset, in 1889 (/. Conch.,
vol. 6, p. 348, April, 1891).—R. STANDEN (Read before the Society, Nov. oth,
1898).

Helices abandoning their Shells.—Referring to the observations on Zizmnea
peregra abandoning its shell (wzde supra pp. 112, 164), I have had a somewhat
similar experience with certain He/zces. My friend, Mr. F. J. Bigger, collected for
me a number of shells, during April, 1898, from the walls of a hotel on the Grand
Canal, Venice. Many were quite young specimens of Helix pisana Miill., and
HI, lactea Miill., which I fed all summer on lettuce, upon which they throve and
appeared healthy. In October, when the shells were about three-quarters grown, I
noticed that one of the animals had crawled out of its shell and was wandering over
the lettuce leaves. About a month later I took the shells to the Annual Conver-
sazione of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, and during the evening another animal
also left its shell. The box in which I kept them was covered with glass, and they
were not handled inany way.—R. WELCH (Read before the Soctety, April 12th, 1899)

218
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

279th Meeting, April 12th, 1899.

Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, no. 4; the Scottish Naturalist, no. 30, April ;
the Naturalist, no. 507; Science Gossip, vol. 5, no. 59; La Feuille des Jeunes
Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 342; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 46. no. 3; the
Nautilus, vol. 12, no. 11; Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis,
vol. 7, nos. 17-20, and vol. 8, nos. 1-7.

New Members Elected.

Mrs. Jessie M. Blundell, Argyll House, Cirencester.

Mrs. Lucy A. Smith, Cricklade Street, Cirencester.

Mr. G. E. Mason, 11b, Stanford Place, Stanley Bridge, Fulham, London, S. W.

Mr. G. M. Morris, 18, Northen Grove, West Didsbury, Manchester.

Mr. J. E. Neild, Brookville, Gilda Brook Road, Eccles.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Mr. J. C. Blackshaw ; Mr. H. Lamont Orr.

Member Deceased.

Mr. Leonard F. Biddle, who only joined the society in 1898 ; he had, however.
occupied the position of hon. secretary to the Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club for
the last two years, during which time he succeeded in winning the highest esteem -
and respect of the members. The Conchological Society had formed high expecta-
tions of his work as a member, and deeply regrets his early decease.

Letter Read.

From the Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, of Almanarre, Garelochead, who wishes
to call attention to the scheme of work drawn up by the Zoological Section of the
Committee charged with making arrangements for the Meeting of the British
Association at Glasgow in 1901. He will be glad if any members who have any
information regarding Clyde dredgings, or who are in possession of private lists,
will enter into communication with him.

Papers Read.

‘¢ Helices abandoning their Shells,” R. Welch.

‘* A large colony of Vertigo antivertzgo Drap., in Co. Down,” by R. Welch.

“‘ Note on Claustlia semzdenticulata Pfr.,” by J. Bliss.

“¢ Effect of protracted drought on the occurrence of Land Mollusca,” by the Rev.
J. W. Horsley.

‘< Belgium and the Ardennes,” by the Rev. Carleton Greene.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Welch: He/zx /actea and H. fisana to illustrate his paper; also
Vertigo antivertigo and Carychium minimum from Shaw’s Bridge, River Lagan,
Co. Down; Planorbis nautileus var. crista, and monstr. scalariforme, collected by
Mr. H. L. Orr, during September last, from a drain at Groomsport Harbour, mouth
of Belfast Lough, where the variety ¢7zs¢a occurred in countless thousands on duck-
weed; Vertigo pygmea, V. antivertigo, V. edentula, Carychium minimum, Succinea
elegans vax., and Hyalinia nitzda, collected by the Hon. R. E. Dillon, at Clonbrock,
Co. Galway.

By Mr. R. Standen: A fine example of Cyprvea tsabella-mexicana Stearns (E.
Coll. F. L. Button), dredged at Clipperton Island, 600 miles off the American coast.

By Mr. Bartlet Span: A series of ZzrrzteHa terebra, type and varr. mivea and
gracilts from Milford Haven.

PROCEEDINGS : MAY I0, 1899. 219

By Mr. L. J. Shackleford: A series of Budiminus dux Pfr. from Israelite Bay,
S. Australia.

By the Rev. Addison Crofton: 7aritella fered: a, varieties and local forms, from
Whitebank and Giltar, Tenby; Milford Haven; Isle of Man; and Scalloway.

Bythe Rev. H. A. Hudson: Zurritella terebra from Red Wharf Bay and Tenby.

By Mr. J. D. Dean: Helix nemoralis, varr. rubella and castanea, from Mapple-
ton, Derbyshire; and 4. ortenszs var. arentcola.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Bulimus auris-vulpina from St. Helena; and Dentalium
abyssorum.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Ampullaria pine Dall.; and Unzo pinet Wright, newly
described species from Aripeka, Florida.

280th Meeting, May roth, 1899.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, no. 5; the Naturalist, no. 508; Science Gossip,
vol. 5, no. 60; the Journal of Malacology, vol. 7, no. 2; La Feuille des Jeunes
Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 343; Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 46, no. 4, and vol.
47, no. 1; the Nautilus, vol. 12, no. 12; Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Queensland, vol. 14; Marine Shells from the Andaman Islands, by J. C. Melvill
and E. R. Sykes; Vie et Travaux de Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse, by Messrs.
Poyard and Fischer; Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society, vol. 43, part 1.

New Members Elected.
Mr. Hugh Lamont Orr, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.
Mr. James C. Blackshaw, 158, Penn Road, Wolverhampton.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
- Mr. Frederick Darnbrough.
Member Deceased.
Mr. Sylvanus Hanley.
Papers Read.

“A contribution towards a list of the land and freshwater mollusca of Cumber-

land and Westmorland,” by W. J. Farrer.

“ Obituary notice of the late Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse ” (adapted from
the French memoir of C. Poyard and H. Fischer), by Clara Nordlinger.

““Note on the genus Herviera,” by J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen.
Exhibits.

By Captain W. J. Farrer: An interesting series of the more notable species and
varieties mentioned in his paper.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Herviera tstdella M. & S., 7. glirtella M. & S., and Caecum
vertebrale Hedley, all from Uvea, Loyalty Islands ; Helx trazlii Pfr. from Borneo;
a large series showing considerable variation ; anda stunted form of Lzmmnea stag-
nalis L., with inflated lip, from Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.

By Mr. F. Taylor: A series of remarkably fine Paludestrina jenkinsi, and its
variety carinata, from the canal at Droylsden, Lancs. This is the first record of
the occurrence of this shell in Lancashire.

On behalf of the Manchester Museum were shown some very choice examples
in perfect condition of the gigantic Lumatia lewist Gould, from California; Car-
dium hians Brocchi, from Algiers; C. costatum L., from East Africa; and C.
ringens Ch., from Gambia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

The Nautilus, vol. 12, nos. 11, 12, March and April, 1899.

“‘Catalogue of the Amnicolidze of the Western United States,” by H. A.
Pitspry [5 nn. spp.]. ‘‘On a new species of Drillia [D. empyrosia] from Cali-
fornia,” by W. H. Dati. ‘* New Pupide,” by V. STERKI [4zfidaria quadridentata,
B. sonorana, New Mexico]. ‘‘Another new snail from New Mexico,” by T. D. A.
COCKERELL [Ashmunella pseudodonta n. sub-sp. capitanenszs}.

“*On a recent collection of Pennsylvanian mollusks from the Ohio river system
below Pittsburg,” by S. N. RHoaps [47 spp.]. “‘A new Pteronotus [| Pt. carpen-
tert] from California,” by W. H. DALL. ‘‘ How Uniones emigrate” [carried by
birds], by L. S. Frrerson. ‘ Description of new American land-shells ” [ Gastvo-
donta celaxts, N. Carolina; Polygyra postelliana subclausa, Florida).

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 46, no. 3 [dated ‘‘ter Juillet, 1898,” received

March 23rd, 1899].

“‘Etudes malacologiques sur des genres nouveaux ou peu connus; 5, sur les
genres Xenothauma et Platybostryx,” by H. Crosse. ‘* Descriptions d’espeéces
nouvelles de mollusques provenant de l’archipel de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (Suite) ”
[Afttra 3 nn. spp. figured], by J. HERVIER. ‘‘ Description d’une espece nouvelle
de Plectopylis [P. francotst Tonkin], by H. FIscHEr. ‘‘ Note sur le Plewrotomaria
Beyrichi,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG et H. FISCHER [figure, with summary of other
species]. ‘* Description de coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiares inférieurs (Suite),”
by C, MAYER-EYMAR.

Vol. 46, no. 4 [dated ‘‘ rer Octobre, 1898,” received April 19th, 1899].

“‘ Descriptions d’especes nouvelles de mollusques, provenant de l’archipel de la
Nouvelle-Calédonie (Suite) ” [772forzs, 29 forms re-described and figured], by
J. HERVIER. ‘‘ Quelques remarques sur les moeurs des Patelles,” by H. FISCHER.

Vol. 47, no. 1 [‘‘ ter Trimestre, 1899. Sorti des presses le 28 Avril, 1899,”
received May 3rd, 1899].

‘*Hippolyte Crosse: Notice biographique,” par C. POYARD; ‘‘CEuvre scientifique, ”
par H. FiscHER [with portrait]. ‘‘ Description de coquilles nouvelles de l’Indo-
Chine” [Helzx, 6 spp. ; Claustlia, 7 spp. ; Pupina, 3 spp., figured], by A. BAVAY
and PH. DAUTZENBERG. ‘“‘ Note sur la présence du genre MWelampus (MM. exiguus
Lowe, figured] dans le Golfe de Gascogne,” by H. FIscHER. [It is with particular:
satisfaction that we notice the statement regarding the actual date of publication
of the Journal. This is an innovation which will win the approval of all con-
scientious and accurate workers].

The Naturalist, no. 506, March, 1899.

‘‘ Extracts from a conchologist’s note-book: 4, from Selby to Camblesforth and
Gowdall, for Limnea glabra,” by W. NELSON.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, nos. 3-4, March-April, 1899.

“©The Brachiopoda and Mollusca of the Carboniferous Rocks of Ireland”
[general sketch], by A. H. Foorp.
The Annals of Scottish Natural History, no. 30, April, 1899.

‘* Vertigo pygmea and other molluscs in Perth E.,” by W. Evans.
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 8, no. 5, March

1808. te

“<The molluscan fauna of western New York,” by F. C. BAKER [We observe
with regret that the author publishes the name of a new species without any
description ; this course of action is responsible for endless trouble in the past].

NOTE ON THE GENUS HERVIERA : VERTIGO ALPESTRIS. 221

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, nos. 342-343, April-May, 1899.

‘* Révision des Pleurotomes éocenes du bassin de Paris” (Suite), by E. DE Boury.
Science Gossip, vol. 5, nos. 59-60, April-May, 1899.

““ Molluscs in Asia Minor,” by J. Biss. ‘‘P2rula nodulifera in North Kent,”
by J. P. Jonson. ‘‘ Armature of helicoid land-shells, and new forms of Plecto-
pylis” [P. congesta Tonkin], by G. K. GupE. ‘* Notes on mollusca at Reigate,
Surrey,” by R. ASHINGTON BULLEN.

Notes ona Third Collection of Marine Shells from the Andaman Islands,
with descriptions of three new species of Mitra, by J. C. MELVILL and E. R.
SYKES [list of 59 forms, 3 nn. spp. figured].

Vie et Travaux de Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse : Notice biographique
par C. PoyarD; CE£uvre scientifique par H. FISCHER.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 7, no. 2, May, 1899.

“‘The specific position of the reputed British Hyalinza olabra Studer” [the
British form is xot 4. glabra of Studer], by W. Moss. ‘‘ Notes on the species of
Enneaand Leptopoma recorded from Ceylon, etc.” [6 nn. spp. figured], by E. R.
Sykes. ‘* Phastanella ‘pulla’ or ‘pullus’” (latter is correct], by A. H. Cooxker.
“©On the occurrence in Ireland of Avzon empiricorum Feéx. var. bocaget Simr.,” by
W. E. CoLLINGE. ‘‘ Species of Plectopylis recently described in ‘Science Gossip,’”’
by G. K. Gupr. ‘‘ Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands” [additions to Standen’s list,
J. Conch., p. 113 supra], by H. V. FowLer. ‘‘ Note on some slugs from Tene-
riffe,” by W. E. CoLLINGE and F. J. PARTRIDGE.

NOTE ON THE GENUS HERVIERA.

By J. COSMO MELVILL anp R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, May roth, 1899).

REFERRING to the description of this genus (p. 185, supra), we wish
to call attention to the fact that Le Pere Jean Hervier, of Lyon, after
whom it was named, is the conchologist of this distinguished family.
We inadvertently gave the designation and residence of his cousin,
the Abbé Joseph Hervier, of St. Etienne, the well-known botanist,
after whom Z7ifolium herviert, Hieracium herviert, etc., are called.
We regret that, misled by the exact similarity of initial, we unwittingly
created a confusion we now seek, by this note, to rectify.

We may add that further examples of both H& glirtella and H.
tsidella have lately been found by Mr. R. Cairns amongst shell-
shingle forwarded from Uvea.

Vertigo alpestris Alder in Lancashire.—This extremely rare shell does not
appear to have been taken by any Lancashire conchologists since Gilbertson’s record
of ‘* Clitheroe in Lancashire” quoted by Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., vol. 1, p. 260).
It is, therefore, noteworthy that during the summer of 1898, Mr. F. C. Long, of
Padiham, took it amongst moss at the foot of an old wall in the Roughlee Valley,
Pendle Forest, and has kindly given me the opportunity of exhibiting it at this.
meeting.—R. STANDEN (ead before the Society, Jan. 11th, 1899).

222

ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

(Continued from page 171).

By J. T. MARSHALL.

Odostomia (continued).
Sometimes, it may be, the artist has not caught the same aspect of the
shell as the writer, and this itself might result in a considerable diver-
gence from the type form. Only in this way can I account for some
authors’ figures differing so much from their written descriptions,
instances of which will be pointed out in the following pages. Type
forms, especially of such minute and uncharacteristic shells as the
Odostomie, should be taken by photo-lithography, and in variable
species several figures should be given to show the range of variation,
The working out of this extensive and interesting group I can
recommend as a good mental exercise. I have studied it more or
less for nearly forty years, and my mounted specimens do not number
less than 20,000, collected from all parts of the British Isles and at all
depths. Some of the species I have fully dealt with in previous papers. -
I do not profess that my notes thereon are more than an elucidation
or confirmation of previous writers, nor that it contains much original
matter, Jeffreys having left very little original work for gleaners on a
subject in which he was facile princeps, and which he had made almost
entirely his own. But I think it will be found that my records have
considerably increased the area of distribution in the British seas
of most of our species and varieties.
The following short characteristics of the more critical Odostomie
will be found useful :—
O. minima,—Like a young O. nitidissima.
O. nivosa.—Cylindrical; spiral strize round periphery.
O. truncatula.—Like a large O. nivosa; spiral strize throughout.
O. clavula.—Short, tubular.
O. lukist.—Like a stunted O. conoidea with rounded base.
O. albella.—A long oval; sight umbilicus and tooth; thin.
O. rissotdes.—Rounded whorls; rounded mouth; umbilicus and
tooth slight.
O. pallida.—Short spire; long body-whorl; no umbilicus; solid.
O. conoidea.—Grooved mouth; flattened whorls; keeled base.
O. acuta.—Conical; funnel-shaped umbilicus.
O. umbilicaris.—Like a stumpy O. acuta.
O. unidentata.—Like O. acuta, but no umbilicus; squarish base.
O. conspicua.—Like a large O. unidentata, with deeper suture.
O. turrita.—Like a dwarf O. unidentata, with narrow base.
OQ. plicata.—Long and slender; whorls compressed,

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 223

O. diaphana.—Thin, smooth, and glossy; shaped as Limmncea
glabra.

O. obligua.—Thin and spirally striated; shaped as Z. palustris.

O. warrent.—Striated at base only; turreted whorls; shaped as
L. stagnalis.

O. minima Jeffr.—s5 to 90 f. in fine sand with an admixture of
mud. Port Erin and Puffin Island (L.M.B.C.); Berehaven 5 f.
(R.1.A. cruise); Roundstone Bay (Dodd) ! Antrim (Chaster); Lis-
more, 6 f. (Knight)! N. and E. Sutherlandshire (Baillie)! St. Magnus
Bay, 60—8o f. (Jeffreys); St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey; Guernsey and
Sark, 1520 f.; Scilly, 40 f.; Falmouth, rg f.; Mount’s Bay; Caw-
sand Bay, Plymouth, 12 f.; Oban, 25 f.; the Minch off Loch
Boisdale, 20 f.; Raised beach, Skye (T. Scott)! Also from Sooloom
Bay, Tripoli, (H.M.S. Shearwater)!

A scarce species, and very minute; but patient examination of fine
dredgings with a microscope will not go unrewarded. In Jeffreys’
description! he says the inner lip “is united with the outer so as to
form a continuous but indistinct peristome,” while in his text on the
next page he says the contrary, so that on page 16, line 5, the word
“nor” should be replaced by the words “and being.” ‘The characters
of the peristome and umbilicus are uncertain, and appear to me mere
individual variations ; in both these respects it 1s similar to immature
Pherusa gulsone, with which it has some affinity; but under a micro-
scope the flexuous longitudinal striz of O. minima will be found a
marked character. Its general appearance is not unlike a young O.
nitidisstma, but it has a bulbous apex instead of a spiral one. ‘This mite
of a shell occurs in the post-tertiary estuarine clay at Magheramorne,
on Larne Lough, where 60 specimens occurred in a quarter of a cubic
inch of fine siftings (Praeger)! Dr. Jeffreys had previously identified
one example found by Mr. Stewart in the same deposit. Some of
Mr. Praeger’s specimens are two or three times as large as the recent
form, and have six whorls. It would thus appear that our little
Odostomia has sadly degenerated.

Jeffreys’ figure is a good one, though badly executed, but his micro.
figure is not near it; nor is Sowerby’s figure anything like. Good
figures will be found accompanying the original description by
Jeffreys’; it will be noted that the front one shows no trace of an
umbilicus or chink, and it has a “complete continuity of the
outer lip.”

O. nivosa Mont.—In rock-pools at low water and dredged dead
at all depths. Kaillala Bay (Miss Warren)! Lismore, 6 f. (Knight)!

1 Brit. Conch., vol. 4, p. 115.
2 Ann, Mag. Nat, Hist. (3) vol. 1, p. 45, pl. 2, fig, 3, 1858

224 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 7, JULY, 1899.

N. and E. Sutherlandshire (Baillie)! Sound of Sleat, 502—g0 f., and
Barra, 14 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Scilly Islands (Burkill and
J.T.M.); Tenby and Caldy Island; Bantry Bay; Connemara; Achil
Island; Portrush; Staffa; Iona; Rona; Oban; Thurso; S. and W.
Orkneys; Vidlin Voe and off Lerwick, Shetlands.

The longitudinal sculpture of this species appears to have escaped
observation. Fresh specimens have coarse longitudinal striee, which
are much stronger and puckered on the upper parts of the whorls, as
in the next species; these disappear in dead or worn examples. In a
few cases the spiral lines are absent from the base, and rarely the shell
is conical. Specimens from Thurso are the largest, attaining a line in
length. A distortion occurs in which the outer lip is expanded and
there is a pronounced umbilicus, indicating aged specimens, and I
have a scalariform monstrosity from the west of Ireland.

Jeffreys’ figure is good as an outline, but his micro. figure is useless.
Sowerby’s is not sufficiently slender; neither is Forbes and Hanley’s.
Alder’s original figure’ (as O. cylind7ica) is a fair one, but does not
exhibit the peripheral striz, though that is an error of the draughts-
man, as he mentions it in his description.

O. truncatula Jeffr—Exmouth (Coll. MacAndrew); Scilly Islands
(Burkill and J.T.M.); Land’s End; Falmouth and Helford; Te
and Babbacombe Bay.

A very local but not uncommon species. ‘There are two forms, one
long and slender, the other short and broad, which I take to be the
male and female. The strize in fresh specimens are visible with an
ordinary lens. Jeffreys says it is ‘‘not unlike the young of Z7uncatella
truncatula,” but a specimen of the latter the same size as O. truncatula
has very convex whorls and a deep suture, being almost scalariform,
whereas this shell has compressed whorls and a channelled suture.
The broad or female form is more like Acicula ineata. From O. nivosa
this differs in being more cylindrical, in consequence of the apex being
blunter and the last whorl the same width as the preceding one.
O. truncatula was first discovered by Mr. W. Rouse, of Plymouth,
in 1849, and in the following year by Mr. R. Bolton of the same
town and Mr. Barlee, when it was described by Gwyn Jeffreys? from
specimens received from the latter gentleman.

Both Sowerby’s and Jeffrey’s figures are taken from what I consider
to be the male or slender form; Sowerby’s is the best, but the mouth
is too large; while Jeffreys’ figure 1s too spindled, and does not exhibit
the conspicuous fold on the pillar. Forbes and Hanley’s is most
unreliable.

1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, pl. 8, fig. 14, 1844.
2 Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist, (2) vol. 5, p. 109, 1850.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘* BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 225

O. clavula Lov.—6 to 90 f., muddy sand. Scilly Islands (Smart
and others); S.W. Ireland, 5-—79 f. (R.I.A. cruise) ; Antrim (Chaster) ;
Gairloch, 30 f.; Loch Inver, 25 f.; and Sound of Sleat, 4o—g90 f.
(Somerville and J.T.M.); Guernsey, 18 f.; Falmouth, 19 f.; Conne-
Mata t2 t) Brodick Baya Aran 4o f;) Woch Fyne; 27 £5 Loch
iimmhes rol, Clyde 16a) Bice Islands 20%; Woch Broom) 15 i;
the Minch off Loch Boisdale, 15 f.; E. Shetlands, 4o f.

Var. pistilliformis Brugnone.—New to Britain. From Round-
stone Bay, Connemara, 12 f., and Scilly Islands, 40 f. Rare in British
seas, but less so in some parts of the Mediterranean. This is
smaller, thinner, narrower, and more truly cylindrical, with the last
whorl proportionally shorter and not projecting beyond the penulti-
mate. It was first described by Brugnone as O. pistz/us from a Monte
Pellegrino fossil, but that name being preoccupied for a Japanese
species by A. Adams, it was afterwards changed to O. pistt/liformts.
It is also O. drugnont of Monterosato.

The British form of this species differs from the Mediterranean one
in being larger, broader, more solid, less cylindrical, and less glossy,
while Guernsey specimens have the whorls more compressed, a
shallower suture, and an angulated base. A specimen from Loch
Inver has the embryonic whorls exposed in a horizontal position on
the summit. Jeffreys has remarked’ that “this species is always
distinguishable by having the shape of a short cylinder with a truncated
apex,” but his figure is too convex, the suture too deep, and the
dimensions too large; it is a better representation of O. /wkist.
Sowerby’s is better in outline, but the mouth should be oval and
contracted instead of expanded, and there should be a small um-
bilicus. Forbes and Hanley’s is a good figure; but it is remarkable
that in this, as in other species, there is no likeness between the three
figures, and if compared together they appear as three species.

O. lukisi Jeffr.—-Sea-weeds at low water to 95 f. Scilly Islands
(Burkill and J.T.M.); Isle of Man (Leicester)! Lismore, 6 f. and
Lynn of Morven, 50 f. (Knight)! Oban, 18—25 f.; Iona, 16—35f.;
Loch Boisdale and Barra, 20 f.; Loch Inver, 25 f.; and Sound of
Sleat, 4o—95 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm;
Penzance, low water; Borough Island and Torbay; Margate; Caldy
Island; Roundstone Bay and Deer Isle, Connemara; Achill Island ;
Killala Bay; Lamlash Bay, 20 f.; Clyde, 18 f.; Knapdale Lochs, 11 f.

This species when alive or fresh is frequently marked with coarse
longitudinal flecks of a chalky white. The apex is obliquely depressed
and intorted, as in various other members of the genus, and often
eroded. It ranges in outline from a cylinder to a short cone; its

t Moll. ‘‘ Lightning” and ‘‘ Porcupine,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 345.
O-

226 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

solidity and contracted mouth are constant characters, but it must be
pronounced variable in shape and convexity of whorls. Some are
quite as cylindrical as O. clavula, but the compressed whorls and
conspicuous umbilicus of the latter will always distinguish them.
Others closely approximate to forms of O. vissotdes, but in these cases
the smaller mouth of O. /wkis? will separate them. A prevalent form
from Torbay (of which the young are globose) is short and stumpy;
and a dwarf form occurs at the Isle of Man and in South Devon.
The finest come from Jersey, Margate, and Shetland, and attain a line
and a half. It is more plentiful at Guernsey than elsewhere, where it
was first discovered. Plenty of specimens are without the umbilicus,
and that and the tooth are never so prominent as in Jeffreys’ figure,
which is otherwise a good one. Sowerby’s figure (pl. 17, fig. 18) is
not this species, but O. 77ssoides.

O. albella Lov.—Jersey to Shetland.

Var. subcylindrica Marsh'.—Jersey and Guernsey ; Scilly
Islands; Bantry Bay.

This species is most abundant in the Channel and Scilly Islands,
but rather scarce elsewhere. It is not a variable shell, although in
outline it ranges from cylindrical to oval. It is of a dull glassy white,
the liver-spot showing through in living specimens, and the peculiar
generic nucleus always shows up well. It has a very small umbilicus
or chink placed exactly opposite a very small tooth; neither tooth nor
umbilicus, however, is always visible. A dwarf form lives under stones
at Guernsey quite high up, with Zz¢forin@. A telescoped monstrosity
comes from Scilly, and a decollated one from the same district and
from Falmouth.

Jeffreys’ figure is perfect; Forbes and Hanley’s (as O. rissoides var.
albella) is not near the mark, and why coloured brown it is hard to
say; Sowerby’s is nothing like.

O. rissoides Hanl.—Between tide-marks and dredged dead at all
depths. ‘This shell is extremely variable in size, comparative con-
vexity of whorls, and shape; some are cylindrical, others oblong,
conical, oval, and globose, but in all its many forms differing from the
preceding and following species in its texture, deeper suture, and
rounded aperture. ‘The turreted whorls and deeper suture are its
most constant characters. The tooth and umbilical chink, in the type
and all the varieties, are of too variable a character to be relied upon,
specimens of the same proportions and from the same localities show-
ing one or both quite conspicuously, while in others they are obscure
or altogether wanting. Jeffreys says that “in specimens which have a
short spire there is a more or less developed chink or indentation,”

1 J. Conch., vol. 7, pp. 252-3, 1893.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 227

but the degree of development depends more on the convexity of the
whorls—-the more convex the whorls the deeper the umbilicus. There
are several well-marked forms besides those indicated by Jeffreys as
varieties. One is small, having the proportions and contour of Avssoa
pulcherrima, a short spire and ample body-whorl; another, also dwarf,
is like a short cylinder, with turreted whorls, and distinctly umbilicate.
Both are from the Channel and Scilly Islands. The Shetland form is
broader throughout, the young of which are globose.

The habitat of O. 77ssozdes is unique and highly interesting. It is
nearly thirty years since I first found them gregarious and commensal
with AZytilus edulis at Teignmouth; a few years afterwards I found
them under similar conditions at Exmouth, and I have subsequently
found this to be general throughout South Devon. I have no doubt
they will be found in similar situations elsewhere, though I have not
been successful in the search, for dredged and dead specimens
occasionally exhibit fragments of the byssi of AZy7/us attached to them.
It is true they are frequently found in the weeds of rock-pools on most
of our shores, but these are small and stunted, and do not attain half
the size of those above mentioned. The colonies of JAZ. edulis in
which they occur are generally situated about the middle of the littoral
zone, and are so densely matted together as not to be easily disin-
tegrated; but, an opening once made, the O. r/ssoides may be seen
absolutely swarming underneath in a thin stratum of mud, very often
themselves anchored or entangled in the byssi. None of the varieties
occur with it, but all belong to the typical form, and attain two lines
in length, the largest I have seen, and distorted examples are not
uncommon, probably the result of overcrowding. Nor do any other
genera of mollusca associate with them except an occasional O. pallida,
which is notoriously a commensal species. ‘There is, however, a fair
assortment of other marine life associated with them in this curious
environment, comprising small crustacea, annelides, &c. Another
curious fact is that the O./ostomie do not affect all colonies of mussels
alike, nor a tithe of them, but appear to be most capricious in their
choice, choosing one patch of mussels and neglecting a dozen others
in their vicinity. I have never found them in a bed of adult mussels,
but generally where these were half grown.

Var. alba Jeffr.—6 to 45 f. Scilly (Smart and others); Lismore,
6 f. (Knight)! Sound of Sleat, 45 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Sark;
Plymouth Sound; Borough Island; Torbay; Connemara and Mayo;
Iona, 20 f.; Aberdeen; Dornoch Frith; the Minch, 45 f.; Hascosy
Sound, E. Shetland, rof. This is very different in aspect to the type,
and much smaller; the mouth is more oval, the whorls spindled, and the
tooth and umbilicus rather more constant and distinct. It is a scarce

228 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

variety. A small and slender form of it from Guernsey resembles
O. diaphana.

Var. nitida Ald.—Scilly Islands; Skegness.

Var. glabrata F. & H.—Guernsey; Scilly; Torbay; Bundoran;
Iona; Dornoch Frith.

Var. dubia Jeffr.—Frequently found with the type. There are
several forms of it, ranging from a narrow to a broad oval, and the
tooth and umbilicus are as variable as in the type. Its permanent
characters are a shorter spire and a larger body-whorl, which gives it
an oval outline.

Var. exilis Jeffr.—Jersey; Borough Island; Skegness; Puffin
Island; Cumbrae; Arran; Iona. I am not quite satisfied with this
variety. It appears to be rare, and resembles var. a/¢a in its propor-
tions, but in this the whorls are not spindled, and the suture is
shallower. It must not be confused with O. albella var. subcylindrica,
which it resembles; that has a slighter tooth and a smaller mouth;
nor with a convex form of O. plicata; the latter has a smaller mouth
and a sharper apex.

Among the numerous monstrosities and distortions to which this
species is subject may be mentioned one with telescoped whorls,
which is the most prevalent; another with scalar or with carinated
whorls, a contracted or expanded aperture, a developed pillar lip; a
rare one has a double outer lip, and four specimens from as many
places have a fully developed canal on the pillar as in the genus
Lacuna.

Jeffreys’ figure of the type is perfect; unfortunately he does not
figure any of the varieties, but his original figures of var. a/ba’ are very
good. Forbes and Hanley’s figure is a fair one, but too compressed ;
their var. a/da is nothing like; and their var. dubia was figured by
error as O. unidentata var. turrita, and is not altogether bad, though
the authors say in their Appendix “we do not like the figure;” but
their O. glabrata and O. nitida are very good representations of
Jeffreys’ varieties. _Sowerby’s type figure is not good; the suture
should be deeper, and the length given is too short by one-half; but
his figure 18 (indexed as O. /u&zsz) is nearer the mark; those of vars.
alba, nitida, and dubia are perfect; while his figure of var. glabrata is
not that form, though figure 15 is.

O. pallida Mont.—Quasi-parasitic or commensal with various other
mollusca. It has long been known in company with Fecten, and I
have previously mentioned its association with O. rissozdes among
Mytilus edulis in South Devon, and with Zurritella terebra in the
Shetlands.

1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vol. 2, p. 337, 1848; and (3) vol. 3, p. 113, pl. 3, f. 20a, b, 1859.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 229

Var. crassa Thomps.—Channel and Scilly Islands; Skegness;
Clyde.

Var. angusta Jeffr—Many places from Jersey to Shetland, not
uncommon. Every gradation between this and the type is to be found.
It is the prevalent form at Jersey, while a still more slender and
smaller form, with compressed whorls and shallower suture, occurs at
Guernsey and Scilly. I have the cylindrical monstrosity from Oban,
and the turreted one from the Clyde.

O. pallida is almost as variable as O. rissozdes, and some specimens
will be found to run unpleasantly close to it; but it has a closer
affinity to O. albella, especially through the var. amgusta. There are
two principal forms, a short-spired and a long-spired one; Jeffreys has
figured the latter and made it his type, while Forbes and Hanley have
adopted the short-spired form, although the latter is greatly in the
minority. Specimens of Jeffreys’ dimensions I have seen from Guern-
sey only; the usual size is a line and a half, but the majority are
smaller. An elongated form has compressed whorls and an angular
mouth, another has rounded whorls, while a variety from the Clyde is
egg-shaped, with a very short spire and ample body-whorl, not unlike
Melampus bidentatus. Throughout the different forms, the shallow
suture and elongated mouth are pretty constant characters, and the
shell is never so thin as O. alvella or O. rissoides, the only British
species likely to be confused with it. Jeffreys says the spiral strize
“may be detected with a lens of ordinary power,” but only about twenty
per cent. are so, even in the strongest light. Clark was more than
usually mistaken in combining O. vissotdes and O. albella with this as
dwarf littoral varieties. Neither of the former are dwarfs, and on a
fair comparison O. pallida cannot claim any preference in point of size.
Perhaps this was as near as he could ascertain from his limited methods
of observation, but more regard to their conchological characters
would have shown him that these species differ in texture, sculpture, &c.

Forbes and Hanley’s figures (as O. ewdimozdes) are fairly good of the
short-spired form; Jeffreys’ is better, but the base should be more
pointed and there should be no umbilicus. Sowerby’s type figure (12)
is not good, having a round and projecting mouth, but his figure 13
(back view) is a good profile of the var. azgusta. The figure of
O. crassa in “ British Mollusca” is a carinated monstrosity, and not
Thompson’s O. crassa, whose original figures in the Annals,’ though
not very good, give a fair idea of the shell.

Forbes and Hanley’ adopted the name eulimoides for ‘“ what is
usually marked in cabinets as the fal/idus of Montagu, with whose

rt Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. 15, p. 315, pl. xix., f. 5, 1845.
2 Brit. Moll., vol. 3, p. 273.

230 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

description, figure, and specimen it is decidedly at variance.” And
they say, regarding what they conceive to be O. pallida,* “ As the
apical whorls of the only existing type of Zurbo pallidus Mont. have
been broken off, we are only able to conjecture from analogy that it
may belong to this genus. It resembles O. zmscudpta, but has a greatly
more elongated spire. The specimen in the National Museum is not
in such condition that we can assert its distinctness from any of the
species we have described. Much uncertainty has always existed as
to what Montagu really meant.” Their figure of O. pal/ida, and
Sowerby’s copy of it in his ‘‘ Index,” do not help one. Jeffreys, on
the other hand, gives evidence’? for holding this as Montagu’s
O. pallidus, in which he seems to have been generally followed, and it
would now be useless to guess what Montagu’s Turbo pallidus is or was.
O. conoidea Brocc.—10 to 90 fathoms, in muddy sand. Fossil
in the Belfast deposit, one specimen (Praeger)! This is another
variable species ; none of its characters can be considered strongly
marked except the grooved mouth, and that is visible in about
thirty per cent. only. The convexity of the whorls, the depth of
the suture, and the keeled periphery are exceedingly variable; the —
latter character varies from being strongly and sharply keeled to having
a perfectly rounded base. The type is obtusely keeled; when sharply
keeled, the base is pointed as Jeffreys describes, though his figure does
not show it ; and with regard to the “slight impressed line round the
periphery,” that is observable only in ten per cent. of the specimens,
particularly in those witha sharp keel. It is, in fact, a line formed by
the keel in the process of growth, and is sometimes observable not
only on the periphery, but also at the base of the preceding whorls.
The umbilicus, again, varies very much, the reflection of the inner lip
sometimes partially and at other times wholly closing it. The tooth,
however, is always strong and conspicuous. The apex of the shell is
not inverted, but more or less exposed (when not worn down), as
shown in Jeffreys’ figure, though described by him as “ concealed and
twisted inwards.” Very rarely in living examples a clear white band —
encircles the middle of the whorls. The structure of the shell is very
brittle, and dead specimens rarely have the outer lip perfect. <A
pyramidal form from the Hebrides is nearly as broad as long. The
operculum will be found a very pretty object under the microscope.
Jeffreys’ dimensions are too large ; it does not often exceed two lines,
and the usual size is a line and a half.
Var. australis Jeffr.—Connemara; Mayo; Iona; Shetlands.
This merges insensibly from the type. One form of it, with rounded
base and convex whorls, shorter spire and deeper suture, closely

1 Op. cit., vol. 3, p. 306.
2 Brit. Conch., vol. 4, p. 126.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 231

approaches O. /wkisz, but the suture is not so shelving, and the mouth
is larger and grooved. __ It brings the two species, however, very close
together. Although Jeffreys gives this variety as southern and the
type as northern, both forms are sometimes found in opposite places.
For instance, I have the type from Scilly and the variety from various
northern localities. In reality the difference between ordinary
northern and southern specimens is hardly sufficient to separate the
latter as a distinct variety, for many of those from southern localities
will be found to have the same proportions as typical northern speci-
mens. But there is a smaller and still more slender form that would
have better merited the varietal distinction. It is only a line in length,
proportionally narrower than var. australis, and is analogous to O. acuta
var. gracilis; it is rather scarce, but occurs at Jersey, the west of
Ireland, the Shetlands, and a few intermediate places. I consider
O. tenuis of Jeffreys’ to be another form of O. conotdea var. australis.
It has no permanent character but that of size to mark it off asa
separate species, all those assigned to it by the author being, in my
opinion, individual variations only. It is not a thin shell, as its name
implies, but is solid for its size, though brittle. Jeffreys’ figure of
O. tenuis is nearly correct, but the tooth should be stronger and it
should have a small umbilical chink. Besides the two stations
recorded by Jeffreys, it was dredged at six others by the ‘“‘ Porcupine”
Expedition, in some cases in company with O. conoidea, and the two
can be graduated to each other without difficulty. Jeffreys’ figure of
the type is perfect ; Forbes and Hanley’s answers better for the var.
australis ; Sowerby’s is good, but is minus the umbilicus.

O. umbilicaris Malm.—1o to 60 fathoms, in fine and muddy
ground. S.W. Ireland, 37f. (R.I.A. cruise); Tan Spit, Cumbrae
(A. Brown); Gairloch, 30f., and Loch Inver 25 f. (Somerville and
J. T. M.); Liverpool Bay, 12 f.; Knapdale Lochs, 11f.; Tan Spit,
10 f.; Lamlash 17f. ; Clyde 18 f.; Skelmorlie 15 f.; Iona zof.; Loch
Linnhe 27 f.; Glenelg 6of. ; Loch Broom 30f.; W. Orkneys 45 f. ;
E. Shetlands 22 f.

Var. elongata Jeffr.—Skelmorlie 15 f.; Lamlash 17 f.; Gairloch
30 f.

This is a very rare species, and none of the foregoing localities
yielded more than two or three specimens. It is most like a stumpy
O. acuta, but the latter is more solid and conical, the whorls less tumid,
and the last whorl smaller proportionally. It appears to have the
same affinity to O. acuta as O. lukist has to O. conoidea. There is
some variability in the convexity of the whorls and the corresponding
depth of the sutural lines, and the apex is not always inverted, but as

x Moll. “ Lightning” and “‘ Porcupine,” Prec. Zool. Soc., pp. 347-8, pl. 26, fig. 4, 1884.

232 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

often exposed as*in the last species. In Sowerby’s and Jeffreys’
figures the tooth is much too prominent; it is really small, though
sharp and distinct.

O. acuta Jeffr.—Tenby; Scarborough; Doggerbank ; Dornoch
Frith ; Stornoway.

Var. gracilis Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 253, 1893).—Found
occasionally with the type, from Jersey to Shetland. It is figured in
“ British Mollusca” and in Sowerby’s “ Index” (pl. xvi, f. 4). The
Jersey form of this variety has flattened whorls and finer sutural lines,
and may easily be confused with a similar form of O. conotdea from
the same district.

Var. attenuata Marsh. (/dzd.)— Guernsey 20 f.

This is one of the least variable species in the section. The
principal character is the umbilicus, the entrance to which is funnel-
shaped, owing to the reflection of the inner lip, but, as in other species,
differing in degree. The spiral sculpture can be seen in fresh speci-
mens only, and in a good light. The peripheral keel is indistinct in

the adult, and the base is always more or less rounded. ‘The suture is

sometimes deeply excavated, especially between the lower whorls, and
occasionally specimens of the type and of var. gzact/is have com-
pressed whorls and a shallow suture. Living examples from Torbay
are flesh pink, and, like many others of the genus, aged specimens
develope a peritreme and a deeper umbilicus. Some are found minus
the top whorls and with the opening plugged up; one from the Clyde,
having only two whorls left, still contains the animal ; and there is a
dwarf form about one-fourth the size of the type. Examples
possessing a grooved aperture must be very rare ; Clark has noticed it
from Exmouth, Jeffreys had one from Falmouth, and I have another
from the Mediterranean of the var. gvace/is. Jeffreys’ figure should
have a broader base, a more conspicuous umbilicus, and the sutural
lines less sloping ; Forbes and Hanley’s are better ; and Sowerby’s
are capital representations of the two extreme forms.

(Zo be continued).

5G e pe

Clausilia (Alinda) biplicata H. and A. Adams var. alba noy.—Amongst a
series of Clauszlia biplicata exhibited at the September meeting by Mr. W. Moss,
were two examples of a white form which, as I cannot find any previous record of
its occurrence, I propose to call var. a/a. The specimens, which were alive when
taken, have been perfectly cleaned, and are lovely objects ; transparent white, shew-
ing under the lens the typical markings quite distinctly. They were sent to Mr.
Moss by Mr. G, E. Mason, to whom they were given by a friend who picked them
them up near the Thames at Mortlake. where the species occurs in great abundance,
associated with a few CZ. perversa. Mr. Mason found another living white example
on July 5th.k—R. STANDEN (Head before the Society, September 13th, 1899).

NOTES ON THE CAPUT-SERPENTIS GROUP OF THE
GENUS CYPRAA.

By J. COSMO MELVILE, M.A., F.L.S:, AND ROBERT STANDEN.

(Read before the Conchological Society, December 14th, 1898.)

ELEVEN years ago, in the “Survey of the Genus Cypraa,’! the
sequence of the group of certain of the section Avzcia, was thus given:

C. moneta L. C. caput-serpentis L.

C. obvallata Lam. C. caput-draconis Melv.
C. annulus L. C. mauritiana L.

C. caput-anguis Phil. C. arabica L.

Of these C. caput-anguis was a doubtful species, and should, we think,
have been classed as a variety of the common C. caput-serpentis ;
except for this little change, the order need be in no way altered. <A
pure white variety of C.-serpentis, recently acquired by one of us,
serves as a fresh and closer connection with C. annulus and C. moneta,
whilst the Australian variety of the same species, with more or less
straight sides and dorsal convexity, links the type superficially with
the distinct C. caput-draconis, this again being basally, except in size,
an almost complete replica of the larger C. mauritiana L.

C. caput-anguis Phil.? was unfortunately not figured, nor do we know
where the type is located. Accordingly, it must be /o some extent un-
certain whether a specimen relegated to this obscure “species” is
rightly named.

In a most instructive paper® Mrs. Agnes F. Kenyon maintains that
two small specimens in her possession are the true C. caput-anguis
Phil. She figures them, both dorsally, laterally, and basally, and com-
pares them with the larger Cowry, from the Sandwich Isles and
Australia, which has been at various times regarded as C. caput-anguis.
They agree with the dimensions and coloration given by Dr. Philippi,
and we consider it very possible she has lighted on his species, but,
even if so, we are by no means sure of its real distinctness from
C. caput-serpentts. We are sorry Mrs. Kenyon’s examples are no longer
in this country, and that we had not an opportunity of comparing
them minutely with others. We cannot, however, see (from the figures’)
that the shell is “more oblong and pyriform in shape” than the
variety of C. caput-serpeniis, also figured.° The dorsal surface appears
similar in both forms; the base, however, being more convex in

Manchester Memoirs, ser. 4, vol. 1, p. 184-252, 1888.
Zeitschr. 7. Malakozool., Jahrg. 6, p. 24, 1849.
Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 3, p. 77, 78, 1898.
Of. cit., p. 78, fig. 1.

Op. ctt., p. 78, fig. 2.

MP WwW N H

34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

the lesser-sized shell. Indeed, we are tending towards the opinion
that Philippi described C. caput-anguts from an abnormally small
individual, and, on this assumption, and also on the understand-
ing that Mrs. Kenyon’s shell is the form described by him, it
seems to us most likely that the Australian and Sandwich Island
form zs this variety in normal state. In small individuals in our
possession we note all the distinctive characters given in Philippi’s
description ; the pale brown base, oblong shape, and brown staining
between the teeth. In short, these three shells (C. caput-anguts,
C. caput-draconts, C. caput-serpentis) are best known by their bases.
Ve have examined large series from various collections, notably those
of Messrs. Williams, Cairns, Rogers, Darbishire, as well as of the
British and Manchester Museums, and our own.

Atall events, C. caput-anguts Phil. seems very different from C. caput
draconis Melv., this latter shell being far more convex than any of
its allies: straight both laterally, anteriorly, and posteriorly; sides
not in the least degree laterally thickened, though sharply
angled at the line of junction with the base at both sides ;
the interstices between the teeth dark; aperture, and flattened
blackish base, precisely (as more than once mentioned) as in C.
mauritiana L. in miniature; indeed, save in size, it has almost
as near an affinity to this species as to any form of C. caput-
serpentis LL. The original type, collected by Captain Hungerford near
Hong Kong, was, at the time of description, unique: but quite
recently we have seen eight more examples, two of these are in our own
possession, and two others, both juvenile, in that of Mr. J. M. Williams,
of Liverpool ; four are in the British Museum, South Kensington,
from Easter Island, South Pacific, collected by Mr. S. V. Frank. All
these eight examples have clearer dorsal markings than in the type, -
but as regards the straightness laterally, the dull leaden purple spaces
at the interstices, and, above all, the flattened mauritiana-like base,
aperture, and dentition, they are all precisely similar. We feel satis-
fied these are specific differences, though most probably all the mem-
bers of this group spring from a common ancestor. Since writing the
above, we hear from Mr. F. L. Button, of Oakland, California, that he
lately had an opportunity of obtaining several examples of Cyprea
caput-draconis in the market at San Francisco.

As to C. caput-serpentis L., the chief varieties are so well distin-
guished by Mrs. Kenyon, that we would refer all students of the
Cypreeidee to her paper. The typical form hardly varies. We have
one small, but full-grown example, and another the lateral expansion
of which is unusually pronounced ; a third with the dorsal spotting
whiter than is common; and a fourth (the specimen figured in the

MELVILL AND STANDEN: CAPUT-SERPENTIS GROUP OF CYPREA. 235

‘Survey ”’) having unusually clear cut white spaces surrounded
dorsally by a well-marked network. The variety, so often referred to
both by Mrs Kenyon and ourselves, as having been mistaken for the
true C. caput-anguis Phil., seems now, as we have just said, to bea
large form of Philippi’s shell, and we think it is well to draw up the
following brief description: which may serve to amplify and supple-
ment the original one :—

(a) Var. cCaput-anguis Phil.

Testa ut in C. capite-serpentis typica, sed oblongiore , lateribus vix tn-
crassatis vel angulatis ; dorsaliter magts convexa ; apertura latiore
quam in typo; dentibus magnis, obtusiusciulis, sedecim in labro utroque;
bast cinereo-alba, vel pallidé brunneo-ochracea.

Hab.: Sandwich Isles (A. Garrett). Australia (Brazier, Mrs.
Kenyon).

This is the form which is alluded to in the “Survey ”? as being
distinguished by a more rounded base, and slightly greater convexity
of form from the typical series, and Mrs. Kenyon has expatiated at
some length on this subject, besides figuring the shell in three posi-
tions.? We may add, that the surface never seems so highly polished
in this variety as in the types.

(6) Var. caput-colubri.Kenyon, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 3, p. 79, fig. 3.

We quote the description in full :

“Shell warm fawn or light cream colour, the spots on the dorsal surface
having the appearance of snow-white spots of irregular size ; extremi-
ties tipped with white; the base white; the rich fawn colour of the
margins extending about half-way across the convex base; teeth
conspicuous white; interior white, in contradistinction to the violet
hue of the interior of C. caput-serpentts.

Long. 27, lat. 20 mm.

Hab.—Hawaiian Islands and Lord Howe Island.”

In the Saul collection, now at Cambridge, are the following modi-
fications of this variety :—

(1). Large yellow, fulvous, otherwise typical.

(2). Smoky grey, very shining.

(3). Pale brown, almost subtransparent.

A fourth variety, acquired by one of us from Mr: G. B. Sowerby,
without locality, is pure white, the dorsal spots just appearing, though
much obscured, and might easily be mistaken for the var. zcferina of
C. moneta \.., next to which this species was placed in the “ Survey.”*

Manchester Memoirs, ser. 4, vol. 1, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1888.
Op. cit., p. 214. 5

_ Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 3, p. 78.
Manchester Memoirs, ser. 4, vol. 1, p. 207, 240, 1888

W N AH

236 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

This may possibly be the C. alella of Lamarck. In the Williams
and Standen collections are some very beautiful, highly polished,
whitish, smoky grey coloured varieties. In that of Miss Saul, which
we recently inspected, in the Zoological Museum at Cambridge, there
also are a few examples of a very juvenile state of C. caputserpenttes,
with a broad transverse brown zone stretching across the dorsal
surface."

C. mauritiana L.

A species not very prone to vary. After inspection of a very large
series, we only observe (a) a fine form similar to the var. ¢heriaca of
C. pantherina \.., the dorsal ornamentation being almost, if not quite,
obliterated by a dark chestnut or black-brown suffusion: (4) a semi-
pellucid olivaceous horny shell, the dorsal surface, with its usual
ornamentation, standing out strikingly against a paler ground, while
the basal sculpture is also of the same olive-corneous hue. ‘This
colour variety we propose to designate as :—

Var. calx-equina nov.

Hab. : Isles of the Pacific.

To sum up, it will be seen that no change, save one, is necessary in
the sequence quoted at the commencement of this paper, and that
what might have been considered a rather wide gap, viz.: that between
C. caput-serpentis and C. annulus, has been bridged over by the dis-
covery of the pure white form of the var. caput-colubrt, to which
attention has been drawn above.

[ We may note here that our opinion has for some years been in favour
of reducing the three Cowries, C. moneta, C. obvallata, and C. annulus,
to forms of one variable species, to which the aggregate name of moneta
might be applied. This has, in fact, been lately carried out in the
labelling of the series in the British Museum by Mr. Edgar A. Smith. -
C. ictertna Lamk., being universally considered a large, elongate,
smooth form of C. monefa, shows a distinct transition to C. annulus,
while C. cbvallata exhibits the same from a different point of view,
since it is connected with the normal tuberculated form of the Money
Cowry, the yellow central dorsal linear ring being conspicuous, as in
C. annulus, while absent from C. moneta, in all its forms.

As will be seen by a reference to former remarks on the subject
(op. cit. p. 207) these three were only kept separate in the “Catalogue
of the Species and Varieties of Cypvea” for the sake of convenience
and on account of long usage.—-Note added Sept. 12, 1899].

SSS a SS

1 Vide Sowerby, ‘‘ Thes. Conch.,” Cypreide, pl. 37, fig. 530.

237
THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OF SOMERSETSHIRE.

(Continued from page 202).

By E. W. SWANTON.

Planorbis carinatus Miiller.— Rare. A doubtful record for
Kenn Moor (Cundall). ‘In the moor [Kenn ?] ditches in company
with Planorhis marginatus, but not common” (Norman).

Planorbis umbilicatus Miller.—“ Abundant in the rhines of all
the moors, and common in ponds and ditches” (Norman); very
common in rhines on Pennard Moor (E.W.S.) ; ditches at Harwood,
near Wincanton (Herridge).

Planorbis corneus L.—A local species. Specimens from Yatton
and Clevedon are in the Bristol Museum. “ Very abundant in the
moor districts” (Norman) ; ‘‘ Beer Crowcombe, Taunton, three speci-
mens ” (Bowell) ; common in rhines on Pennard Moor, Glastonbury
(E.W.S.).

Var. albina Moq.—Clevedon and Yatton (Bristol Mus.) ; Kenn
Moor, Clevedon (Cundall).

Monstr. distortum.—Smaller than type; last whorl very large,
passing over the penultimate whorl, and partly covering the apex.
One specimen from a rhine on Pennard Moor, near Glastonbury
(E.W.S.).

Planorbis contortus L.—Common in ditches and ponds. Kenn
Moor, Ashton, Clevedon (Cundall); Pennard Moor, Wincanton,
Bruton, etc. (E.W.S.).

Var. albida Jeffr.—Weston-super-Mare (Jeffr.); Yatton (Bristol
Mus.).

Monstr. distortum.—‘ Specimens from a small pond near
Walton Old Church are distorted, having the whorls irregularly coiled,
and often folded over each other ” (Norman).

Bullinus hypnorum L.—A very local species. ‘‘ Dulcot, near
Wells, Yatton; ditch near the Pill, Clevedon; and Weston-super-
Mare” (Norman); Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.) ; Worle, near Weston-
super-Mare (Bristol Mus.) ; Long Ashton (Cundall) ; a small pool at
Holbrooke, Wincanton (Herridge) ; Charlton Musgrove near Win-
canton (E.W.S). ; ditches at Harwood near the Cale (Galpin).

Var. cuprella Rowe.—With type. Near Bristol (Bristol Mus.) ;
Charlton Musgrove (E.W.S). ; Holbrooke, Wincanton (Herridge).

Physa fontinalis L.—Widely distributed. Jenyns coll. (Bath
Mus.) ; Long Ashton (Bristol Mus.).

Var. albina Jeffr—Long Ashton (Bristol Mus.).

238 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

Limnza peregra Miull.—The most uberous of our freshwater
mollusca; occurring everywhere.

Var. acuminata Jeffr— ‘Among rejectamenta of the river at
Uphill” (Norman).

Var. labiosa Jeffr.With the type; of frequent occurrence in
the fishponds at Holbrooke near Wincanton.

Var. ovata Drap.—Yatton (Bristol Mus.).

Var. minor Colb.—Yatton (Bristol Mus.) ; Glastonbury district.

Var. lutea Mont.—Near Shepton Montague.

Var. succinzeformis Jeffr.—Rhines on Pennard Moor, Glaston-
bury.

Var. lacustris Leach.—From a rhine on Pennard Moor near
Glastonbury.

Limnza auricularia L.—Locally abundant. Bath Canal (C. W.
Viner) ; Taunton (Crotch) ; inthe Froom (Miller); Keynsham, Leigh
Woods, and Clevedon (Cundall) ; Beer Crowcombe near Taunton
(Bowell) ; fishponds above Holbrooke House, Wincanton (Herridge) ;
river Cale below Wincanton (Galpin).

Var. albida Jeffr.—Bath (Clark).

Var. acuta Jeffr.—‘‘Among rejectamenta of the river at Uphill”
(Norman, as Zimneus acutus),

Var. magna Colb.—Fishponds above Holbrooke House, Win-
canton ; frequent.

Limnza stagnalis L.—A widely-distributed species, especially
abundant in the rhines and ditches of the moors.

Var. labiata Jeffr—Clevedon (Cundall).

Var. fragilis L.—Kennet and Avon Canal (Cundall) ; Pennard
Moor near Glastonbury.

Monstr. sinistrorsum Jeffr.— Kenn Moor, near Clevedon
(Norman). ;

Limnza palustris Mill_—Abundant in the rhines and ditches

of the moors.

Var. conica Jeffr.—Yatton (Mc Muttrie).

Var. roseolabiata Jeffr.—Clevedon (Cundall) ; Yatton (Bristol
Mus. ).

Var. minor Taylor.—Pennard Moor, Glastonbury.

Var. elongata Moq.—Pennard Moor, Glastonbury.

Limnza truncatula Miill.—Widely distributed and abundant.

Var. elegans Jeffr.—Frequent with the type throughout the
Wincanton district.

*Limnza glabra Miull.—-“ Messrs. Forbes and Hanley write of
this Zimnceus: ‘It occurs in several of our southern counties, espe-

SWANTON: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. 239

cially in Wilts. and Somerset.’ We have never succeeded in finding
it, and it should probably be looked for on the eastern side of the
county” (Norman).

Excepting two bleached shells in a ditch at Bratton St. Maur,
which were probably carried there by birds, we have failed to find it
in the extreme east of the county (E.W.S.).

Ancylus fluviatilis Miill—A somewhat local species. Jenyns
coll. (Bath Mus.); Portbury (Bristol Mus.) ; West-Mead Rhine,
Yatton, and the river at Clevedon (Norman) ; Beer Crowcombe near
Taunton (Bowell) ; river Cale, Wincanton (Herridge); the Stour at
Gaspar, and the Shepton Montague stream near the bridge where it
passes under the Bruton Road (E.W.S.).

Var. albida Jeffr.—Wookey, near Wells (Bristol Mus.) ; foot of
Dulcot Hill, near Wells (Norman).

Velletia lacustris L.—Very local. Ham Green (Cundall) ;
“local, the Avon, near Bath” (Norman); Bath (C. W. Viner); Hatch
Park, Taunton (Bowell); Worle, near Weston-super-Mare (Bristol
Mus.) ; river Froom (Miller) ; Bridgewater (Rev. W. R. Crotch).

Cyclostoma elegans Miill.—A local species. Jenyns coll. (Bath
Mus.) ; Cundall records it as general, but Norman says it is “ com-
mon among limestone rocks at Bath, Yatton, Wrington, Brockley,
Cheddar, Axbridge, Wells, Weston-super-Mare, and Clevedon.”
* Wadham’s Down Wood, Bratton St. Maur (Herridge); Pitcombe
and Bruton district (E.W.S.).

Var. ochroleuca Moq.—With type at Bruton and Bratton St.
Maur (E.W.S.).
Var. fasciata Picard.—Bath (Mrs. Oldroyd).

Acicula lineata Drap.—Extremely local and rare. Rejecta-
menta of the Avon below Bristol (Norman); rejectamenta of the
Brue below Castle Cary, and the valley stream at Bratton St. Maur
(E.W.S.).

Var. alba Jeffr.—Rejectamenta of river Avon, Bristol (Jeffreys) ;
rejectamenta of stream at Bratton St. Maur (E.W.S.).

Monstr. sinistrorsum Jeffr.— Rejectamenta of river Avon,
Bristol (Jeffr. ).

Neritina fluviatilis L.—Local. Avon at Bath (Viner); Jenyns
coll. (Bath Mus.); Bath Canal (Bristol Mus.) ; in pools near the Avon
(Miller) ; Bridgewater and Weston-super-Mare (Crotch) ; river Brue
at Glastonbury (E.W.S.); river Cale at Wincanton (Galpin) ; canal
at Beer Crowcombe, Taunton (Bowell).

Var. cerina Colb.—Bath Canal, labelled “this rare variety of
LV. fluviatilis was discovered by Miss F, M. Hele, of Bristol, in 1882,”
(Bristol Mus. ).

240 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

*Viviparus viviparus L.—Very local. We have seen examples
from Dunster, near the castle ; otherwise it has only been recorded
for the neighbourhood of Bath ; Avon Canal (Bath Mus. and Bristol
Mus.).

Var. efasciata Pickering.—Bath Canal (Bristol Mus.).

Bythinia tentaculata L.—Common in ditches and the rhines
on the moors; Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.) ; Weston-super-Mare and
Yatton (Bristol Mus. ).

Var. ventricosa Menke.—Bristol (Jeffr.).

Var. rufescens Ckll. — Rejectamenta of Brue below Castle
Cary; and from ditches bordering on the river Cale at Harwood
below Wincanton (E.W.S.).

Bythinia leachii Shepp.— Local. In the larger and clearer
streams ; abundant and fine in West Mead Rhine, Yatton (Norman) ;
Kenn Moor and river Avon (Cundall) ; Weston-super-Mare (Crotch);
near Clevedon (Bristol Mus.) ; Pennard Moor, Glastonbury (E.W.S.).

Valvata piscinalis Mull—Common. Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.);
Yatton (Bristol Mus.).

Var. acuminata Jeffr.—River Avon, Bristol (Jeffr.).

Valvata cristata Miull.—_-Well distributed in North Somerset ;
Worle near Weston-super-Mare (Bristol Mus.); ‘‘ very local, a few
specimens from a ditch in Kenn Moor, also near Wells” (Norman) ;
rejectamenta of the Brue below Castle Cary; common in rhines on
the moors around Glastonbury, and of frequent occurrence in ponds
and ditches in the Wincanton district (E.W.S.).

Unio tumidus Phil.—Apparently confined to the river Avon ;
Bath Canal, Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.); Wilson coll. (Bristol Mus). ;
Avon and Kennet Canal (Forbes and Hanley, Cundall).

Var. radiata Colb.—Avon and Kennet Canal (Cundall).

Var. ovalis Mont.—River Avon, Bath (Cundall).

Unio pictorum L.—Common in the rivers Avon and Brue.

Var. radiata Moq.—River Avon, Bristol (Cundall).

Var. compressa Jeffr.Bath Canal (Mrs. Oldroyd).
*Anodonta cygnea L.—Frequent in the rivers and the majority
of the largest ponds throughout the county ; very fine examples from
the Bath Canal are in the Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.); Kennet and
Avon Canal and Kenn Moor (Cundall) ; Nailsea Moor and Yatton
(Bristol Mus. ).

Anodonta anatina L.—Generally distributed. Avon, Jenyns
Coll. (Bath Mus.) ; Wilson Coll. (Bristol Mus.); common in the
rivers Brue and Cale (E.W.S.).

Var. radiata Miill.—Bath Canal (Bristol Mus.).

Var. ventricosa C. Pfr.—Keynsham (Bristol Mus. )

SWANTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE, 241

Sphzrium corneum L.—-Very common..

Var. flavescens Macgill.—Clevedon (Cundall).

Var. nucleus Studer.—Clevedon (Cundall).

Var. scaldiana Norman.—Bath (Rich).

Var. pisidioides Gray.—River Avon, Bath (Jordan).

Spherium lacustre Miill.—Local, frequenting ponds. Bath
(Bristol Mus.) ; Jenyns coll. (as S. calycu/atum) (Bath Mus.); Avon-
mouth and Ham Green (Cundall) ; Clevedon Hill (Norman) ; ponds
at Bratton St. Maur, Wincanton (E.W.S.).

Sphzrium rivicola Leach.—Local. Bath Canal (Bath Mus.,
Bristol Mus.) ; Keynsham, Kennet, and Avon Canal (Cundall); river
Cale at Harwood below Wincanton (Galpin).

*Sphzrium pallidum Gray.—Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus). ; Kennet
and Avon Canal (Cundall). Apparently confined to the river Avon,
for I find no other records.

Pisidium amnicum Miill.—Widely distributed in ponds and
ditches.

Pisidium fontinale Drap.—Widely distributed. “Common on
the moor between Clevedon and Portishead” (Norman); frequent
in the Wincanton district.

Var. henslowana Shepp. — Leigh Woods, and Kennet and
Avon Canal (Cundall) ; Clevedon (Norman).

Var. pulchella Jenyns.—Jenyns coll., labelled as a species -
(Bath Mus.); “in the larger and clearer of the rhines not un-
common ; fine in West Mead Rhine, Yatton” (Norman).

Var. cinerea Alder.— Kenn Moor (Norman); Kennet and
Avon Canal (Cundall) ; Bath (Clark).

Pisidium pusillum Gm.—A rare species. Jenyns coll. (Bath
Mus.) ; Avonmouth and Bedminster (Cundall).

Var. obtusalis Lam.—Avonmouth (Cundall); in a ditch near
the Pill, Clevedon (Norman).

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.— A very rare species. The only
record is ‘‘a large pond by the side of the railway at the third (?)
bridge from Clevedon” (Norman). The same locality from which
Norman recorded another rare species, Planorbis parvus Say (E.W.S.).

Dreissensia polymorpha Pall.— An extremely local species.
Jenyns coll. (Bath Mus.) ; Bath Canal (Mrs. Oldroyd) ; river Avon
and Avon and Kennet Canal near Bristol (Cundall). It being an
alien species, we here give zz toto Norman’s note upon it :—

“The late Mr. Hugh Strickland, ina paper published in Loudon’s
Magazine of Natural History, new series (vol. ii.), 1838, p. 361, on
the ‘ Naturalisation of Drezssena in England,’ states that this shell has

242 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

lately been ‘planted’ by Mr. Stutchbury, of Bristol, in some waters
near that place. So prolific a species once planted is hardly likely
to have become extinct.”

Norman made this observation in the year 1860; since then his
supposition has been amply verified, for the species has spread from
Bristol to Bath, where it is now very abundant.

ESTUARINE OR MARINE PULMONOBRANCHS.

Assiminea grayana Leach.—Avonmouth (Cundall).

Melampus bidentatus Mont.—“ Banks of the Avon near Pill”
(Cundall).

M. bidentatus Mont. var. alba Turt.—“ Banks of the Avon near
Pill” (Cundall).

M. myosotis Drap.— Banks of the Avon near Pill” (Cundall).

M. myosotis Drap. var. ringens Turt.—‘ Banks of the Avon
near Pill” (Cundall).

Hydrobia ventrosa Mont.—“ Avonmouth, Shirehampton, and
Cook’s Folly ” (Cundall) ; ‘in marvellous abundance in a ditch near
the Pill, Clevedon ” (Norman).

H. ulvze Penn.—“ River mouths on the Somerset coast” (Norman).

SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY RECORDED FOR
SOMERSETSHIRE.

Helix pomatia L.—Stapleton (Norman). Stapleton is in Glou-
cestershire.

Bulimus goodalli Miller (— Stenogyra goodalli Miill.).—
“This species described by Miller from specimens taken in pine
beds at the Clifton Nurseries, has continued to abound in that
locality up to the present time ” (Norman). Clifton is in Glou-
cestershire.

Testacella scutulum Sowb.—Recorded for Taunton by error,
instead of Zestace/la mauget Feér.'

Anodonta cygnea var. incrassata Shepp.—(As Mytilus avon-
ensis). Bath and Bristol Avon, by error for the Salisbury and Hants.
Avon (Montagu, Zes¢. Brit, p. 172).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

22. MILLER, J. S., A.L.S.—List of the Freshwater and Land Shells
occurring in the environs of Bristol, with observations, Anz. of Philos.,
MG, WO 2, 0822,

1 WMaturalist, vol. 3, 1853, Pp. 179.

SWANTON: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF SOMERSETSHIRE. 243

’51. CrotcH, W. R.—On the recent Plants and Shells of the
Weston District, 1851. (A list of some forty species read before the
members of the Somerset Archzeological and Natural History Society,
at Weston-super-Mare).

60. Norman, A. M.—The Inland Mollusca of Somersetshire, Proc.
Somerset Archeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 10, 1860.

75, LEIPNOR, ADOLPH.—List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
the Bristol District, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 273,
1875.

"77. Poutton, F. L.—British Aquatic and Freshwater Mollusca
obtained in the neighbourhood of Bristol, second edition, revised by
T. Orp, Bristol, 1877.

80. Rimmer, RicHarp.—The Land and Freshwater Shells of the
British Isles, London, 1880.

82. CunpDaLL, J. W.—The Mollusca of Bristol and Vicinity, 7.
Conch., vol. 3, p. 260-267, 1882.

84. Ponsoney, JOHN, F.Z.S.—A List of Shells found in the Neigh-
bourhocd of Yeovil, 7, Conch., vol. 4, p. 245, 1884."

‘90. Swanton, E. W.—A Day’s Conchology on the Glastonbury
Moors, Vaturalists Gazette, vol. 2, 1890.

91. ———. A List of the Shells of the Wincanton District, Proc.
Wincanton Field Club, third annual report, 1891.

"94. ———. Vertigo edentula in Somerset, Naturalists Journal,
vol. 2, 1894.

95. ———. Fauna and Flora of a Somerset Village, of. czt., vol. 4,
1895.

BowEL., E. W. W.—Notes on the Mollusca of Hatch, co. Somer-
set. (lx manuscript.)

Note on Petricola pholadiformis Lam.—This shell was first noted as British
in 1890 (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 1, p. 291; vol. 2, p. 134, 135), and in 1896 was found
at Herne Bay and Shellness near Sandwich. It now flourishes on Sandwich Flats,
though the shells there never seem to attain anything like the size of Herne Bay
examples ; this may be due to the more sheltered waters of the last-named locality.
The shell is usually pure white in colour, but about two per cent. have the posterior
side stained with reddish-purple ; this staining appears to be done by the mollusc
itself and is not due to any external cause. About one-third of the Shellness ex-
amples are more or less deformed at the posterior side, which is either shortened
and rounded or else twisted to one side. It would be interesting to know the
reason of this torsion, which seldom or never occurs in Fholas candida, a shell
similar in size and habitat.—J. E. Cooper. (Head before the Society, June 14,
1899).

1 Enumerates fifty-three species, including the rare Helix granulata (=sericea). 1 much
regret the omission of Mr. Ponsonby’s records, but only became aware of his paper after the

completion of my notes and the publication of some of them in the April number of the
Journal,

244

SYNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE |
FAMILY DIPLODONTID&. °

By W. Hi. DALL.

(Read before the Society, April rath, 1899).

THE family Diplodontide comprises the genera Fé/ania, Diplodonta,
Ungulina, and Joannisiella.

The Cryptodontidze, which have been by some authors united with
this group, possess very remarkable anatomical characters and should
be kept separate. /Joannistella has long been confounded with
Cyrenoidea, from which much misconception has arisen. ‘The former
is a brackish water Dzf/odonta with a flattened foot, the latter belongs
to a distinct group. The typical Zé/anza is close to Diplodonta, but
many Lucinoid shells have been mistakenly referred to Fe/ania.

Genus D/PLODONTA, Brown, 1831.
EAST AMERICAN SPECIES.
Section DIPLODONTA, S.s.

Type Venus lupinus Brocchi; not Diplodon Spix, 1827; AZysta Brown,
Conrad e¢ a/., not of Leach; Glocomene Veach, 1852; Cycladicama
Val., 1854; J@ittrea Gray, 1857; Lgeria sp. Lea, Cyrenella sp. Sby.

1. D. punctata (Say as Amphidesma, 1882). D. venezuelensis
Dkr., 1848; + D. janeirensis Rve., 1850; + D. subglobosa C. B. Ads.,
1852; + D. dbraziliensis Mittré, 1850; + D. orbella Gabb, non
Gould, 1881; + JMysza pellucida Heilprin, 1889.

Range. Cape Hatteras to Southern Brazil. Also Pleistocene.

2. D. nucleiformis Wagner, 1838; + D. elevata Conr., 1845 ;
+ D. carolinensis Conr., 1875.

Range. Coast of the Carolinas, 15-52 fathoms, living; also fossil
in the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.

Section FELANIELLA Dall, 1899.

Type Fe/ania usta G\d. Shell like Diplodonta but heavy, compressed,
externally smooth, with a conspicuous dark periostracum and less
equilateral valves.

3. D. candeana d’Orbigny, 1846.

Range. Marco, Florida, to Brazil.

4. D. vilardiboana d’Orbigny, 1846.

Range. Brazilian and Argentine coasts.

Section PHLYCTIDERMA Dall, 1899.

Type D. semtaspera Philippi. Shell like Dzp/odonta, but with the
surface more or less punctate or pustulate.

DALL: SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY DIPLODONTID. 245

5. D.soror C. B. Adams, 1852.

Range. Jamaica, West Indies; north to Texas and the Florida
Keys ; fossil in the Miocene of Virginia and North Carolina.

6. D. semiaspera Philippi, 1836 ; + D. granulosa C. B. Adams,
1852; + D. semireticulata VOrb., 1846; not D. semiaspera Dkr. of
Japan.

Range. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Rio Janeiro, Brazil, in
moderate depths of water. Also Pliocene of Florida.

7, D. puncturelia Dall.

Range. Jamaica, West Indies. Also in the Oligocene of Bowden,
Jamaica.

8. D. platensis Dall, n.sp.

Range. In 11 fathoms off Rio de la Plata, Argentina, U.S. Fish
Commission.

Section SPHARELLA Conrad, 1838.

Type S. suévexa Conrad.

Range. Miocene of Virginia.

g. D. verrilli Dall. =D. turgida V. and S., 1881, not Conrad,
1848.

Range. Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., to North Carolina, in 15-69
fathoms, U.S. Fish Commission; Grenada ? W.I., “Blake” Expedition.
WEST AMERICAN SPECIES.

Section DIPLODONTA s.s.

1. D. orbella Gould, 1852; + Sphevrella tumida (Conr. MS.),
Cpr., 1863.

Range. British Columbia, south to Lower California.

2. D. tellinoides Reeve, 1850.

Range. Panama to Guayaquil.

3. D. discrepans Cpr., 1857 (?)

Range. Mazatlan.

4. D. subquadrata Cpr. 1855, not D. swéguadrata Gabb,
1873, but perhaps D. wxdata Cpr., 1857.

Range. Cape St. Lucas to Acapulco and Mazatlan.

In his description (P.Z.S., 1855, p. 230), Carpenter has mistaken
the edge of the oblique and excavated hinge plate for a lateral tooth.
He has omitted it from the Mazatlan catalogue.

Section FELANIELLA Dall.
5. D. obliqua Philippi, 1846 ; + Lucina calculus Reeve, 1850.
Range. Cape St. Lucas, Xantus; Mazatlan, Philippi.

6. D. cornea Reeve, 1850.
Range. Gulf of Nicoya.

246 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

7. D. sericata Reeve, 1850; + Felania sericata Cpr., 1863.
Range. Gulf of California.

8. D. nitens Reeve, 1850.

Range. Bay of Guayaquil.

Section PHLYCTIDERMA Dall.

9. D. cxelata Reeve, 1850.

Range. Bay of Guayaquil.

1o. D. semirugosa Dall, nom. nov. = D. semiaspera Cpr.,
Mazatlan Catalogue, p. 102, 1857, not of Philippi, 1836.

Range. Gulf of California.

This species is more globose than the West Indian form, and the
external sculpture, when perfect, is of a different character. Worn
specimens were confounded with Philippi’s species by Carpenter.

NOTES.

Lucina leuccphzata Reeve, 1850, of which the locality is un-
known, may, perhaps, belong to the West American fauna, and is ~
certainly a Dzplodonta.

L. guaraniana and L. porteziana dOrbigny, 1846, from
Rio Janeiro, and L. patagonica d’Orbigny, 1842, from San Blas,
on the Argentine coast, appear to belong to the typical section of
Diplodonta, but I have not been able to examine specimens.

Diplodonta puncturella Dall, n.sp., is a small species resemb-
ling D. capulotdes Gabb, but less turgid, and having the entire surface
closely, regularly, microscopically punctate. Alt, 6°7; lat. 6°5;
diam. 4.0 mm. It is also found in the Oligocene Bowden Beds of
Jamaica, and will be fully described and figured elsewhere.

D. platensis Dall, n.sp.

Shell small, solid, turgid, subequilateral, with prominent beaks,
wider than high, the anterior end more pointed and longer than the
other ; surface sculptured with fine concentric wrinkles most elevated
anteriorly and on the disc more or less alternately broken up, forming
an irregular chequered pattern; hinge plate narrow, teeth and liga-
ment normal, adductor scars very large and extending nearly to the
base ; pallial line and margin simple ; colour yellowish white. Allt.,
Hiss dats, 13:0, diam, Toro) mm,

The posterior adductor scar, though extending far down, is not, as
in Spherella, separated by a gap from the cardinal region.

——+-e-¢—___

247

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH
AFRICAN MARINE SHELLS.

By EDGAR A. SMITH.

(Read before the Society, June 14, 1899).

(PLATE V.).

SEVERAL papers on the molluscan fauna of South Africa, by Mr.
G. B. Sowerby, which appeared in this Journal,’ were subsequently
embodied in his separate publication, entitled ‘‘ Marine Shells of
South Africa.” The present short paper may be regarded as a
supplement to that work, and it is proposed to issue from time to
time further appendices referring to some omissions and errors
which have been noticed. Mr. Sowerby having through pressure of
business decided to abandon further work upon this subject, Mr.
J. H. Ponsonby very kindly placed the material received from his
correspondents at my disposal, and has also presented to the British
Museum a very valuable collection of South African shells got
together during recent years. To Mr. H. Burnup and Mr. F.
Quekett we are especially indebted for so energetically forwarding
the results of their collecting.

1. Terebra (Abretia) lightfooti. (Pl. V., fig. 1).

Lesta breviter subulata, pallide fuscescens, prope medium anfr. ultimt
zona alba cincta ; anfractus circiter 10, supertores tres luves, sub-
pellucidt, convext, cetert convextuscult, costis arcuatis, leviter obliquts
(tn anfr. superiortbus 10, in ultimo 14-15) tnstructi, strits tncrementt
tenuissimis sculpt, haud sptraliter stiiatt ; apertura parva, longtt.
totius + paulo superans ; columella vix recta, canalts latus, bre-
vissimus, obliguus, recurvus. Longit. 194 mm., diam. 6. Apertura
6 longa, 24 data.

[fab., Table Bay, 10 fath. (Lightfoot).

There is a very faint indication of a second pallid zone around
the upper part of the body-whorl and the middle of the upper volu-
tions. It is very closely allied to Z. ¢/zstzs Desh., but is rather
stouter, has stronger coste and flatter whorls, the last being some-
what quadrate. ‘The coloration also is different.

2. Columbella (Nitidella) apicata. (Pl. V., fig. 2).

Testa ovato-fusiformis, flavescens, lineis undulatis longitudinalibus fusco-
nigris ad medium anfractus ultimt interruptts picta, infra suturam
albo et nigro tessellata,; spira conica, ad apicem obtusa ; anfractus
sex, primus globosus, magnus, pallidus, sequentes vix convextuscull,
Jere plant, fere turriti, leves, ultimus circa basim oblique striatus ;

1 Vol. 5, pp. 1-43; vol. 6, pp. 6-15, pl. 1, pp. 147-159, pl. 3; vol. 7, pp. 368-378.

248 JOURNAL®OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

apertura parva, angusta, longit. tottus = equans ; labrum medto-
criter incrassatum intus tuberculis paucis obsoletis instructum ;
columella callo tenut induta, levis. Longit. 9°5, diam. 4 mim.
ffab., Durban (Burnup).

Remarkable on account of the very large globular protoconch
which is slightly out of the perpendicular.

3. Cominella (?) prolongata. (PI. V., fig. 3).

Testa fusiformis, albida, epidermide lutescente scabrosa plus minus
induta, spiraliter costata et striata; spira elongata, acuminata ;
anfractus circiter 8-9, supra leviter concari, infra convext, sutura
obliqua sejuncti, superiores longitudinaliter subplicati, plicis tn
ultimo obsoletis, ultimus antice oblique descendens, breviter rostratus
et canaliculatus , apertura superne ovalis, antice in canalem obliquum
producta, alba ; labrum tenue, intus tenutter liratum ; columella in
medio arcuata, callo tenut, prope labrum tuberculum formante, tn-
duta. Longit. 61, diam, 27. Apertura cum canali 32 longa, 11
mm. lata.

Hab., Cape Colony.

A remarkably elongate fusiform species, with deep spiral strize,
marking off broad intervening costee which are also spirally striated.
The periostracum is thickish, fibrous, and exhibits close distinct
lines of growth. ‘The animal and operculum being unknown, it is
uncertain whether this species is correctly located in the genus
Cominella.

4. Lotorium durbanense. (PI. V., fig. 4).

Testa ovato-fusiformis, ceruleo-grisea, zona mediana pallida cincta,
livisque pallidis rufo punctatis ornata, cpidermide fibrosa fugact
favescenti-olivacea induta , anfractus 8-9, superiores quinque laeves,
convext, supra medium nigrescentes, infra tavescentes, penultimus
convexus, sutura canaliculata ultimo sejunctus, lirts duabus granosts
spiralibus duplicibus biangulatus, costis longitudinalibus tenuibus
circa 13 subcancellatus, ultimus varice unico sinistrorsum instructus,
antice breviter recurvi-rostratus, lirts transversts 6-7 duplicibus
granosis cinctus, in tnterstitits linets increment et transuversis granose
subcancellatus ; apertura acute ovata, intus nigrescens, 1 medio
pallide sonata; labrum valde tincrassatum, intus album, septem-
dentatum ; columella in medio arcuata, callo albo tenut, tuberculis
paucis infra munito, tnduta ; canalis antertor angustus, leviter
obliguus, recurvus, tntus nigrescens. Longit. 26, diam. 16 mm.
Hlab., Durban (Burnup).

A pretty little species, characterized by the double, transverse
granose wavy lire, which are separated by a reddish thread-like line,

SMITH : NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH AFRICAN MARINE SHELLS. 249

and more or less spotted and dotted with the same colour. The
outer lip and the varix on the left also are marked with three equi-
distant red spots corresponding to three obscure transverse bands.

5. Marginella punctilineata. (Pl. V., fig. 5).

Testa parva, pallida vel dilute rosea, linets gracilibus longitudinalibus
Jusco punctatis ornata, levis, spira brevis, conoidea, ad apicem
album obtusa; anfractus 4% celeriter crescentes, ultimus superne
declivis, et obtuse vel obsolete angulatus, infra leviter convextusculus,
ad labrum paulo ascendens; apertura augusta, intus fuscescens ;
labrum valde incrassatum, album, extra roseo tinctum, tntus vix
denticulatum, superne leviter stnuatum ; columella quadrtplicata,
aduobus infertoribus quam supertoribus paulo mazgortbus. Longit. 9k
mm., diam. 54. Apertura cum labro 8 longa, intus 14 Jata.
Hab., Umkomaas, Natal (Burnup).

The fine lines under a lens are seen to be minutely punctate, and
they are crossed by two faint pale zones, one at the shoulder of the
body-whorl, the other somewhat below the middle.

6. Fenella natalensis. (TI. V., fig. 6).

Testa pupoidea, ad apicem acuta, albida, zonis duabus pallide flavis
indistinctis cincta, interdum omnino rufescens, costis longitudinalibus
lirisque spiralibus plus minus fortiter cancellata ; anfractus 8,
supertores 1-2 leves, rotundatt, tres seguentes in medio angulatt,
cetert convextuscult ;, apertura ovata, superne acuta; peristoma
simplex, acutum, margine columellart incrassato, ad basim reflexo,
superne callo labro tuncto. Longit 5 mit., diam. 13.

Hab. Cato’s Creek, near Durban (Burnup).

The form is rather variable, some examples being narrower and
more cylindrical than others. The strength of the cancellation also
varies, the longitudinal coste on the penultimate whorl numbering
from sixteen to twenty-two, and the spiral ridges from four to five.
The latter on the body-whorl are about ten in number, those around
the base being only feebly crossed by the longitudinals.

_ This species is probably the / fw/ezda C. B. Adams from Natal,

of Nevill’s Hand List, Moll. Ind. Mus., part 2, p. 116, & fulgida, I

believe to be a manuscript name imposed upon this species by

A. Adams, specimens so named having been obtained by the

Museum from the collection of H. Adams.

7, Eulima munda. (PI. V., fig. 7).

Testa parva, polita, albido-subpellucida, fere recta, subulata, gractlis,
acuta, anfractus 12 fere plant, regulariter lente accrescentes, supra
pellucide marginati, ultimus medtocriter elongatus ; apertura inverse
pirtfor mis, longit. totius + eaquans ; peristoma simplex, marginibus
callo tenut gunctts. Longit. 6, diam.1'5 mm. Apertura 1°5 longa.
Ffab., Umkomaas, Natal.

250 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

In this species the aperture is broadly rounded anteriorly and
pointed behind, and the spire is straight or exhibits only a very feeble
dextral curve.

8. Eulima natalensis. (PI. V., fig. 8).

Testa late subulata, subrecta, nitida, alba; anfractus 11 regulariter
accrescentes, supertores 5-6 leviter convextuscult, cetert fere plant,
linea pellucida marginati, ultimus tn medio obsolete subangulatus,
infra leviter curvatus ; apertura ovato-pirtformis, longit. totius 4
equans , peristoma marginibus callo crassiusculo junctis. Longit. 7,
diam. 2°75 mm. Apertura 1°75 longa.

Ffab., Durban.

Very feebly or scarcely at all curved, with the body-whorl indis-
tinctly angled and somewhat broad at the middle. It is not quite
so straight as £. so/tda Sow., and the labrum is not thickened in the
same manner.

9. Eulima dilecta. (PI. V., fig. 9).

Testa parva, alba, nitida, subclaviformis, leviter curvata , anfractus
novenl, lente accrescentes, primus medtocriter magnus, obtuse rotun-
datus, ceteri leviter convextuscult, infra suturam pelluctde marginait,
ultimus ad medium rotundatus ; apertura parva, pirtformtis, longtt.
totius + paulo superans ; peristoma curvatum, subpatulum, margint-
bus callo adtstincto junctis, columellart ad bastm valde tincrassato.
Longit. 44, diam. 1% mm. Apertura 14 longa.

Hab., Unkomaas, Natal

A pretty little species, with a slightly curved spire and more con-
vex whorls than the other species now described.

to. Odostomia chitonicola. (PI. V., fig. 10).

Testa minuta, ovato-cylindracea, imperforata, tenuis, pellucido-cornea,
levis, lineis incrementi tenutssimis obliquis curvatts striata ; sptra
haud acuminata, ad apicem globosa ; anfractus 5, primus globosus,
introversus, cetert convexiuscull, infra suturam obliquam linea pellu-
cida marginati; apertura elongato-pirtformis ; pertstoma tenue,
simplex, margine columellari arcuato, supra leviter unidentato vel
plicato, subincrassato. Longit 2 mm., diam. 4. Apertura % longa,
x lata.

Had., Unkomaas, Natal, on Chiton fossus (Burnup).

As small as the British O. zzvosa of Montagu, but differing in form,
the whorls being less convex, and the last longer. The aperture
consequently is more elongated.

11. Calliostoma burnupi. (PI. V., fig. 11).

Testa parva, conica, imperforata, pallide rufescens vel rosacea supra
fusco-maculata, ad peripheriam, lira pallida fusco notata cincta, infra

SMITH : NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH AFRICAN MARINE SHELLS. 251

lirts concentricis subgranosis circiter decem dilute fusco-punctatis
ornata, ad apicem nigrescens; anfractus octo, plant, sutura profunda
sejunctl, liris granosis (in anfr. penult. sex) instructt, ultimus in
medio rotunde angulatus, infra planiusculus ; apertura oblique sub-
quadrata ; columella incrassata, callosa, alba. Diam. maj. 9 mm.,
min. 8; alt. to.

Hab., Durban (Burnup).

A solid little species, prettily granulated, the granules upon the
base being less pronounced than those above, and the thread-like
interstices brown. The general tone is a fleshy tint, varied at intervals
with brown blotches which are often pale bordered on the left or
anterior side. The lowermost row of granules being smaller than
those above gives the whorls a channeled appearance at the suture.

12. Loripes rosacea. (PI. V., figs. 12, 13).

Testa subcircularts, valde inequivalvis, pallide rosacea, linets incrementt
concentricis conspicue striata; valva sinistra mediocriter profunda,
dextra plana; umbones acuti, antrorsum curvatt ; pagina interna
rosacea ; cicatrix anterior elongata, lingueformts, postertor brevior,
latior ; dentes cardinis value dextre duo, postico majore, dens
lateralis anterior conicus, value sinistre dens cardinalis unicus ;
ligamentum internum elongatum, rectum. Longtt. 17, alt. 18, diam.

6 mm.
Hab., Durban.

This interesting species may at once be recognized by the pale
rose colour and the unequal valves, of which the right is quite flat.

13. Montacuta natalensis. (Pl. V., fig. 14).

Testa minima, oblonga, valde inequtlateralis, postice leviter angustata,
alba, epidermide tenut lutescenti induta, linets incrementt striata ;
latus anticum rotundatum, prope umbones subconcavum, posticum
angustius ; margo dorst posticus leviter curvatus, declivis, ventralis
paulo arcuatus ; umbones curvatt, prominentes, longe ante medium
siti ; dentes duo valve sinistre divergentes, prominentes, postico
anteriort longtiore ; resilium validum , cicatrices conspicue. Longit.
24 mm., alt. 1%., diam. I.
fab., Unkomaas, Natal (Burnup).

Differing from AZ, bidentata Montagu in form and in the more
anterior position of the umbones, which are more prominent and
larger.

14. Plicatula squamosissima. (Pl. V., figs. 15, 16).

Testa oblonga, subovata, irregularis, umbones versus angustata, com-
pressa, sordida albida, saturate rufo punctulata, radiatim confertim
costata, costis rugosts dense squamulatis, intus olivaceo-fusca, rufo

252 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

obscure notata ; valva dextra plantuscula, sinistra convexior. Longit.

umbone ad marge. ventralem 23, latit. 17, diam. 8 mm.

ffab., Unkomaas (Burnup).

This species is distinguished by the closeness of the ribs and the
crowded irregular scales upon them; also for the olivaceous tint of
the interior of the valves. ‘The number of the cost is variable, and
the interstices between them are very much narrower than the ribs
themselves and often more or less filled with series of minute scales.

Belgium and the Ardennes.—During a fortnight’s visit to the above last May
and June I took the opportunity of making enquiries as to the records of distribution
of Land and Freshwater Mollusca. The Museumat Brussels is admirably arranged.
I could not hear of any species peculiar to Belgium. The following localities I
noted and they may prove helpful as a guide. For terrestrial species Dinant,
Marche, Couvin, Namur, Hastiere, near Dinant, Roumont, Wepion, near Namur,
Anseremme, Arlon, Luxemburg, Kinkimpois. For aquatic species Gembloux,
Houffalise, La Roche, Vielsalin, near Diekirch. These localities include the Grand
Duchy of Luxemburg. Books upon the subject I tried in vain to find at the shops
as far as my brief visit allowed. Monsieur Dupont was mentioned as the author of
a work on the Conchology of Belgium, and perhaps the book may be known to
some member of the Society. My stay in the rural districts was very limited owing
to the weather and other causes. But I brought back a live Helix pomatia from
Rochefort, and gathered some specimens on the Citadel of Dinant behind the Hotel
Téte d’Or after the three days’ rain at Whitsuntide. Cyc/ostoma elegans was larger
than I had yet seen it. and a few Helices and a Hyalinza were the only spoils I took.
The limestone districts ought to be very happy hunting grounds if the season be
favourable. The He/éx pomatia or Escargot as they call it in Belgium, has made
itself at home with me and it is only the fear of the ravages which they are said to
make among the vegetables in their native land, which makes me hesitate to send
for more. They are to be had for seven pence a dozen and their export is en-
couraged rather than otherwise, in spite of their excellent nutritious properties. —
CARLETON GREENE (Read before the Soctety, April 12th, 1899).

The occurrence of Limnza peregra var. burnetti in Windermere.
—I took a specimen which I believe to be of the above variety of this very
variable mollusc in August, 1896, in Windermere, near Water Head, in com-
pany with the var. /acustris already well known from this lake. At first I fancied
it was only an example of var. /acwstris, in which the apical whorls had been des-
troyed by erosion, but, on closer examination, it was evidently something else ; and
I can myself see no difference between it and well-authenticated specimens of the
var. burnetti from Loch Skene. The vars. dacustrvis and burnett: of L. peregra
and L. involuta (which is most probably only a variety of Z. peregra) all owe
their distinguishing characteristics to a graduated intorsion of the spire, which
is most marked in the last-named, less so in the second, and least of all in
the first. Z. zzvoluta and L. peregra var. burnetti have had exceptional opportuni-
ties for developing and perpetuating remarkable variations from their extreme
isolation. ‘There is, however, no reason why the same variations should not occa-
sionally occur in localities which do not present the circumstances necessary to their
permanency. It is to the latter class that I would relegate my specimen of ZL.
peregra v. burnetti from Windermere.—K. HURLSTONE JONES, M.B., R.N.,
H.M.S. ‘ Repulse,’ Jan. 9th, 1898 (Read before the Society, Jan. 11th, 1899).

THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS.

SUPPLEMENT.
IBY Jy Sats (Geo IBWINNS, IMIoSKCe

(Read before the Society, June 14, 1899.)

At the time of writing my former paper! I did not possess any know-
ledge of bacteriology, but I had come to the conclusion some months
before that the corrosion was due originally to the action of bacteria.
I am now enabled through the kindness of Dr. Ewart to adduce a
considerable amount of evidence in support of this. I still adhere to
the five items of my previous summary.

The white powdery substance upon the surface of the shells was
found to consist of calcium butyrate, in some instances mixed with
calcium acetate. It was formed by the action of butyric and acetic
acids upon the calcium carbonate of the shell structure.

Since butyric acid does not occur in the atmosphere, it can hardly
have had an external origin. It must, therefore, have been derived
._ from fermentative processes occurring in the organic material of the
shell, or of adhering portions of the molluscan inhabitant. Both
aérobic and anaérobic bacteria are known which can cause various
carbohydrates to ferment, producing butyric and acetic acids. It is
very often the case that a portion of the liver is left attached to the
shell, especially to the apex. This might easily undergo butyric fer-
mentation, and, moreover, the same might occur with the adhesive
substance used to fix the specimen to its card. Both aérobic and
anaerobic butyric bacteria exist, but the common forms are anaérobic.
Hence we should expect to find the danger of spoiling increased
with imperfect aération in closed or hermetically-sealed cases, in
which at the same time there would be no possibility of the acid
products escaping. A little moisture is required to start the fer-
mentation ; hence, dry cases should escape, and even in damp air
the process can only take place with great slowness, for as soon as
the products accumulate to a certain extent fermentation ceases until
they have been removed.

There are also certain forms which can cause proteids to ferment
with the production of butyric and acetic acids together with bad-
smelling gases. In this case, however, the latter would hardly be
perceptible.

That the mischief is of bacterial origin is supported by the follow-
ing facts :—

1.—BLutyric acid has been found.
This could only be produced by the butyric fermentation
of carbohydrates, or even proteid substances. Acetic acid is
amongst the fermentative products of butyric bacteria, and

1 Vide antea, p. 172-178.

254 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

calcium acetate has been found in some of the shells.
2.—The shells in the top cases that are exposed to light are
practically unaffected.

This points strongly to bacteria. The deadly action of
direct sunlight on bacteria is well known, and may produce
death in from five minutes to an hour when they are in the
vegetative condition. Even strong diffuse daylight suffices to
retard or even inhibit the development of many bacteria.

3.—The shells in the drawers kept in the dark are the worst
attacked,

This necessarily follows from the above statement. Dark-
ness is favourable to the development of these fermentative
organisms. Within the shell the bacteria would even in the
top cases be protected from the inimical effect of light.

I stated in my former paper that the corrosion had not occurred
in private collections. Since its publication I have been informed
that some shells in a large private collection at Birmingham have
been badly corroded, and have caused anxiety for some time past.
Also, I have examined several specimens of the genus Cyprea from
the Gratrix Collection in Manchester. ‘These all possessed a marked
vinegar-like odour. Upon being submitted to the same chemical
tests as the shells from the British Museum, they were found to con-
tain both calcium butyrate and acetate, and thus show that they had
been exposed to the same conditions as those at South Kensington.

PREVENTION.

It must surely be conceded that an infallible remedy cannot be
given. My critics have either overlooked or paid no attention to
the fact that the corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of
about ten years.

The suggestions received are :—

1.—Boiling in oil.
2.—Rubbing over the surface with such substances as oil of tur-
pentine, oil of cloves, and formalin.

I am of opinion that these may be dismissed as ineffectual. Now
that we know that the corrosion is caused by bacteria, I am more
than ever convinced that soaking in corrosive sublimate solution,
combined with previous thorough cleaning, will prove effectual. It
must be remembered that corrosive sublimate is an extremely fotson-
ous substance. The drawers should be thoroughly aérated at intervals,
to remove accumulated acid vapours, which will never be present in
more than minute traces. ‘The drawers should also be kept well
dried.

8, SEA VIEW TERRACE,
SEATON, DEVON.

255
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

281st Meeting, June r4th, 1899.
Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, no. 6; the Naturalist, no. 509; Science Gossip,
vo]. 5, no. 61 ; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, ser. 3, no. 344; the Nautilus,
vol. 13, no. 1; Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, 1897-98 ;
Société Royale Malacologique, Brussels, Annales, 1890-95, Bulletin, Tome 34, nos.
I, 2, Mémoires, Tome 34, no. 1; Australian Museum Records, vol. 3, no. 5; Pro-
ceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, vol. 9, part 4.

New Member Elected.
Mr. Frederick Darnbrough, Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm-on-Tees.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell; Mr. J. W. Vaughan; Mr. W. Neville Sturt.
Papers Read.

“* Description of new species of South African Marine Shells,” by E. A. Smith.

‘* Biographical Notice of Sylvanus Hanley,” by E. A. Smith.

“Note on Petricola pholadiformis,” by J. E. Cooper.

“© The Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets : Supplement,” by L. St. G. Byne.

Discontinuation of the Summer Meetings.
It was resolved that no meetings be held during the months of July and August.
Gift of Portrait.

It was resolved ‘‘ that the best thanks of the Society be voted to the relatives of
the late M. Crosse for their generous gift of copies of his portrait to accompany
the obituary notice read at the May meeting.”

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A fine series of Peazcularie from various localities,

By Mr. R. Standen: Pedicularia californica in situ on Allopora.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Leucorhynchia tricarinata, Lifu (the third known).

By Mr. W. Moss: Hyaknia draparnalti from Lucerne.

By Mr. J. E. Cooper: A fine series of British Petricola pholadiformts.

282nd Meeting, September 13th, 1899.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Chicago Academy of Sciences, Bulletin no. 2, Fortieth Annual Report ; the Irish
Naturalist, vol. 8, nos. 7-9; the Scottish Naturalist, no. 31; the Naturalist, nos.
510-512; Science Gossip, nos. 62-64; Manchester Microscopical Society, Annual
Report, 1898 ; La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 344-347: Journal de Con-
chyliologie, vol. 47, no. 2; the Nautilus, vol. 13, nos. 2-5; Transactions of the St.
Louis Academy of Sciences, vol. 8, nos. 8-12, vol. 9, nos. 1-7; Société Royale
Malacologique, Brussels, Annales, Tome 32, 1897, Bulletin, Tome 34, nos. 3-6;
Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,
vol. 43, part 4; Biographical Notice of H. T. Soppitt, by C. Crossland ; Synopsis
of the Recent and Tertiary Leptonacea of North America and the West Indies, by
W. H. Dall; Tunicata of the Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W., by W. A. Herd-
man; La Faune Malacologique du Congo, by Hugo de Cort; Manchester Museum
Report, 1898-99 ; Armature of Helicoid Land Shells, by G. K. Gude; Report on
the Marine Mollusca obtained during the First Expedition of Prof. A. C. Haddon
to the Torres Straits, in 1888-89, by J. C. Melvill and R. Standen; Further Con-

256 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1899.

tributions towards a Check-List of the Non-Marine Molluscan Fauna of South
Africa, with descriptions of Fourteen New Species, by J. C. Melvill and fat Bt
Ponsonby.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Dr. G.W. Chaster : Specimens of Zimmnea stagnalis and L. peregra exhibited
in illustration of his paper.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A fine series of land shells from MenEEe. including
Helix pisana var. alba, H. cespitum, Buliminus quadridens, Clausilia solida, Helix
elegans, Leucochroa candidisstma var., Rumina decollata, and Pupa cinerea.

New Members Elected.
Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., D.L., Whatcombe, Dorset.
Mr. W. Neville Sturt, India Office, Westminster, Loudon! S.W.
Mr. J. Williams-Vaughan, J.P., The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mr. Ernest Le Cronier Lancaster; Mr. R. M. Lightfoot; Mr. V. V. Ramanan.

Papers Read.
“A cross between Limnea stagnalis and L. auricularia,” by G. W. Chaster.
‘The Etymology of the names Azeca and Assiminea of Leach,” by Rev. G. A.

Frank Knight.
Statement of Accounts.

The Balance Sheet for the year 1898 was laid upon the table, and ordered to be
brought up for approval at the Annual Meeting.

BALANCE SHEET, Dec. 31st, 1808.

Receipts. Eo SS Payments. Lo Samide
Balance from 1897 = .. 3 © Irs | Costof journals; vol> vin; mo:
Subscriptions received in 1898 49 3.0 [gy and ans TSOSiee-. ACen OmmS.
Life Composition Fees .. 8S © © | Stationery coo poo ua il
Donations . o 5 6 | Cost of Reprints, Plates, ‘ete. 910 7
Stamps refunded by Inland Drawing Plate of Madras and
Revenue Authorities ... 2 1 8 Falkland Mollusca... ... 2 2 0
Sale of Reprints, Lists, and 2nd Instal. of Purchase Money
Back Nos. of le son 7 WO 1 of Q. J. of Conchology, to
Advertisements... . no BOO J. W. Taylor, Esq. .. 10 0 0
Rent of Room for Annual
Meeting, Oct. 22nd, 1898 112 0
(Signed) » R. Cairns, lL gi aitoys. Treasurer’s Expenses ... .. 3 1311
B.C. Stump, | Secretary’s and Editor’s Exp’s 918 o
iBalancey esis ORL tO)
£83 13 83 £83 1383
Exhibits.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Lzmnea palustris monst. cecollata, from near Oldham ;
L. peregra var. labiosa, Littlemoss, Ashton-under-Lyne ; Lythznza tentaculata, a
peculiar elongate variety, from Droylesden ; Succinea putris, of large size, and var.
alba, Vertigo moulinsiana, V. pygmaa, V. antivertrgo, Helix pygmeaa, Linnea
palustris var., Viviparus contectus, type anda small dark-purple variety, all from
Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire ; Vertigo andrusiana, Douglas County, Oregon, U.S.;
and Triodopsis tridentata var. alla, Hamilton, Ontario.

By Mr. W. Moss: Claustlia biplicata var. alba, from Mortlake ; S7eftaxis and
Alyceus, from Hipoh, Perak.

By Mr. Thomas Rogers: Mitree from Sandwich Islands.

By Mr. R. Standen: Series of Zzstreptaxts and Artemon, Manchester Museum.

257
Ti CONGCHOLOGICAL SOCIERY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1899-1900.

PRESIDENT :
Be SNGISES, BYA:

VICE-PRESIDENTS :
Pror. SYDNEY J. HICKSON,
IDL Seby Milovalns LOGI Ross

LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
R. D. DARBISHIRE.
JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

HON. TREASURER ; | HON. SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN :

EE. D! BOSBOCK W. E. HOYLE, M.A., F.R.S.E.

HON. CURATOR :
ROBERT STANDEN.

HON. RECORDER :
THOMAS ROGERS.

COUNCIL :
G. W. CHASTER, M.R.C.S. WILLIAM MOSS, F.C.A.
J. T. MARSHALL. E. C. STUMP.

J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. R. J. WELCH.
LEEDS BRANCH.

PRESIDENT, W.DENISON ROEBUCK, F...s.
Hon. SEc. : Mrs. H. G. BRIERLEY.

LONDON BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - Rev. J. W. HORSLEY.
SECRETARY : J. E. COOPER.

——_——_——_?-e-¢—_______

LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to Dec. 13, 1899.

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member ;

*post packets have been returned undelivered).

HONORARY MEMBERS
(Limited to ten in number).

du nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.
1897. Dall, Wm. Healey, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
1878. Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.
1886, Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W.

O Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.

1889. Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.
1885. Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 68, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford.
1899. Appleton, Thos. Alf., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 46, Britannia Rd., Fulham, S.W.
1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

1886. Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.
Q

258

1897.
1899.
1895.
1886.

1897.
18901.
1897.
1886.
1897.
1897.
1899.
1899.
1897.
1895.

1897.

1899.
1897.
1895.
1884.
1895.
1897,
18096.
1879.

1893.
1899.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, I900.

Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Haiker, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Baldwin, Joseph W., Darwen Road, Dunscar, near Bolton.

Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.

Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., St. John’s College,
Grimsargh, Preston.

Barrett, Chas. Golding, F.E.S., Tremont, Peckham Rye, London, S.E.

Beckett, James Benjamin, 11, Lancaster Road, Great Yarmouth.

Beddome, Charles Edward, Hillgrove, near Hobart, Tasmania.

Bendall, Wilfrid, 77, Baker Street, Portman Square, London, W.

Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Hoyland, near Barnsley.

Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., Falkirk, Chatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.

Blackshaw, James C., 158, Penn Road, Wolverhampton.

Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.

Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Newnham Lea, Cambridge.

Bliss, Joseph, Smyrna, Asia Minor.

Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

Bolton, Herbert, F.R.S.E., Museum, Bristol.

Booth, George Albert, F.E.S., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands.

Bostock, Edwin D., Tixall Lodge, Tixall, Stafford.

Bowell, E. W. W., Mostyn House School, Parkgate, Cheshire.

Roveot, Arthur Beawine The Grange, Hereford,

Brass, John George, T te Grove, Barnard Castle.

Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill! Street,
Sydney, N.S. W.

Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield.

Brooksbank, Hugh, M. B., B.C., B.A., College Road, Windermere.

1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Reliant. B.A., F.G.S., Axeland, Horley, Surrey.

1896.
1897.

1870.
1888.

1891.

1893.
1878.

1892.

1895.

1887.
1889.

1897.
1893.
1898.
1836.
1880.
1895.
1898.
1897.
1892.
1895.

1899.

1890.

Burgess, Wm. Valentine, 9, York Ron GHonton -cum-Hardy.

Burnup, Henry Clifden, Jesmond, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., 8, Sea-View Terrace, Seaton, Devon.

Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh.

Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 26, Mayfield Terrace, Halifax.

Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester.
Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport.

Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire.

Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., Pryors, Broomfield, nr. Chelmsford, Essex.
Claremont, Dr. C. C., Millbrook House, Hampstead Road, London.
Clark, James, M.A., Ph.D., Ass.R.C.S., Yorkshire College, Leeds.
Clifton, Francis R., 24, Park Street, Stoke Newington.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth,

Collier, Edwd., Carlton House, Whalley Range, Manchester.

Collier, Frank, Carlton House, Whalley Range, Manchester.

Collinge, Walter Ed., F.Z.S., Mason College, Birmingham.

Cook, Rev. Thomas, Whinwood, Westcliff Grove, Harrogate.

Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, London, N.

Corker, Jas. S., 59, Darncombe Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Crampton, C. B., M.B., C.M., 28, Barton Street, Greenheys,

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.

1886.

1896

1888.
1899.

1886.
1897.
1893.

1886.

1899.

1807.
1889.
1808.

1892.

1895.
1895.
1891.
1884.
1888.
1894.
1897.
1886.

1891,

1897.
1897.
1890.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 259

Crick, Walter D., Nine Springs, Cliftonville, Northampton.

Crofton, Rev. Addison, M.A., Linton Court, Settle, Yorkshire.

Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex.
Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland.

DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London.

Dacie, John Charles, 14, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.
Daniel, A. T., M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent.
Darbishire, Robert D., Victoria Park, Manchester.

Darnbrough, Frederick, Croft Villa, Eaglesliffe, Yarm-on-Tees.
Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue del’ Université, Paris.

Dawson, Oswald, Seacroft, Leeds ; and Albion Walk Chambers, Leeds.
Dean, John D., 2, Clarendon Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston.

Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston.

Edwards, J. Sumner, 6, Woodland Grove, Chapeltown Road, Leeds.
Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd, Leicester.
Elgar, Hubert, 3, St. Michael’s Terrace, Fant Re Maidstone, Kent.
Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Evans, Mrs. A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud.

Evans, Wm., E.R.S.E., 18A, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
*Evans-Thomas, Owen G., 83, Onslow Gardens, London, S. W.

Fyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants.

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.
Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony-
Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorkshire.

Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull.

1884.Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.

1886.
1898.

1892.

1886.

1895.

1896.

1889.

1887.
1808.

Fitzgerald, Mrs. J., Kapai, Maidstone Road, Headcorn, Kent.
Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford.
Fulton, Hugh, 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens.

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts.

Gamble, Frederick Wm., M.Sc.(Vict.), The Owens College, Manchester.
Garnett, Roland, 61, Herschell Street, Frenchwood, Preston.

Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N.

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., etc., Accrington, Lancashire.
Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1897.

1886.
1890.
1886.

1897.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1887.
1897.
18809.

Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.,
F.R.S., Shalford Park, Guildford.

Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots.

Gude, G. K., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, London, N

Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., LL.D., Brantham Rectory, Manningtree.

Hall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry.

Hann, Rev. Adam, 14, The Crescent, Gateshead.

Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.
Hargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire.

Harrison, Miss G. M., 14, Queen’s Road, Southport.

Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire.

260

1887.

1891.
1887.
1888.
18096.
1887.
1895.
1895.

1893.

1886.
1886.
1891.
1884.
1892.

1886,
1895.

1886.
1891.
1894.

1888.
1889.

1897.
1897.
1897.

1887.
1880.

1899.

1879.

1894.

1892.

1878.
1899.

1896.

1897.
1895.
1898.
1891.

1889.
1885.

1886.

1884.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green, Lewisham,
London, S.E. \

Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middlesborough.

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 47, Frenchwood Street, Preston.

Heitland, Mrs. M., The Priory, Shrewsbury.

Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., University College, Liverpool.

Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford.

Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Se., M.A., F.R.S., The Owens College,
Manchester.

Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.

Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.

Horsley, Rev. J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham
Gardens, London, S.W.

Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.Sc., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Director of the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

IIludson, Rev. Hy. A., 1, Johnson Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

James, John H., A-R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro.

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.5., Eastgate House, Lewes.

Jones, Kenneth IIurlstone, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. ‘* Repulse,” Channel
Squadron.

Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 76, Mayes Road, Woodgreen, London, N.

Jordan, H. K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, Monmouthshire.

Kendig, Rev. Amos B., D.D., 86, Vernon Str., Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.

Kennard, A. S. Berrenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 157, Ferme Park Road, Hornsey, N.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., The Manse, Auchterarder, Perthshire.

Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, R.A., M.B., B.Ch. (Oxon.), Winchester .
House, Swansea.

Laver, Ilenry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green, London, S.W.

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc., Otterbourne, Budleigh
Salterton, South Devon.

Leicester, Alfred, The Mount, Aston Clinton, Bucks.

Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.

Linton, John, 25, Wordsworth Road, Smallheath, Birmingham.

Lodder, Miss Mary, Lonah, Ulverstone, Tasmania.

Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W.

Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich.

Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.

MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire.
McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.

McMurtrie, Rey. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.
Madison, James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 261

Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., B.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., D.T., Whatcombe, Dorset.

Marquand, Ernest D., Belle Vue, Alderney.

Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire.

Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

Mason, G. Edward, 118, Stanford Place, Stanley Bridge, Fulham, S.W.

Mason, Philip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Trent House,
Burton-on-Trent.

May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania.

Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook House, Prestwich, Manchester

Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.

Milne, J. Grafton, Holly House, Plaistow, London, E.

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., The Friars, Priory St., Cheltenham.

Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex.

Morris, G. M., 18, Northen Grove, W. Didsbury, Manchester.

Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Neild, J. E., Gilda Brook Road, Eccles.

Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., Rose Villa, Prospect Road, Snakes Lane,
Woodford Green, Essex.

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West Kensington
Park, London, W.

Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.., F.R.S., F.L.5S., etce.,
The Red House, Berkhampstead.

Oldham, Charles, Alderley Edge, Cheshire.
Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.
Overton, Harry, Ingleside, Clifton Road, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield.

Party, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.

Partridge, F. J., 75, High Street, Barnstaple, N. Devon.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

Percival, A. Blayney, Somerset Court, Brent Knoll, Somerset.

Phillips, Robert Albert, Ashburton, Cork.

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.

Poore, Arthur S., 47, Griffin Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.

Preston, Hugh Berthon, The Manor House, Berrow, nr. Burnham, Somerset

Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.
Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, B.A., Pycroft Road, Triplicane, Madras.
Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Rd., Barnsbury, London, N.
Rhodes, John, F.E.S.. 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington.

Roberts, A. William Rymer, Annesdale, Windermere.

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester. :

Roseburgh, John, 54, Market Street, Galashiels.

Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, 5. W.

262

1877.

1893.
1895.
1886.
1893.
1892.
1895.
1896.
1884.
1886,
1886.

1892.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum,
Dublin.

Scharff, W. E., c/o Edwards, Scharff & Co., Bradford, Yorks.

Schill, C. H., Broome House, Didsbury, near Manchester.

Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B.

Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, 16, Pimlico Road, Clitheroe, Lancs.

Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield.

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate Rd., Chiswick, Middlesex.

Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Skilton, Mrs. Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon.

Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, S. Kensington,
London, S.W.

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.

1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.

1894.

1896.
. £ Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.1..S.,4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow

1886

1887.
1836.
1892.
1896.
1886.
1888.
1888.
1896.
1885.
1897.
1890.
1893.
1899.
1805.
1888.

1895.

1895.
1897.

Smith, Wm. Chas., Vanston House, 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green,
Fulham, London, S. W.
Smith, Wm. Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk.

Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., Castellar, Crieff, N.B.
Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens.
Span, Bartlet, Woodlands, Tenby, South Wales.

Sparkes, Thomas, 92, Heywood Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.

Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, Cheshire.
Stonestreet, Rev. W.T., 12, Wellington St., Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s High School, Cardiff.

Stracey, Bernard, University Union, Edinburgh.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, 2, Deer Park Villas, Tenby.

Stump, Edward Consterdine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.
Sturt, W. Neville, India Office, Westminster, London, S.W.

Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere.

Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s Inn, London.
Sykes, Robert Dardsley, Lostock Hall, near Preston.

Taylor, Frederick, 38, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham.

Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Gabriola Island,
Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Taylor, John W., F.L.S., North Grange. Horsforth, Leeds.

1898. *Thomas, G. E., 13, Vicarage Gardens, Kensington, London.

1895.
1886.
1896.
1897.
1897.

1898.
1880.

1899.

1897.

Thompson, Isaac C., F.L.S., 53, Croxteth Road, Liverpool.

Tomlin, J. R. Brockton, B.A., Penrhyn House, Llandaff.

Tregelles, George Fox, 5, Clarence Place, Barnstaple.

Tripe, Linnzeus, Major-Gen., 3, Osborne Villas, Stoke, Devonport.

Tulk-Hert, Eugene John, M.D., M.R.C.S., 4, Gloucester Place,
Brighton.

Turner, FE. Hartley, A.C.A., 21, Bairstow Street, Preston.

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P, The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire,
S. Wales; winter address: Bryn-y-Mon, Tenby, S. Wales.
Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

PROCEEDINGS: OCTOBER 21, 1899. 263

1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.

1891. Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

1896. Wallace, Harry Simpson, Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1886. Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, LL.D., B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., 11, Strath-
earn Place, Edinburgh.

1895. Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.Z.S., The Broadway, Hammersmith, London, W.

1895. Welch, Robert John, 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1897. West, H. J., 80, Upland Road, Fast Dulwich, S.E.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W.

1889. Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool.

1891. Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., 14, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.

1899. Wilson, Arthur Ernest, 228, Victoria Street, Grimsby.

1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.

1886. Z Woocward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 120, The Grove, Ealing
London, W.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.

<0 ——___

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

283rd (Annual) Meeting, October 21st, 1899.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.

The chairman announced with great regret that the President, Mr. Lionel E.
Adams, had been suddenly called away by telegram to the bedside of his brother,
who was seriously ill.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. W. Wells Bladen and R. Standen were appointed Scrutineers.

Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. E. Collier and E. C. Stump were appointed Auditors.

Annual Reports and Balance Sheet.

The Annual! Report of the Council (see page 265), the Reports of the
London and Leeds Branches (see page 267), and the Treasurer’s Report, including
the Balance Sheet for 1898 (see page 256), and an interim Balance Sheet and
Financial Statement for the current year up to date (see page 266) were presented
and adopted.

Election of Office-Bearers.

The Scrutineers reported that forty-three valid voting-papers had been handed
in, of which forty voted for the list as nominated by the Council. The list was
therefore declared carried (see page 257).

New Members Elected.

Mr. Ernest Le Cronier Lancaster, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea.
Mr. Robert M. Lightfoot, South African Museum, Capetown.
Mr. V. V. Ramanan, B.A., Pycroft Road, Triplicane, Madras.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Mr. Joseph W. Baldwin.
Resignation of Members.
Mr. Frank Coulson; Mr. J. H. Killingbeck; Mr. John Wishart.

264 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

Place of Meeting.

Invitations were received from the newly-elected President, Mr. E. KR. Sykes,
to hold the next annual meeting in London; and from Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, on
behalf of the committee of the Manchester Museum, to hold it in Manchester. It
was resolved that the matter be remitted to the Council for decision.

The Presidential Address
Entitled : ‘Observations on some Rare British Land and Freshwater Mollusca,”
was read by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, in the absence of the retiring President, Mr.
Lionel E. Adams.

On the motion of Mr. E. R. Sykes, seconded by Mr. C. E. Wright, a vote was
unanimously passed expressing the Society’s regret at the absence of the President,
and its sympathy with him in the illness of his brother, as well as its best thanks
for his services in the presidential chair during the past year and for his address.

Exhibits :

By Mr. J. R. B. Masefield: (A), series of Aelix pisana, H. nemoralis var.
castanea, Planorbis corneus, and Dreissensia polymorpha, shewing growth stages of
the shell; (8), Heléx vzrgata, type and a curious variety, from Wren’s Nest,
Dudley, Staffordshire (first record for the county), collected by Mr. A. Wood,
1899; (C), Bulimus (Ofeas) goodalli Mill., original specimens from pine beds at
Bristol (Leckenby collection); (2), Cyclostoma elegans, Clausilia laminata, Helix
cantiana, H. ericetorum, and H. virgata, from near Aylesbury, Bucks., collected
by Mr. W. G. Stephenson, 1899.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Paludestrina jenkinse Smith, from Droylesden, Lancs.

By Mr. W. C. Blake: Helix virgata var. liutescens, from Ross, Herts. (first
county record), anda very perfect scalariform He/¢x aspersa from the same locality.

By Mr. W. Wells Bladen: Dyretssensta polymorpha, with very fine attached
pearl, from Rugeley ; and series of Helix aspersa from Eccleshall, Staffs.

By Mr. J. M. Williams: Some remarkable forms of Cyfiea tesselata, C. pan-
therina, C. vitellus, C. picta, C. siczac, C. caput-serpentis, C. ventriculus, C.
arabica, C. pulchella, and C. gaskotnd var. peast.

By Mr. E. D. Bostock: Series of Helix aspersa from Eccleshall.

By Mr. Ed. Collier : Heftx xemoralis, principally from Valencia Island, Ireland,
including var. a/bolabiata with a very broad black single band (00300) ; also a large
number of land and freshwater shells, including Vertzvo, Pupa, Acme, Carychium, &c.

By Mr. R. Standen: A number of shell dress ornaments ; strings of ‘* shell-
money ” (Wassa and Cyfrea), and specimens of Amphzperas bored for wearing ;
armlets cut from large Zvochws; shell necklaces, Xc., collected by Professor
Haddon during his recent expedition to Torres Straits.

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: A fine example of the rare A@¢éra fergusoné Sow.,
of which only one other specimen (the type) is known.

By Mr. J. Linton: A selection of the less common species of Zerebra, Nassa,
Claustlia, and other genera.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: A collection of the land shells of Mentone.

By Mr. E. R. Sykes: Cyclophorus eximius Mouss. from Java, and C. dodrans
Mab. from Tonkin—the two largest land Operculates known, the former measuring
over seventy mm. across, and a specimen of Streptaxts candidus Spix thirty-nine
mm. in diameter, from Brazil. :

By Mr. C. E. Wright : Helix ertcetorum var. alba, Blisworth and Stony Stratford ;
FT, cricetorum. scalariforme, and vars. leucozona and minor, Middleton, Northants ;
Limnea auricularia, showing extra lip growth, Newton, Northants; He/ex hortezses

PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 21, 1899. 265

various missing bands, Gretton, Northants ; series of 2. nemoralis, showing varia-
tion in colour and ferm, Kettering ; 4. zemoralis var. alba, and var. nxzgrolabiata,
Woodford, Northants ; 2. arbustorum var. canigonensis, Rushton, Northants.

By Mr. R. Welch: A. ertcetorum m. sinistrorsum, and var. alba, Bundoran ; 4.
nemoralts m. stnisteorsum, and m. scalariforme, Bundoran, with others showing
malformed umbilicus due to injury in early growth; also large series of Szeccinea
putris and S. elegans, S. Ireland.

By the Rev. J. W. Horsley : Series of Helix nemeralis, showing varied band-
ing, and var. voseolabzata, N. Kent.

ANNUAL REPORT, 1898—99.

Tuts has been a singularly uneventful year in the history of the Conchological
Society, which has continued on the usual lines to carry out a programme of steady
and satisfactory work.

It is just a year since the last Annual Meeting was held at Stafford and this re-
port therefore covers a period of twelve months and includes nine meztings.

There has been a very satisfactory increase in the accession of new members and
we are glad to note that there have been twenty-two elections; four resignations,
two deaths and two defaulting members give a clear gain of fourteen, so that the
Society now counts 254, as against 240 members. Of these 23 reside abroad, 10
are honorary, and 244 are ordinary members of the Society.

The Council deeply regrets to have to record the death of Mr. Sylvanus Hanley,
of whose life an account, written by Mr. E. A. Smith, will appear in the January
number of the Journal. We have further to deplore the loss of Mr. L. F. Biddle,
who died very shortly after his election to the Society.

The Council has pleasure in announcing that Mr. William Healey Dall, of the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, has been elected an honorary member of the
Society in the place of Mons. Crosse, who died last year.

The attendance at the monthly meetings in the Manchester Museum has been
good throughout the year, and in accordance with a resolution passed at the June
meeting the July and August meetings were omitted and the Society resumed work
on the 13th of September.

There has been no falling off in the number of papers, notes and exhibits, of
which a list has already appeared in the reports of the Society’s proceedings.

Four numbers of the Journal have been published as usual during the current
year and these have contained 128 pages, one portrait and one plate. The portrait,
which accompanied the account of Mons. Crosse’s life, was kindly presented to the
Society by his family, and at the June meeting a vote of thanks for this generous
gift was passed. The cost of the plate, which appeared in the last number of the
Journal, in illustration of Mr. E. A. Smith’s paper on South African marine shells,
was partly defrayed by a contribution from Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, to whom the best
thanks of the Council were conveyed after the September meeting.

Some valuable additions, both of British and foreign shells, have been,made to
the Society’s collections. These have been arranged by the Curator, whu has also
identified a considerable number of specimens submitted to him by members. A
number of members and their friends have, from time to time, inspected and con-
sulted the Society’s collection.

The Library has been enriched by the usual exchanges with other Societies and
Journals and by gifts of books and pamphlets from members and others, which have
been duly acknowledged in the Proceedings. It has been well used by members,
and the catalogue has been kept up to date.

266 JOURNAL Of CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

The Council begs to draw the special attention of members to the heavy adverse
balance shown by the Treasurer’s report and to remind them that if the Journal is to
be maintained in its present enlarged form, it will be necessary for some special
exertion to be made in order to raise very considerably the number of members in
the Society. It is only by the hearty co-operation of every member that such a
Society as ours can prosper and progress.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

In presenting this Annual Report I must call attention to the Balance Sheet for
the year 1898, which has already been audited and printed in the Journal (see p. 256).

The Council have also instructed me to prepare an interim Balance Sheet for the
present year, up to Oct. 16th, which is as follows :—

Receipts. JE & & Expenditure. JS ae

Subscriptions si na 54 15) 0 Journals for April, July, and
Life Composition eel 3) B 6) October, 1898 p20. 0g, GO GG
Donation ... . ati lain aor (0) 1) Reprints tee ure eee nee OO T4 O
Sale of Dableatione 5 10 10f | Stationery ... 1... vs O 3 ©
Bookbinding SA she RS ne Olas
Teyarasvaye IBEW: 50 ceo ooo | =A OC
Photographing specimens... O10 O
Treasurer’s expenses ... ... I 19 O
EXditorsiexpenseSseame- amie) een
Balance: eee ey ea OnmS
£63 18 104 £63 18 to}

It is now my unpleasant duty to make a statement as to the Society’s financial
position, which is far from satisfactory. At the present moment the Society has
liabilities to the extent of about 465, of which amount 410 is due for the third
instalment of the purchase-money of the Journal of Conchology, and the rest is for
the cost of printing the Journals for this year, and various small accounts. Against
this adverse balance we have in hand the sum of £3, and about £12 for arrears of
subscriptions paid up to the present.

At the Council meeting just held the Society’s finances have been very seriously
considered, and it has been decided to make a special effort to pay off these out-
standing accounts. An appeal will shortly be made to all the members of the
Society for assistance, and I am pleased to say that the following amounts have
been already promised :—

LE So th
Mr. Collier - - - - - : 2 2O
Mr. Melvill - - - - - - 2B 2B ©
Mr. Bostock - - - - : - 2 &- ©)
Mr. Hoyle - : - - - - nuit ©
Mr. Masefield - - - - - ©)
Mr. Byne - - - - - - 010 6
Mr. Standen - - - - - - o 10 6

I trust this example will be readily followed by the other members of the society.

E. D. Bostock, Zreasurer.

PROCEEDINGS : NOVEMBER 8, 1899. 267

LONDON BRANCH—Annual Report.

During the past year there have been thirteen meetings of this branch, seven of
which were field meetings. The attendance at most was somewhat disappointing.

As we have had a very dry summer it has been almost impossible to collect land
shells ; freshwater collecting was fairly successful. Messrs. J. C. Dacie, A. S.

Poore, J. B. Rosevear, and W. M. Webb, F.Z.S., kindly invited us to see their
collections on various dates during the past winter ; we are also indebted to Dr.
Tuke, of Chiswick, for permission to visit his grounds. Our president, Rev. J. W.
Horsley, brought his annual consignment of living Swiss mollusca to the June meet-
ing. The membership of this branch is about the same as it was a year ago.

iith Sept., 1899. (Signed) J. FE. Coorer, Hon. Sec.

LEEDS BRANCH—Annual Report.

The last Annual Meeting was held at Crossgates, on the 22nd April, 1898, when
Mr. H. Crowther, F.R.M.S., was elected President, and the two Hon. Secretaries,
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and Mr. W. Nelson, were re-elected.

The papers read have been more numerous than during the preceding year, and
several of them have been printed in Zhe Naturalist. The papers so published
include two by Mr. Nelson, in which he described visits to Wiston and Cawood,
and to Camblesforth and Gowdall in search of Lzmmnea glabra. Also a short paper
by Mr. J. Hawkins on ‘‘ Food as Influencing Variation in Helices,” communicated
through Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. A short paper by the President ‘‘On the
Bionomics of the Mollusca inhabiting the Scar at Whitby,” anda brief note by
him on the ‘‘ Occurrence of Planorbzs corneus in flood-refuse at Skipton.” Two
papers dealing with subjects beyond the geographical scope of 7he Naturalist have
been printed at length in the Weekly Supplement of the Leeds Afercury. In one of
these Mr. Nelson recounted ‘‘A Conchological Pilgrimage to Loch Skene in search
of Limnea burnettz,” and in the other the President gave an account of Mr.
Moore’s investigations of the peculiar molluscan fauna of Lake Tanganyika.

Of papers and addresses not intended for publication, Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S.,
gave an account of the classification of molluscan teeth. Mr. Cash, F.G.S., gave an
account of the distribution and variation of the Achatinellze of the Sandwich Islands;
and Mr. Broadhead initiated an interesting discussion of some points in evolution,
more especially as bearing on the mollusca. The exhibits have Eeen very numerous
at all the meetings, and of much value and interest.

On the whole the Club is to be congratulated upon the sound and satisfactory
position which it now occupies, as well as upon the success of the quiet and unas-
suming work done by its members.

(Signed) W. DENISON ROEBUCK, )\ (Eh, Pes.

April 15th, 1899. Wm. NELSON, sj

284th Meeting, November 8th, 1899.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, Record of Proceedings, 1896-98 ; Synopsis
of the Solenidze of North America and the Antilles, by W. H. Dall; Notes on
Paludestrina jenkinsi and P. confusa, by A. S. Kennard and B, B. Woodward ;
Pontus und Mittelmeer, by W. Kobelt, and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

268 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

Donation to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
By A. G. Stubbs: A series of land shells from Thanet, Kent.

New Member Elected.
Mr. Joseph W. Baldwin, Darwen Road, Dunscar, near Bolton.
Resignation.
Mr. F. W. Wotton.
Papers Read.
*© Postdium milium in Somerset,” by Chas. Oldham.
* Paludestrina zenkinst at Droylesden, Lancashire,” by F. Taylor.
“‘ Note on the appearance of He/zx virgata in Herefordshire,” by W. Blake.
** Helix virgata in Staffordshire,” by J. R. B. Masefield.
** Buckinghamshire Mollusca,” by J. R. B. Masefield.
** Clausilia biplicata (Mont.),” by R. Standen.

Exhibits.
By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: Land shells from Mentone, and Thanet, Kent.
By Mr. Ed. Collier: Helix nemoratis, from Valencia Island, Ireland.
By Mr. R. Welch: Succziea oblonga var. arenaria from Enniskillen, Ireland.

285th Meeting, December 13th, 1899.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
Description of Conus (Cylinder) clytospira, sp. nov , from the Arabian Sea, by
J. C. Melvill and R. Standen ; the Terrestrial Mollusca of Michigan, by Bryant
Walker ; a Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles
(part 5), by John W. Taylor ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
Resignation.
Rk. Wigglesworth.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Dr. G. H. Broadbent ; Mr. Hugh Watson; Mr. Walter F. Webb.

Member Deceased.
Sir Rawson W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., C.3.

Papers Read.

“¢ Sir Rawson W. Rawson, K.C.M.G., C.B.,” by J. Cosmo Melvill.

** Helix marmorata var. alba,” by IK. Hurlstone Jones.

‘* A Revision of the Textile Cones, with description of C. cholmonde’ey2, n.sp.,”
by J. Cosmo Melvill.

Exhibits.

By Mr. W. Moss: Ardophanta labalensis de Morgan, from Perak.

By Mr. I’. Taylor: A series of Vertigo substriata, showing stages of growth,
from Ashton-under-Lyne.

By Mr. J. C. Melvill, Mr. R. D. Darbishire, Mr. J. R. Hardy, and the Man-
chester Museum, a large number of Textile Cones, including the new species
described in Mr. Melvill’s paper.

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A bait for catching cuttlefish, composed of pieces of
cowry shells.

By Mr. R. Welch: A series of Szceznea oblonga var. arenaria from continental
localities, and a series of the variety figured by Jeffreys (B.C., vol. 1, p. 155), from
the Waller Collection.

269

SYLVANUS HANLEY.

IBW IEIDGAIR Ave “SWUMIPIst, 18, 4 Se

(Read before the Society, June 34th, 1899).

By the death of Sylvanus Hanley conchological science has lost one
of its most careful and excellent students. As far as the writer of
these remarks can judge, no conchologist with whom he has been
personally acquainted has devoted more care to his work than Mr.
Hanley. Thoroughness being his motto, it results that his mono-
graphs, produced forty to fifty years ago, still remain standard works
upon their respective subjects. His writings upon mollusca consist
of separate works, monographs of special groups, and descriptive
papers :—
(A). SEPARATE WORKS.
1841. Exotic Conchology, ed. 2.
1842. The Conchologist’s Book of Species.
1842-1856. An Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of recent
Bivalve Shells.
1848-1853. A History of British Mollusca and their Shells.
(Shell portion).
1855. Ipsa J.innzi Conchylia. The Shells of Linnzeus,
determined from his Manuscripts and Collection.
1854-1858. The Conchological Miscellany.
1870-1876. Conchologia Indica. Illustrations of the Land and
Freshwater Shells of British India.
(B). MonoGrapus.

846. TheG Tellina.
154 © SIONS ALE In Sowerby’s ‘ Thesaurus

860. The Family Nuculide.
1860 e Family Nuculidze Conchyliorum,’

1863. The Genus Solarium.

(C). DESCRIPTIVE AND MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
(1). Twenty-nine Papers in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842-1882.
(2). Four Papers in Journ. Linn. Soc., 1859-1885.
(3). Two Papers in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868 and
1885.

Of his separate works, that on British Mollusca, written in conjunc-
tion with Professor Edward Forbes, is perhaps the most widely known.
Probably most readers of this journal are well acquainted with the
character of that work, and consequently further commendation is
unnecessary. It still remains the finest work upon the subject although
written half-a-century ago. The ‘ Ipsa Linnzei Conchylia’ was a most
important publication, dealing with a subject surrounded with many
difficulties. The amount of pains and research expended in the

270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

preparation of this work must have been enormous, and it is still
indispensable to all workers on systematic conchology.

The ‘Conchologia Indica’ was merely a pictorial work, and although
of considerable usefulness, leaves much to be desired in the finish of
the illustrations. For this, however, the publishers were responsible
rather than the author. Mr. Hanley’s other separate works have been
practically superseded by more modern monographs, but still call for
frequent reference.

The monographs of Zel/ina, Nuculide, and Solarium in the ‘ The-
saurus Conchyliorum’ are beyond question among the best in that
work. Of the thirty-five descriptive papers, twenty-seven treat upon
bivalve shells. The Pelecypoda had special attraction for Mr.
Hanley, indeed one of his separate works was devoted entirely to
their description. Attention should also be called to one of his mis-
cellaneous papers in the Journal of Proceedings of the Linnzan
Society, vol. iv., pp. 43-90, entitled ““On the Linnzean Manuscript of
the Museum Ulricz,” being a companion work to his treatise on the
‘Tpsa Linnzei Conchylia.’

SyLVANUS CHARLES THORP HaNLEy was born at Oxford on
January 7th, 1819, and, after leaving school, proceeded to Wadham
College, Oxford, and in due course obtained his B.A. He subse-
quently became a student-at-law of the Inner Temple, but inheriting
ample means from his father, he had no occasion to complete his
legal studies. He was twice married; one of his sons survives him,
but an elder one died some years ago. He was elected a Fellow of
the Linnean Society in 1843. Conchology appears to have been his
hobby practically all his life, and therefore it is not surprising that he
got together a very large collection of shells, the value of which is
enhanced by having been named by so eminent and careful a worker,
and doubtless many important comments will be found upon the
wooden tablets to which the specimens are attached. He died at
Penzance on April 5th last, aged eighty years, and was interred there
on the roth of the same month.

Note on the appearance of Helix virgata in Herefordshire.—My first
acquaintance with He/zx v7rgata in this county was two years ago when I took the
variety /ztescens. Last year, I again met with the type and two vars. (/utescens and
albicans) in my garden on the outskirts of Ross. I have given specimens for com-
parison to several friends, and on Oct. 12th one of my assistants informed me that
while cycling that morning after rain his notice was attracted to a crackling sound
from beneath the tyres of his machine. This he found to be due toa number of
small snails, which turned out on examination to be H. wi7gata, spread over the road
—Wwo. BLAKE, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross (Read before the Society, Nov. 8th, 1899).

THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE NAMES AZECA AND
ASSIMINEA OF LEACH.

By THE ReEv. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, M.A.

(Read before the Society, September 13th, 1899).

ENQUIRIES have from time to time been made as to the derivation of
the names Azeca and Asszminea of Leach, but hitherto all such re-
searches have apparently been fruitless. The words still remain under
the ban pronounced upon them in 1842, when the Committee of the
British Association on the “ Revision of Zoological and Botanical
Nomenclature” singled them out for condemnation as particularly
bad examples of merely “nonsense names.” ‘The report says (B.A.
Rep., 1842, p. 118) : “Some authors having found difficulty in select-
ing generic names which have not been used before, have adopted the
plan of coining words at random without any derivation or meaning
whatever. The following are examples—Viralva, Xema, Azeca,
Assiminea, Quedius, Spisula. It is particularly annoying to the ety-
mologist, who, after seeking in vain through the vast storehouses of
human language for the parentage of such words, discovers at last that
he has been pursuing an igwis fatuus.” Succeeding reports by the
same Committee in later years have not released these terms—Azeca
and Asstminea—from the cloud under which they rest. Scientific
workers may continue to employ them, as they have come to stay, and
to change them now would cause inconvenience, but there is a dis-
tinct slur attached to these names, and they are held up as solemn
warnings to all coiners of new terminology.

I propose in this paper to examine whether the condemnation is
really just, and to enquire whether after all Leach may not have had
a praiseworthy and consistent plan which he followed out in the nam-
ing of his genera.

Dr. William Elford Leach was born in 1790. In 1814 he started
the “Zoological Miscellany,’ a periodical which gave to the world
descriptions of many animals new and important to science. But in
1821 he retired from active supervision of this work, and during the
closing years of his life he fixed his residence in Italy, and in that
country, at Tortona in Piedmont, he passed away in 1836. The book
by which he is remembered is his “Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great
Britain,” which was issued in 1852, long after his death, by Dr. J. E.
Gray. Part of the work (p. 1-116) had, however, neen in type and
several copies had been circulated since 1820, and hence Leach’s .
names are entitled to the benefit of the ‘law of priority.’ The treatise
is dedicated to three distinguished foreign scientists — Jules-César
Savigny, Baron G. D. Cuvier, and Jos. Xav. Poli. There are two

272 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

points here which may have a bearing on our present enquiry: (1)
Leach died six years prior to the issue of the British Association
rule which condemned his nomenclature, and therefore he could make
no defence, and give no explanation of his reasons; and (2) the last
years of his life were spent in Italy. The importance of this fact will
be seen later on.

The principles which guided Leach in his choice of names have
been given to us by the author himself in the introduction to his work
(p. xii.) : “ Respecting the names that I have given to what I consider
distinct genera, I have always invariably named the genera, as far as
possible, from their essential characters ; except only when I have
perceived that the names of the parts constituting a generic distinc-
tion might probably equally apply to some other genus not yet
discovered ; and where I have not been enabled to find sufficient
and certain essential characters, I have followed the rule laid down
by Fabricius, the first naturalist who attempted to form a natural
arrangement of insects, ‘/Vomina generica nil significantia omnino
optima,’ and, as far as possible, I have selected, according to the rule
laid down by the same author, that ‘Vomna barbara nullo modo sunt
toleranda.” It would be wrong to translate ‘zl significantia’ as ‘non-
sense names’; Fabricius and Leach meant merely that in their
framing of names there was no attempt made to describe the character
of the genera represented—that is, the names had no reference to the
intrinsic qualities of the genera ; they were not ‘definitions’ so much
as mere ‘labels.’

In selecting names, however, which on the one hand would not
carry with them any descriptive significance, and on the other hand
such as would not be branded as ‘barbarous,’ Dr. Leach was not
arbitrary. He seems to have had a special fondness for (1) geo-
graphical terms, and (2) names derived from persons. In regard to
the former, he favoured such as had a flavour of antiquity, for besides
visting the great quarry of c/asséca/ literature which has furnished all
departments of science with so many names, he borrowed particularly
any which had a éib/ical or oriental connection. Similarly with his
choice of personal names. He went to classical sources for many,
but it is evident that he had strong leanings towards those mentioned
in Scripture, or which occur in connection with the histories and
legends of eastern nations. I may indicate a few of these names
which he suggested in illustration of these points, although of course
it must be remembered that in many cases Leach’s proposed nomen-
clature has been superseded.

I.—Among Leach’s generic names borrowed from geographical
sources are the following]:—

KNIGHT: ETYMOLOGY OF AZECA AND ASSIMINEA OF LEACH, 273

Thracia: a name taken from the ancient Roman province of
’ Thrace, rather than, as Jeffreys suggests (B.C., vol. 3, p. 33) from
Thracia, ‘a sea-nymph.’

Mysia (Diflodoni/a): the province in Asia Minor, mentioned in
ENCES EEXVAL Ie 7

Bithynia: Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill informs me that Leach described
a mollusc Aithynia in 1821, which Gray in the same year called
Bithinia. Jeffreys (B.C., vol. 1, p. 59) spells the genus Bythinia,
and has the following note :—‘“Although the derivation of the word
Bythinia [inhabiting deep water] would imply that these molluscs
inhabit deeper water than others of the same family, such is not the
case. They generally frequent small streams, canals, shallow ponds,
and ditches.” Is it likely that Leach in sucha flagrant manner would
thus violate the rule he had laid down for his own guidance, and spell
the word in such a way as to lead others to suppose that the mollusc
inhabited waters the very reverse in actual condition to what was the
truth? Leach himself in his ‘Synopsis’ (p. 209) spelled the word
Bithynia, rightly deriving it from the well-known province of Asia
Minor (Acts xvi. 7; 1 Peter i, 1) which is PiOwia not BvOwia.
Jeffreys came to see this, and in his Supplement (B.C., vol. 5, p. 151)
adopts the latter geographical derivation. —The Conchological Society’s
List in 1892 spells the word Ay¢hinza, and the genus is attributed to
Gray.

Thyatira (Axinus): the city of Lydia (Acts xvi., 14) and one of
the seven churches of Asia (Rev. 11, 18).

Lasza: Jeffreys (B.C., vol. 2, p. 217) says of this name “a mean-
ingless name, possibly a corrupt derivation from Aaoyjiov a little
shield.” He remarks on this ‘meaningless’ name again on p. 218,
but in the Supplement (vol. 5, p. 179) he retracts, and derives the
term, as it certainly should be, from ‘‘ Zascea, a town in Crete, men-
tioned in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts xxvil., 8, Aacaia).

Dipsas: a river of Cilicia, flowing from Mount Taurus.

Pharus (Ceratiso/en): the famous island off Alexandria, on which
the first lighthouse was built by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, and on
which, according to the tradition, the Hebrew Scriptures were trans-
lated by the ‘Seventy.’

Magdala (Zyonsia): the town on the Lake of Galilee (Matt.
XXVill., I).

Barnea (Pzolas): a name derived from Kadesh-Barnea, the great
centre of the wanderings of the Israelites in the desert (Numb. xxxu.
8, Xxxlv. 4).

Azor (Solecurtus): very possibly taken from Hazor which occurs

274 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

so frequently in scripture, there being five places of that name (¢.z.,
Jess Su, Jucly. i 2b

Macoma: not unlikely to have been coined from the Hebrew
word pips makom == ‘a place.’

Oronthea (Ke//ia); probably from the river Orontes, which, from
its having had Antioch situated on its banks, gave rise to one of
Juvenal’s most famous epigrams.

Pera (/%stdium): the well known quarter in the city of Constanti-
nople.

Zacanthusa : a name derived from Zacynthus, one of the Ionian
Islands, now called Zante.

Alexia: another name for Alesia (now Alise in the Céte d’Or), a
famous city of Gallia Celtica, taken and destroyed by Julius Ceesar,
but rebuilt, and an important town till the ninth century ; or it may
be from the town Alexia, situated on the Isthmus of Gallipoli.

Crixa: another name for Denis Island, one of the Seychelles
Archipelago.

These examples may be sufficient to prove how fond Leach was
of utilizing,“ as titles for his genera, names which occur in classical, -
but especially in biblical and oriental, geography.

I].—But again, in looking at others of Leach’s genera, we see that
while he employed many names of a purely classical origin, his tastes
led him repeatedly to oriental and biblical personages, whose titles he
readily made use of. ‘Thus from the storehouse of truly CLAssIcaL
names he has borrowed the following :—

Eledone: deriving the word from Aristotle’s ’EA«sov7.

Cydippe (Zé//ina): one of the Nereids.

Autonoé (Zasea): the daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, sister
of Semele, wife of Aristaeus, and mother of Actzeon.

From BiBiicaL sources he has derived the following :—

Damaris ( Unio): the Athenian woman who hearkened to St. Paul
(Acts xvii. 34).

Zippora (féssoa) : the wife of Moses (Exod. ii., 21, Sept.).

From ORIENTAL sources he has probably taken these amongst
others :

Balcis (Zw/ima): Balkis was the Arabic name of the Queen of
Sheba.

Sabanza: perhaps from Saba, the seat of the government of the
Queen of Sheba.

Roxania (ula): probably coined from Roxana, the famous wife
of Alexander the Great,

KNIGHT : ETYMOLOGY OF AZECA AND ASSIMINEA OF LEACH. 275

Cadmusia (Pholadidea) : from Cadmus, the Phoenician hero, who
was credited with the introduction of the alphabet into Greece.

Gobrzus (Psammobia) : perhaps coined from Gobryas, one of the
seven Persian nobles who conspired against Pseudo-Smerdis in Hero-
dotus’ famous story.

Arianta (//e/ix): from Ariantas, a king of Scythia, who, as Hero.
dotus tells us, employed arrows in taking a census of his people.

Tachea (f/x): possibly suggested by, and coined from, Tachus
King of Egypt in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus.

Many others of Leach’s names might be mentioned, with their
probable etymologies, showing how his tastes in generic nomencla-
ture ran in the direction of biblical and oriental types.

Azeca.— Under these circumstances is it impossible, or at all
improbable, that Azeca is also derived from Scripture? <Azeca is
simply another way of writing Azekah, the name of a town of the
tribe of Judah, mentioned in Josh. x. 10; 1 Sam. xvii. 1; Jerem.
xxxlv. 7, etc. In the Septuagint translation, the word is ’A@jxa, from
which the term Azeka or Azeca has been derived, the final ‘h’ being
of course, according to rule, dropped. I am not prepared to say
where in common parlance it is customary to place the accent. I
have frequently heard the word pronounced Azéca; but the Greek
original certainly gives us the correct method, namely Azéza. If it be
objected that Azekah is too obscure a town to have caught the atten-
tion of Dr. Leach, I would simply reply that it is mentioned seven
times in scripture, while Laszea is mentioned only once. And, more-
over the mere fact that it is among the lesser known names of scrip-
ture falls in with the rule which Leach set before himself that he
should select names which were destitute of any descriptive signifi-
cance.

Assiminea.—Jeffreys (B.C., vol. 5, p. 97) says of this title :—
“Assiminea, a ridiculous name”; and again (p. 98) :—‘‘ This genus
bears Gray’s MS. name of Verita syncera, and has been called Asszm-
inta and Assaminta. With respect to the present name the author
ought to have borne in mind one of Linné’s laws of scientific nomen-
clature : ‘ /diote imposuere nomina absurda.’” I venture to think
that Jeffreys has been too hard here on Leach. Readers of the
“Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” will recollect how fre-
quently Gibbon acknowledges his indebtedness to the vast erudition
of the great oriental scholar, Joseph Simon Assemani. He was born
in 1687, and died in 1768. He was commissioned by the then Pope
to visit the numerous convents in Syria and Egypt, and he returned
‘laden with the spoils of the east,’ in the form of many valuable manu-
scripts, etc., which to-day greatly enrich the Vatican library. His great

276 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

works were Bibliotheca orientalis, 4 vols., Romae, 1725, and Kalendaria
Ecclesie Universe, 6 vols., Romae, 1755. A Syrian Maronite, he was
the first of a race of scholars each bearing the learned name of Asse-
mani. His nephew Stephen carried on his uncle’s researches, and
died in 1782 ; another nephew, Joseph Louis, continued the family
tradition of profound oriental scholarship ; and the last of the cele-
brated family of Assemani, the Abbé Simon, who was born in 1752
at Tripoli, and who passed away at Padua in 1821, is still regarded
as one of the greatest orientalists of a past generation. Now it was in
this same year—-1821—that Leach retired from the active editorship
of the ‘‘ Zoological Miscellany,” and it was in North Italy, not very
far from Padua, that he spent the closing years of his life. When the
great oriental scholar died, the newspapers and journals, British and
Italian alike, would doubtless take considerable notice of the decease
of so well known a man. Biographical details would be given, and
there would be many tributes to his memory and labours. What more
natural, then, than that Dr. Leach, with his interest in oriental lands
already so keen, should have utilized the name of one, the last of a
race of scholars whose loss was everywhere deplored, and should have
given it toa genus of molluscs which was then waiting tor a special
designation? I think, taking the whole circumstances into account—
the interest that Leach had in oriental affairs, the fact that Assemani
died in North Italy where Leach was residing, and the near synchron-
ism of the dates—that we have in this the most probable derivation of
a word which has puzzled many. But if my conjecture be correct,
must the customary spelling of the genus be changed? It is,
already, as Jeffreys indicated, very unstable, being spelled variously
Assiminea, Assiminia, Assaminea. 1 am, however, averse to any
alteration which is not strictly necessary, and therefore, although the
correct designation of the name should be Assemanza (if the etymo-
logy which I suggest be the true one), I would not seek to urge that
this merely verbal difference should be adopted.

In closing this enquiry I may be allowed to express my indebted-
ness to Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, F.L.S., and to Mr. Edgar A. Smith,
F.Z.S., for their kind help in verifying some of my references.

AUCHTERARDER, PERTHSHIRE.

Pisidium milium in Somerset.—This species is not included in Mr. E. W.
Swanton’s list of Somerset land and freshwater mollusca, and it may interest him
to know that Mr. L. E. Adams and I found it in plenty, associated with Piszadzem
fontinale, in a ditch at Dunster in August, 1892. We also took P. pzszllum, which
Mr. Swanton characterizes as a rare shell in Somerset, in ditches at Dunster and
Minehead.—Cuas. OLDHAM, Alderley Edge (ead before the Society, Nov. 8,

1899).

277
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).
Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,
by J. W. Taytor, F.L.S. Part 5 (issued Nov. 13th, 1899), pp. 257-320.

This part is largely a continuation of the anatomical details of the alimentary
system, with minute differentiation of the chief odontophoral characteristics of the
principal molluscan groups, together with remarks upon the defences of plants
against snails, circulation, respiration, temperature, estivation, and hibernation, the
faculty of ‘‘homing” in gastropods, and the glandular system; upon all these
subjects the student will find a vast amount of extremely valuable and interesting
information, carefully and concisely set down. The part is as profusely illustrated
and as well printed as any of its predecessors, and we shall hope that the other
instalments will speedily follow.

The Nautilus, vol. 13, no. 1-7, May-Nov., 1899.

‘CA list of land and freshwater shells of Manitoba,” by A. W. HANHAM. ‘“‘ New
southern Unios” [WV harvpere Georgia and Florida, U. téxkere Alabama] by B. H.
WRIGHT. ‘‘ Crepidula convexa Say, var. glauca Say, in San Francisco Bay,” by
R. E. C. Stearns. ‘‘On the occurrence of Arion fascéatus Nils., in America ”
[Washington, D.C.], by W. E. CoLLInce. ‘“‘ Pisidia new to our country and new
species” [P. medtanum, Michigan, Wisconsin; P. kirklandz, Michigan, Illinois,
Ohio], by V. STERKI.

‘Collecting in Arizona and New Mexico” [15 nn. spp. and varr.], by E. H.
ASHMUN. ‘“‘ Description of new land shells from South America ” [Cozulus corort-
anus, Bolivia ; Stephanoda thering?, Brazil; S. latastec, Chili; Zpiphragmophora
andivaga, Peru; E. turtont, Bolivia ?], by C. F. ANcEy. ‘‘ Natural history of the
Tres Marias Islands, Mexico,” by R. E. C. Stearns. ‘‘ New Amnicolidze from
Florida” [A. sanctijohannts, A. johnsont, Paludestrina monas|, by H. A. PILsBRY.
“*New southern Unios” [U. votulus, Florida], by B. H. Wricur. ‘‘ Collecting
in Southern California,” by Mrs. E. H. KING.

* Epiphragmophora fitelis Gray” [variation in banding], by P. B. RANDOLPH.
‘<< Dredging off San Pedro” [list of 71 spp.], by H. N. Lowe. ‘‘ Notes on the
mollusks of Lilycash Creek” [list of 28 spp.], by F. C. BakEr. ‘* New southern
Unios” [U. danzelsiz, Georgia], by B. H. Wricur. ‘‘ Variations of Helix hor-
tensts at Rockport, Mass.” [v. szbglobosa, arenicola, subalbida, lutea], ly T. D. A.
COCKERELL. ‘‘ Dr. Babor’s re-discovery of Aspzdoporus,” by H.A.P. “Shells
and Mastodon,” by W. HILLEes SmMirH. ‘“bifidaria armifera var. nov. ruddo-
sensis” [N. Mex.], by T. D. A. CoCKERELL. ‘‘A new variety [ /rzersonz] of Poly-
gyra monodon” [Louisiana], by H. A. PILsBRY.

“New south-western forms of Polygra” [P. binneyana, P. neglecta], by H. A.
Pirspry. ‘* Notes on two varieties of Pyramidiula (Patula) alternata (Say),” by
G. H. Crarp. “ New southern Unios” [U. folymorphus, Georgia], by B. H.
WricuHr. ‘‘Annotated list of land and freshwater shells recently collected in the
vicinity of Miami, Florida” [57 spp., 4 nn. varr.], by S. N. RHoaps. ‘‘ Planorbis
opercularis vax. oregonensis Van. [multelineatus n.n. for oregonensts prexocc.], by
E. G. VANATTA.

“‘ Another new Ashmuzella” (A. thomsoniana portere, Beulah, N. Mex.], by
H. A. Piutspry and T. D. A. COCKERELL. ‘‘ New southern Unios” [U. dzspalans,
Florida], oy les dels \weieats Planorbis rubellus Sterki, and P. harnz Pilsbry ”
[former name has priority], by H. A. PirsBry. “ Collections on the gulf coast of
Florida” [list of about 100 spp.] by E. J. Post. ‘“* Notes on Polygyra appressa”

278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.-

[var. sculptior nov., Virginia], by G. H. CHADWick. ‘‘ Supplemental note on the
mollusca associated with the Mastodon in Berrien County, Michigan ” [8 additional
spp.], by B. WALKER. ‘‘ New Jamaican forms of Luczdella [L. foxt, L. trocht-
formis], by H. A. Prtspry. ‘‘ Notes on the mollusca of Owasco Lake, N.Y.”
[41 spp.], by F.C. BAKER. ‘‘ Pomatia aspersa in California,” by J. KExp.

“Wm. D. Hartman, M.D.” [obituary notice, with portrait]. ‘‘ Mollusks col-
lected by R. C. McGregor in Northern California,” by H. A. P1-spry [re-discovery
of Ancylus (Lanx) patellotdes Lea, and A. (L.) altus Tryon; key to Goniobases
of west coast]. ‘‘A new Pliocene Folygyra [P. calossaenszs with fig.] from Florida”
by Cu. W. JoHNsoN. ‘‘ Viviparous miocene Turritellidze” [Zrritella cumber-
landia with 200 enclosed embryos], by F. BurNs. ‘‘ New southern Unios” [U.
untcostatus, Decatur Co., Ga.], by B. H. Wricut. ‘‘ Land shells of Berks Co.,
Pennsylvania” [9 spp. including Pyramedula striatella catskilensis and Vitrea
rhoatst], by H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘Physa cubensis in Florida,” by H. A. PILSBRY.
“Shells collected at Oakdale, Morgan Co., Tenn.” [8 spp.], by G. H CLaApp.

“Donax stu/torum, Mawe-Conrad’s species Cytherea crassatelloides,” by R.E.C.
STEARNS. ‘‘ New Southern Unios” [U szzgularts, Georgia], by B. H. WRIGHT.
‘‘An attempt to define the natural groups of Strombs,” by G. H. CHADWICK.
“¢ Note on some new Mexican Shells” [list of 12 spp., none new], by H. A. PILs-
BRY. ‘‘ Among the Unios of the Sabine River ” [about two dozen species collected
in two hours], by L. S. Frigrson. ‘‘Abaline [Halzotzs] fishery in California—
protective regulation,” by R. E. C. STEARNS. ‘‘ Letter from Honolulu” [notes on
Alaska and on Eiawaiian collections and collecting], by W. H. Datu. ‘“‘ Polygyra
trtodontoides in New Mexico,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 47, no. 2, 23 June; no. 3, 27 Sept., 1899.

“* Etude monographique des Pleurotomaires actuels ” [descriptive and compara-
tive anatomy, pl. 4-7], by E. L. BouviER and H. Fiscurr. ‘‘ Note sur ?Avzozz
ageericola Mabille” [good species allied to A. subfuscus|, by W. E. COLLINGE.

‘Observations sur quelques mollusques du lac Tanganyika recueillis par le
R.-P. Guillemé et descriptions de formes nouvelles” [13 spp., Massopsis 2 nn.,
Paramelania tmperialis, 2 nn. varr., pl. 8], by H. Marre and PH. DAUTZEN-
BERG. ‘‘ Revision de quelques /ecten des mers @ Europe” [Proteopecten, Manu-
pecten, Platipecten, Flexopecten, nn. gg.], by T. DE MONTEROSATO. ‘‘ Note sur le
genre A relopoma, Doering et sur des Lzplommatina américains ” [notes on several
forms: Dzplommatina has representatives in America], by C, F. ANcCEy. ‘‘Sur
quelques coquilles fossiles nouvelles ou mal connues des faluns de la Touraine ”
[Zurbo lecointree, Triomphalia bonneti, nn. spp. figd. in pl. 9], by G. DoLLFus
and PH. DAUTZENBERG. ‘‘ Description de quelques coquilles de la formation
Santacruzienne en Patagonie” [15 nn. spp. descr. and figd. on pl. 10, 11], by M.
CossMANN.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, sér. 3, année 29, 30, no. 344-350, juin-

decembre, 1899.

‘“ Revision des Pleurotomes éocenes du bassin de Paris” [concluded], by E. D.
Boury. ‘‘Decouverte de L’Aturia Aturi dans les faluns de Touraine,” by PH.
DAUTZENBERG.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 7, no. 3, October, 1899.

“* Malacological communications from New Zealand” [notes on Paryphanta and
Rhytida; Endodonta (Ptychodon) ureweraensis n.sp.. Purpura scobina v. rutila
nov. ; 7vophon ambiguus v. pumila noy.). by H SurER. ‘On some land shells
from Somaliland” [Axnea somaliensis, Buliminus (Petraeus) somaliensis nn. spp.)
by E. A. Smiru. ‘‘ Notes on the nomenclature of the British Nudibranchiata, with
a detailed classification of the group” [a very welcome revision], by A. H. Cooks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 279
‘* Description of a new species of Mitra (MZ. éaldwinz) from the Hawaiian Islands”
[with fig.], by J. C. MELVILL.
- The Irish Naturalist, vol. 8, nos. 6-12, June-December, 1899.

** Land and freshwater mollusca of Clonbrock, Co. Galway” [list of 11 species],
by R. WELcH. ‘‘Land shells from Co. Limerick ” [list of 22 spp.], by ANNIE L.
Massy. ‘* Marine shells from the Kenmare River” [list of 66 spp.], by R. LLoyp
PRAEGER. “ Land mollusca of Narin” [25 spp.], by G.P. FARRAN. ‘‘ Pleistocene
fossils from Co. Antrim ”[9 spp. mollusca, including Homalogyra rota], by A. BELL.
“Some animals from the Macgillicuddy’s Reeks” [Lzmax marginatus var. niger
nov., and other mollusca], by R. F. SCHARFF and G. H. CARPENTER. ‘‘ Marine
shells from south-west Donegal ” [annotated list], by Emity M. Tariow. ‘* The
dispersal of mollusca, &c. [conveyed in crevices of building stone], by H. L Orr.
Science Gossip, vol. 6, nos. 61-66, June-November, 1899.

“* Armature of helicoid land shells” [several nn. spp. figd , concluding section
has map and key to the species], by G. K. Gupr. ‘‘ Bibliography for beginners ”
[list of standard works on mollusca], by J. T. CARRINGTON. ‘‘ New localities for
European land shells” [Helix harpa Say, Astrabad; 7. revelata Kiev, quoted
from Westerlund], by G. K. Gupr. ‘‘Shell notes,” by R. ASHINGYON BULLEN
[ Vertigo pygmea, Wicken Fen]. ‘‘Complex shell deposits” [L.F.W. and marine
shells together], by E. A. Martin. ‘‘ Helix pomatia in England,” by W. M.
Wess. ‘‘ Protective resemblance in C/iusilie,” by W. M. Wess. ‘‘ Two remark-
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by G. B. SowrersBy. ‘‘The old bed of the Lea” [list of shells founda], by Rev.
J. W. Horstey. ‘‘New locality for Claustléa biplicata” [Mortlake], by W. M.
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RINGTON. ‘* Helix aspersa var. exalbeda”’ [several Kentish localities]. ‘‘ Snails
as healers of wounds,” by W. MARK WEBB.

The Naturalist, no. 514, 515, November, December, 1899.

“* Limax cinereo-niger in Cheshire,” by CH. OLDHAM ‘“‘ Extracts from a con-
chologists’ note-book : 5, to Whinmoor in search of Z7mnca glabra,” by W.NELSON.
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‘* Contribution a la faune malacologique de Sumatra (Récoltes de J. L. Weyers),”
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stylus) weyerst, Stenathyra weyerst, nn. spp., figured].

Bulletins des Seances de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique,
tome 34, p. 1.-xcvi., 1899. €

‘‘ Quelques observations intéressant la faune malacologique du Congo: Décou-
verte 4 l’état vivant du Galateza duponti Dautz. espéce considérée jusque ‘ici
comme fossile. Contribution ala faunule du promontoire de Banana. De lhabitat
des Galateia,” by Huco pg Corr. ‘Diagnoses de quelques [13] coquilles
et d’un sous-genre nouveau [/seudopfeas] provenant de l'état indépendant du
Congo,” by Dr. Purzeys. ‘‘ Carlier et sa Wertténa leodica” [indistinguishable
from WV. fluviatilis], by G. DELWAQUE.

Annales de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, tome 32, 1897.

*‘ Observations sur les affinités de quelques peignes éocenes.” by E. VINCENT.
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dina,” by E. VINCENT [3 spp described and figured: WV. Zevigata n.sp.}. ‘‘ Note
préliminaire sur Pecchiolia [P. wemmelensis G. Vinc. M.S. described and figured],
by E. VINCENT. ‘‘ Observations sur Acteon ( Tornatell@a) stmulatus Sol.” [with
figs of it and 4. (7.) nystz], by E. VINCENT.

280 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3, no. 5, 1899.
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Struthiolariidee], by CHARLES HEDLEY.

Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club. Record of Proceedings, 1896-98.
“List of the mollusca of the Cleveland district” [includes both L.F.W. and
marine species], by JOHN HAWELL.

Transactions and Annual Report, Manchester Microscopical Society, 1898.
“©The Genitalia and Radule of the British Hyalzzza” [anatomical notes with

pl. 4 and 5], by W. Moss.

The Naturalists’ Journal, vol. 8, no. 81-89, Mar.-Nov., 1899.

“‘ Zoned shell (Helix vtrgata)”; ‘‘ Tooth shells (Deztalium).” ‘* Shrub shell
(Helix arbustorum).” ‘ Land shells from Kilmore” [6 spp. and varr.]. “‘A natural
history of cuttles, snails, slugs, &c.”

Chicago Academy of Sciences, Fortieth Annual Report for the year 1897.

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Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales,

vol. 32 for 1898.

“The blue pigment in coral (Heliopora cerulea) and other animal organisms,”
by A. LiversipGE [Mollusca, p. 266].

‘‘Synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Leptonacea of North America and _
the West Indies.” by Wittiam H. Dati. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 21,
no. 1177, p. 873-897, pl. 87, 88, 1899) [Gives a list with localities and descrip- ©
tions and figures of upwards of a dozen new species].

Large Colony of Vertigo antivertigo Drap. in Co. Down. — Five years
ago while sifling a mass of flood debris from the Lagan, near Belfast, I noticed a
good many specimens of Vertigo, and resolved upon a careful search along the
margin of the river-canal higher up to see if their habitat could be discovered.
Several visits failed to give more than a few specimens, mainly V. pygmea, until
this month (March, 1899) on a very cold day following three weeks’ dry weather, when
Messrs. H. L. Orr, Arthur W. Stelfox and myself were fortunate enough to find a
very large quantity of 1. azfvert?7go. The locality was Shaw’s Bridge, near Belfast,
amongst clumps of rushes in a marshy corner, which is much subject to flooding after
heavy rains. We cut off a section of earth with the base of the stems about two to
three inches thick across the mass close to the ground, and about ten by six inches in
area ; of this I took half and from it obtained seventy specimens, all alive, and in
clean, nice condition; while Mr. Ori obtained about as many more from his portion
of the mass. We were rather surprised at this result, as on superficial examination
twenty to thirty more were all that could be expected. Other clusters of rushes seemed
equally rich, and cutting offsome half-dozen bunches of stems as large as could be
held in the hand, we shook them over a newspaper, and on subsequent sifting
obtained 330 specimens, making over 400 in all as my share, from an area not larger
than thirty by twenty feet. With these were a larger number of Car-ychzum mtned-
mum, afew Helix pygmea, and many young Szcczea (sp. 2). V. antivertigo seems
able to survive floods better than the other species, and indeed while washing the
roots I had to be careful, as most of them came to the surface and floated, soon
attaching themselves very firmly to some bit of grass or rush. This corner at the
bridge is a place where large quantities of debris collect during floods, and may be
a haven of rest for this particular species and Carychium minimum, while too swampy
for V. pygmea. The latter was found to the extent of forty specimens in a mass of

VERTIGO ANTIVERTIGO—EFFECT OF PROLONGED DROUGHT. 281

rushes cut off close to the ground and posted to me by the Hon. R. E. Dillon, from
drier ground at Clonbrock, East Galway,a few days later. V. antwvertigo, V. edentula,
and Hyalinia nitida also occurred sparingly, with a dozen or so fine specimens of
Swccinea elegans. That portion of the marsh at Shaw’s Bridge which we visited is
over an acre in extent, and there must be tens of thousands of V. antzevertigo
in a limited area there. This may help to explain where the great. numbers
of V. angustior, V. pygmea, and V. pusilla come from that we find dead in
“Pockets” in our northern sandhills in Ulster, especially those which have a good
area of marshy ground adjoining, with a variety of food-plants. At Portstewart
(especially where the dunes are fringed on one side by the swampy margin of the
Bann) thousands of the three species mentioned may be sifted out of a small bagful of
shell debris, collected at the proper place. I know three other localities for V7. azetz-
vertigo in Co. Down, at two of these only a few specimens, up to a dozen, are to be
obtained in an hour’s careful collecting, but at the third, which is on the margin of
a flax-dam, I have taken thirty to forty under stones, in company with larger
numbers of /. pygmea and Hyalinia nitida.—R. WELCH (Read before the Society,
April 12th, 1899).

Effect of Prolonged Drought onthe occurrence of Land Mollusca.—Have
any conchologists noticed the effect which was produced on land molluscs by the exces-
sive and protracted heat of August and September, 1898? I was in East Kent for
the first fortnight of September and found it most difficult to discover Helex nemoralis
or H. aspersa where I know they abounded. The latter was mainly zestivating in
the roots of hedgerow trees. On one of the hottest days I visited a down which
usually swarms with 7. virgata and nearly all its varieties (7 wcozona, a/ba, hyalo-
sonata, ep’zona,and hypozonv), but hardly one was to be seen except a very few on the
trunks of trees. In fact the only shells in this hitherto most productive place were
afew H. can/zana, and one H. cartustana yar. minor. H. virgatais less affected by
the heat than any other shell, and I was puzzled, especially as the down was exactly
in the same condition as before, and I had visited it on hot days in the same month
in previous years. Seeing nothing to account for a wholesale mortality, I ascribed
the barrenness of the land to our tropical weather. But half-a-mile off, on the road
to Adisham, I found H. wgata in millions on an equally exposed and burnt up field.
In one place they so swarmed that a couple of dozen could be taken off any dry stalk
about a foot high, and the field looked as if it had an undergrowth of some white-
blossomed flower, so thick were the shells and so much did var. a/ézda predominate.
Walking along the road I noted :—(1) That where H. v27.ga a swarmed specimens
were uniformly very small. (2) That they were mostly var. a/dzda (not a/ba). Excess
of numbers had dwarfed the race and deprived it of most of its pigment-producing
power. I had not noticed these points (especially the latter) so markedly elsewhere
before. (3) Farther along the road the numbers gradually diminished even almost
to disappearance, and favz passz did the size increase until at last the few found were
abnormally large, while nearly all were of the typical form or the var. szbdeleta.
One or two other notes may be of interest:—(1) The colony of 7zrrdeula terrestris is
flourishing, but year after year I find hardly any evidence of its extending its territory
even by a yard or two. (2) The locality for 7. arbwstorum var. canigonensis (the
only one I know) yielded some specimens, but it had been made somewhat of a dust-
heap to the detriment of molluscan life. (3) The &. cartuszana mentioned above
contained many eggs. Is not this late in the year? The eggs were also very large
for the size of the animal considering that it was very definitely var. 2z7077.—
J. W. Hors ey, St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth (ead before the Soctety, April 12th,
1899).

282
A CROSS BETWEEN LIMNAA STAGNALIS AND
L. AURICULARIA.

By GEORGE W. CHASTER.

(Read before the Society, September 13th, 1899).

On April 2nd, 1898, I received from my friend, Mr. H. E. Craven,
two living Zémnee—one L. stagnalis, the other ZL. auricularia.
Two days previously he had taken them near Lichfield in the act of
conjugation, Z. stagnalis performing the -part of male, Z. auricularia
that of female. The act was not observed to be reciprocal.

The animals were placed in fresh water and supplied with aquatic
plants carefully freed from Mollusca. The Z. stagnalis, whose shell
had been much damaged in transit, only survived a couple of days ;
but, to my great satisfaction, the other lived and deposited two or
three batches of eggs, dying eventually on April 30th. The young

Linnea auricularia (A), and L. stagnalis (B), with their progeny ;
magnified two diameters.

emerged from the eggs in about a month’s time, and were carefully
tended during the summer and autumn. In the winter and spring
they were neglected owing to pressure of other work, and but
few survived. At the end of June in the present year these had
reached adult age, as was evidenced by the slight reflection of the
outer lip, and were killed without having been observed to attempt
reproduction. Their shells exhibit some variation, but shew no
affinity to either parent, for all in their conchological characters are
quite unmistakably Z. peregra !

Now, in connection with this case, two points merit consideration.
We are at once confronted with the problem as to whether Z. stag-

CHASTER : A CROSS BETWEEN L. STAGNALIS AND L. AURICULARIA. 283

nalts, L. auricularia, and L. peregra are to be considered as distinct
forms, or as mere races or sub-species of a single species. Most
conchologists, I doubt not, would positively pronounce them dis-
tinct, though some—and those attentive and experienced students of
the group—would express a doubt. I do not propose to enter into
a long discussion upon the value of various morphological differences
as data for separating species, but will merely emphasize the fact that
no differences, conchological or malacological, are sufficient to sepa-
rate two forms as distinct species unless a sufficient number of
observations have been made to prove that these differences are
constant and that intermediate forms do not occur to bridge over the
distinctions. In the case of land and fluviatile Mollusca, with their
extremely variable environment, we should expect to find great varia-
tion occurring—variation becoming more and more pronounced and
permanent until at last races or sub species are produced which no
longer revert back to the primitive form when they are re-introduced
to earlier conditions of life. (Such races are easily exemplified in
flomo sapiens). Too often, unfortunately, does the conchologist
ignore the scientific aspects of this difficult problem ; too often does
he hasten to describe as a ‘new species’ a specimen presenting some
trivial difference from others occurring in neighbouring localities !
Quite recently I noticed six ‘new’ species of Swce/nea described from
the Sandwich Islands alone, some of them apparently based on char-
acters such as specimens from different British localities often present
in the case of our S, puiris.

The remarkable progeny of the Zzmnee just described appears to
afford phylogenetic evidence of considerable importance. Everyone
is of course familiar with Charles Darwin’s classical observations on
the reversion of the offspring of crossed breeds of pigeons to the
primitive stock. Have we not here a quite analogous case? May we
not justly conclude that Z. Zeregra represents the primitive form from
which have arisen Z. stagnalis and L. aurticularia, whether these are
looked upon as races or as species? It seems difficult to escape
from such a line of reasoning.

Buckinghamshire Mollusca.—On referring to our Journal for conchological
records for Bucks., I only find 33 species recorded and I therefore wish to record
the occurrence of Heltx virgata, Hl. ttata, H. cantiana, Cyclostoma elegans and
Clausilia laminata, all collected by my friend Mr. W. G. Stephenson, of Cheadle,
Staffs., this autumn, near Prince’s Risborough and Monk’s Risborough in Bucks.
The specimens of &. vzrgata and H. cantzana are both decidedly above the average
size. As this county appears to have been somewhat neglected conchologically, I
trust some of our members may be able to work up its molluscan fauna.—JOHN R. B.
MASEFIELD, Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire, 20th October, 1899 (Read before the
Soctety, Nov. 8th, 1899).

284
ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

(Continued trom page 232).

By J. T. MARSHALL.

Odostomia (continued).

O. conspicua Ald.—g to 50 fathoms, in shelly and gravelly sand.
Scilly Islands 40 f. (Smart and others); S.W. Ireland 54 f. (R.LA.
cruise) ; Loch Craignish 9 f. (Somerville)! Oban 18—z25 f., and Loch
Inver 25 f. (Somerville and J.T. M.); Falmouth 19 f.; Lamlash Bay
m7 ts Icoch Fyne 2onys Glenels score thee Vincente seen lara
Eigen

This is an exceedingly solid shell, and not variable. It can only be
confused, and then in the immature stage, with O. wnidentata, when
it will cause some trouble ; but a specimen the size of the latter has
the spire more tapering, the whorls not so compact, the apex or
embryonic whorls larger and blunter, and the base of the mouth pro-
duced. ‘The tooth appears small for the size of the shell viewed
externally, but when the outer lip is broken away it is seen to be
unusually large and strong. The mouth in the young is not grooved ; |
and in the adult the grooves are fewer and fainter than in O. conozdea.
Although widely diffused in Great Britian, it is rare and scarcely ever
dredged alive. I have found it less rare in the Scilly Islands than
elsewhere, but they are a smaller form, and white. <A fine specimen
from Guernsey has compressed whorls and a shallow suture ; this
peculiar variation seems to run more or less through many of the
members of this section. Mr. Somerville’s Craignish specimen was
living, a third of an inch in length, and still immature. The following
description of the operculum was taken from 1t—Having four whorls,
with the usual slit for the reception of the tooth (which is large and
projecting), the last whorl coarsely wrinkled; length 1-20th of an inch,
and small for the size of the aperture. It is very like that of
O. conoidea, but the striation and the groove for the tooth are unusually
conspicuous.

All the published figures agree in being very good ones. _ Jeffreys
has no dimensions attached to his, but it should be one-third of an
inch in length.

O. unidentata Mont.—This may always be known from O. acuta,
its nearest congener, by the absence of an umbilicus and a squarish
mouth. It is not at all variable, and its characters are pretty constant,
what variability it has being in the contour of the whorls, prominence
of the tooth, and angularity of the base. ‘The apical whorls are not
exposed horizontally as in the last species, but only partly so,.and
partly intorted, as in the next. A single specimen has been found in
the Belfast clays (Praeger) !

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 285

Var. elata Jeffr.—This is simply a slender fac-simile of the type,
from which it gradually merges. It is usually more sharply keeled,
and resembles some specimens of O. concidea var. australis. Those
from Scilly are almost cylindrical, while others may easily be mistaken
for the next, O. furrifa. It is generally smaller than the type, but a
specimen from Guernsey is a quarter of an inch in length.

Jeffreys’ figure is perfect, and Forbes and Hanley’s (2) are good
ones of the type and var. e/afa.

O. turrita Hanl.—A most troublesome species, and bewildering
in its many forms, there being every gradation from conical to
cylindrical and slender to stout, and they have an affinity with many
of the preceding species. Not only is it the most variable of the
British Odostomie, but also the most difficult to determine ; I have at
least a dozen variations collected from Torbay alone. Nor is it easy
to assign to it any permanent or arbitrary character, as all the
described ones have their exceptions. It does not always have a
keeled periphery, as stated by Jeffreys; the penultimate whorl
is not always as large as the last, and it is not always without an
umbilicus. It is but one-third the size of O. wuidentata, which
it most nearly resembles, and has the last whorl narrowed instead
of expanded, and a small contracted mouth which does not
extend beyond the outlime of the shell. The range in size is
also very great; it sometimes attains a line and a half in length,
while some of the dwarf forms, which are equally numerous and
variable, do not exceed half a line. Jeffreys’ type figure of five-six
whorls is more prevalent in the north, where it is dredged; those from
the southern coasts live under stones at low-water mark, and are
shorter and more conical, with more compressed and fewer whorls
(only four besides the nucleus), the last one being two-thirds the length
of the shell instead of one-half. Both forms, however, interchange
and are often found together. The immature stages of the next
species are very much like some of the forms of this one, especially
a small cylindrical variety, which is frequent in Torbay and occasionally
elsewhere. Monstrosities are numerous, the body-whorl and the aper-
ture appearing unusually liable to distortion. O. furrita is a common
species, and occurs everywhere and at all depths on our coasts. I
have found it most abundant at Falmouth, under stones at low water;
these are of a pale bluish white.

Jeffreys’ figure of the type is perfect ; Forbes and Hanley’s (as
O. unidentata var.) are not good; Sowerby’s is a good figure of a
common form, but not the typical one.

Var. striolata Ald.—Guernsey and Herm; Scilly 40 f.; Land’s
End ; Borough Island and Torbay ; Freshwater West ; Lismore ro f,

286 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

Dornoch Frith. This stands in the same relation to the type as var.
guadrifasciata does to Lacuna divaricata ; it is more dependent on
the shape than on the prominence of the tooth or sculpture, the latter
characters being as variable as in the type. It is widely diffused, but
scarce. Forbes and Hanley figure this as O. s¢rzolata, but not well ;
the sculpture is too prominent and the base not sufficiently keeled ;
but Sowerby’s is just the thing.

Var. nana Jeffr. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 253, 1893).—Seceilly 4of.
(Burkill and J. T. M.); Torbay; Cumbrae; Skye; W. Orkneys 45 f.

O. plicata Mont.—Scilly Islands; Margate; Freshwater West ;
Aberdovey ; Isle of Man; Bantry Bay; Mayo and Sligo; Bundoran.

Var. carinata Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 253, 1893).—St.
Aubin’s Bay, Jersey.

This is not a variable species, and no mistake ought to be made
about it. It is long, narrow, and tapering, with compressed whorls
and shallow sutural lines. The thickened rim round the top of each
whorl is rather more pronounced than in the allied forms. | The only
difficulty of determination is with the immature forms, which may
lead astray, and the very young are almost indistinguishable from the
same stage of O. ¢urrita. It is not perceptibly thinner than that
species, the tooth is always visible, and it may be known from any of
the slender forms of O. éwrrita by the last whorl being proportionally
longer and larger. Specimens with the whorls somewhat rounded,
a correspondingly deeper suture, and a shorter spire, from Margate,
Torbay, and the West of Ireland, are much like O. aldel/a var. sub-
cylindrica ; but they have a more pointed apex, a stronger tooth, and
a proportionally smaller body-whorl and mouth. Another form from
the West of Ireland is also more convex, and conical in shape. The
largest come from Jersey, attaining a line and a half, and it is most’
abundant at Fowey and Torbay. A monstrosity with turreted whorls
comes from several parts of the South Devon coast.

Jeffreys’ figure is not slender enough, and should not be umbilicate;
Forbes and Hanley’s is too much so, but otherwise very good ; and
Sowerby’s is totally unlike ; it has the spire too long and slender, the
tooth too prominent, and the mouth too wide and projecting.. There
is no excuse for these incorrect figures, as it is a comparatively uni-
form shell.

O. insculpta Mont.—Living in sea-weeds at low spring tides in
Torbay, and down to go fathoms, on nearly all our coasts.
Var. levissima G. O. Sars (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 253, 1893).—
Guernsey 20f.; Scilly 40f.; Torbay 12f.; Knapdale Lochs tof. ;
Clyde 18f.; Iona 16f.; Gairloch 30f.; the Minch 50-7of. Also

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 287

Drobak in Christianiafiord, 60-100 f., and several parts of the Mediter-
ranean.

Var. tumida Jeffr.—Scilly 40 f.; Borough Island and Torbay ;
Knapdale Lochs 11f.; Oban 25 f.; Loch Linnhe 27 f. ; Loch Inver
25f.; Stornoway gf. ‘This variety is also sometimes smooth. A
form of the type having a shorter spire and a longer body-whorl is
found almost everywhere with the type; but this variety, besides having
the same proportions, is broader throughout, and of an oval shape.
Sars figures this short-spired form as his ‘‘forma typica,” while our type
form he calls var. zodilis (pl. il, f. 11-12).

In Sowerby’s figure the mouth is nothing like it should be, and the
whorls should be turreted; Jeffreys’ is better in outline, but the apex
should be obtuse, and the spiral sculpture should not be exhibited
throughout the shell, but only on the lower part of each whorl ;
Forbes and Hanley’s has the same faults as Sowerby’s. As in the
last species, the three principal authors figure three different forms,
neither of which fairly represent the shell.

The spiral sculpture of this species is of every degree, being some-
times easily visible to the eye, even inside the aperture, and at other
times obscure even with a lens. In some rare cases the spiral lines ,
are limited to one or two only on the periphery, as in O. xévose. The
umbilicus does not become fully developed until the shell is mature,
and even then is unusually variable. Generally speaking, it is small
though distinct, but specimens occur which are without a trace,
while in others it is large and open, and approached by a canal
formed by the reflection of the imner lip. It is more plentiful at
Guernsey than elsewhere, and the largest come from Jersey ; I have
specimens thence a quarter of an inch in length. A small and
slender dwarf form, from Loch Inver and the Sound of Sleat, has
the outlines of O. diaphana.. Monstrosities are very rare; I have
only one distorted specimen, and have seen few others.

O. oblongula Marsh. (/. of Mal, vol. 4, p. 38-9, f. 3, 1895)—
The Minch 72 f.

Var. ovata Marsh. (/ézd.)—The Minch 72 f.

O. diaphana Jeffr.—In fine sandy mud, 10 to 90 fathoms. Scilly
Islands go f. (Burkill and J. T. M.); Loch Inver 25 f.; Loch Bois-
dale 30f.; and Sound of Sleat 70-90 f. (Somerville and J. T. M.) ;
S.W. Ireland 5-52f. (R.L.A. cruise); Jersey, Guernsey and Sark 12-22 f.;
Falmouth 19 f.; Cawsand Bay, Plymouth, 12 f.; Salcombe, from
stomach of a flounder; Borough Island and Torbay ; off Exmouth,
Dawlish, and Teignmouth; Bantry, Connemara, and Killala Bay ;
Eigg Island 2of. ; Iona 16f. ; Clyde 18f.; the Minch 25-72f.; off
Peterhead 50f. ; West Orkneys 45 f.; Pentland Frith 35 f.; Hascosy

288 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1900.

Sound, E. Shetland 10-4o0f. Fossil in the Belfast deposit (Praeger) !

Var. inflata Marsh. (J. Conch., vol. 7, p. 253, 1893) — The
Minch 50-70 f. ‘This is less spindled than the type, and the last
whorl is abnormally inflated.

This species is everywhere rare, but less so in the Orkneys and
Shetlands. Its clear white and polished surface should always dis-
tinguish it from any of its congeners. In outline it is like a miniature
of Jeffreys’ figure of Zémncea glabra, and it is also very like a half-
grown O. warrent, but is more slender and has not the sculptured
base of that species. It has also some general resemblance to
O. rissoides var. alba, but is thinner and polished. The Loch Bois-
dale specimens belong to a dwarf form. An unusually fine specimen
from Iona has the periphery finely striated spirally, and one from
Scilly has a pronounced umbilicus. Jeffreys’ figure is not slender
enough ; out of a couple of hundred specimens none are so broad.
Sowerby’s (fig. 23) is O. znsculpta var. fevissima, but his presumed
figure of O. obligua (22) 1s this shell. The dimensions are usually
smaller than those given by Jeffreys.

O. warreni Thomps.—Sea-weeds in rock-pools at low spring tides,

and dredged dead. Port Erin, Isle of Man (L.M.B.A.)! Killala Bay —

(Miss Warren)! Berehaven (R.I.A. eruise); E. Sutherlandshire
(Baillie and J.T.M.); Channel and Scilly Islands; Helford and St.
Mawe’s ; Torbay and Babbacombe Bay; Tenby, Caldy Island, and
Freshwater West ; Connemara, Portrush, and Bundoran; the Minch
and West Orkneys.

Var. intermedia Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 253-4, 1893)—
Guernsey; Scilly; Borough Island; Torbay; Killala Bay; the Minch.

Var. zetlandica Marsh., n. var.—Conic-oblong, whorls rounder
and less turreted, the last one much smaller, being only one-half the
shell instead of three-fourths. Shetlands 50-80 f. (Jeffreys); the
Minch 65 f. (one specimen).

Gwyn Jeffreys disputed the specific identity of O. warrenz, uniting
it as a variety with O. od/qua, until he dredged some specimens in
the Shetlands which struck him as too distinct to be left in that
position ; but while specimens of O. zarrent from the Minch and
Shetlands are like his supplementary figure, in which the spire is
longer and the whorls less turreted than in those from the rest of
Britain, it is merely a local form, and not suitable for a type shell,
while Thompson’s original figures in the “Annals” are useless for
reference. I know of no figure even approximating to the type of O.
qwarrent ; but the shell is an exact miniature of Limca stagnalis, and
the dimensions are the same as those of O. ob/igua, but the shape is
very different, and extremely variable. Some extreme specimens will

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 289

be found touching closely on O. ¢zsculpfa on the one hand, and O.
obliguz on the other; but the apex and sculpture are always uniform
and distinct. Though usually having an umbilicus at every stage of
growth, I have a few examples without that character. A globular
form from Torbay corresponds to O. diaphana var. inflata, while a
monstrosity from Jersey has the whorls obtusely carinated, and in
another from the West of Ireland the whorls are compressed ; other-
wise monstrosities are rare. The var. ¢termedia has the last whorl
longer, and the whorls are not so turreted ; it can easily be mistaken
for O. obligua superficially, the proportions and outline being the same;
but under a lens the very different apex and sculpture will always dis-
tinguish it. It was probably this variety which first led Jeffreys to
unite the two species. It will be noticed that the var. ze¢/andica is a
deep-water variety. A very minute form comes from Guernsey, Scilly,
Torbay, and the Tripoli coast.

O. obliqua Ald.—Fine sand, r2—2z0 fathoms. Scilly 4o f. (Burkill
and J.T. M.); Birterbuy Bay (Dodd)! Sutherlandshire, from fish
stomachs (Baillie)! St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey; Tenby; Isle of Man;
Connemara; Killala Bay ; Durness Point, Sutherlandshire.

This species is always dredged, and rare, but less so at Guernsey
than elsewhere. It resembles in miniature Jeffreys’ figure of Lzmncea
palustris (which latter is different from Sowerby’s), though the sculp-
ture of his figure is too coarse; he makes the spiral strize as prominent
as in the next species (Q. dolroliformis), but it is not half so distinct,
and requires a lens to observe it. Alder’s original figure in the
“Annals”? is perfect in profile, but exhibits no sculpture, although he
says “though apparently smooth, specimens when examined with a
high magnifier exhibit very minute spiral striz.” Fuller particulars
of this and the last species will be found in / Conch., vol. 7, pp.
253-4, 1893. Jeffreys’ descriptions of both are mixed and unreliable.

O. dolioliformis Jeffr.—In sea-weeds of rock-pools at low water.
Scilly Islands (Burkill and J.T. M.); Babbacombe Bay (Cox) !
Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm; St. Ives and Falmouth; Torbay ;
Margate ; Sutton-on-Sea and Skegness ; Southport ; Durness Point,
Sutherlandshire.

This is the most distinctive shell in the genus, and unlike any
other. Nor is it at all variable, except in a slight lengthening or
shortening of the spire. It is local and scarce, but not uncommon in
some parts of South Devon. It is sculptured spirally with narrow
incised lines. Occasionally the periphery is compressed, and this in-
flects the middle of the outer lip, thus giving the mouth a different
outline. My largest, from Guernsey and Lincolnshire, are a line in

ir Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 327, pl. 8, fig. 12, 1844.

290 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

length by three-quarters in width. The best figure is that given in
“British Mollusca.”

The animal is far from sluggish, as stated by Clark. Mr. Stanley
Cox has found them crawling freely on the bare wet rocks in Babba-
combe Bay, far out of reach of sea-weeds. He also found that in
these specimens the animal was of a golden yellow colour, presenting
a beautiful object under the microscope, and differing from Clark’s
description, in which it is described as pale azure. ‘These Babbacombe
specimens may probably be exceptional in their habits and food to
account for the disparity in colour. All the living specimens I have
taken have been from the small sea-weeds of rock-pools.

There can be no reasonable doubt as to Walker’s shell being this
species, which was said to have been found by him in shellsand
from Sandwich; hence Montagu’s name sandvicensis, and it is in my
opinion entitled to priority. | Walker’s use of the word “ reticulatis,”
and Clark’s ‘ quasi-reticulated,” are slight errors which any one may
fall into on seeing certain specimens which give that impression, owing
to the strie being occasionally wavy or irregular, and these being
crossed by the lines of growth. Moreover, no other shell will repre- -
sent Montagu’s Zurbo sandvicensts.

O. decussata Mont.—Sandy and shelly ground, 10 to 45 fathoms.
Scilly Islands (Smart and others); Isle of Man, a single specimen
(Archer) ; Sound of Sleat 4of., and Loch Boisdale 30 f. (Somerville
and J. T. M.); Jersey, Guernsey, and Herm; Connemara, Mayo,
Sligo, and Groomsport ; Lismore 12 f.; Iona 16 f.; Dornoch Frith ;
Thurso; the Minch 15—4of.; W. Orkneys 45f.; E. Shetlands
10—30 f.

A local species, but rather plentiful in the Scillies and Shetlands.
The largest come from Guernsey, and are a line and three-quarters in
length, with four sculptured and two smooth whorls, besides the
nucleus. Usually there are only three sculptured whorls, but in fine
adult specimens there is a fourth. ‘The apex is occasionally raised
obliquely, and the umbilicus or chink is unfisually variable. A curious
incident of this species is that they are nearly all dredged dead, and
the majority of them pierced, especially those from the Shetland seas.
Jeffreys’ figure has the last whorl disproportionate to the length of the
spire, which makes it look like an immature shell.

O. clathrata Jeffr.—Birterbuy Bay 12 f. (Dodd)! St. Andrew’s
(M’Intosh).

This very rare species has the nearest affinity to O. decussata, from
which it differs in being more slender throughout, with a longer spire,
a deeper suture, and coarser sculpture, which is usually continued to
‘the topmost whorls in British specimens, Though described as

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 291

having no tooth or fold, that is only so outwardly and in the perfect
shell ; for when the lip is broken away a small though distinct tooth
is readily discernible. Jeffreys’ figure is correct in its outlines, but
otherwise does not tally with his description. He says the suture is
wide and deep and that there is no tooth, characters which his figure
repudiates. Forbes and Hanley’s figure is a good one, and Sowerby’s
just the thing. Clark mixed up this species, which he had not seen,
with the next. Though a good malacologist, he was a poor concho-
logist, and from his habit of exalting the former study and depreciating
the latter, he made some amusing blunders, not all of which by any
means are to be found in his work. An exceedingly small variety,
from the Tripoli coast, 120 f., is only 545 inch long by half that width.

O. indistincta Mont.—In fine ee ground from Guernsey to
Shetland, 4 to 72 fathoms (the Minch).

This is a most variable shell as regards size, contour, proportions of
the whorls, and suture. The lower whorls are usually more convex
than the upper, with a correspondingly deeper suture, and the longi-
tudinal ribs on the last whorl are often finer and more numerous
proportionally. Some specimens are very much like the more slender
forms of the next species (O. zuterstincta) in shape, and have
straighter and coarser longitudinal ribs, but the absence of a tooth
will always mark it off from that species. Collectors, however, often
experience some difficulty in separating the two species, for reasons
given in my account of O. interstincta. Shetland produces the
coarsest, and Portrush the finest sculptured specimens, there being a
marked contrast between the two. It is not found at Jersey, and is
scarce in the other Channel Islands, but is not otherwise rare except
in a living state. A rare form from the Minch, coarsely sculptured,
has the peculiar outline of O. zznovata, and another form is tubular
and compressed. Specimens of the dimensions given by Jeffreys are
rare ; one from the Minch is one-fifth, and one from Babbacombe is
one-fourth of an inch, but these are exceptional. Curiously, enough,
the Minch also produces a dwarf form from 53 fathoms, a similar
dwarf also occurring in Torbay in 6 fathoms. Although described as
“never furnished with a tooth,” specimens possessing that character
have been recorded by General Stefanis from the Bay of Naples, and
by Professor Stossich from the Adriatic. The var. drevior has a
shorter spire and longer body-whorl, with identical lou more delicate
sculpture, but it is zo¢ more convex.

Var. minima n. var.—More slender proportionally, and very
much smaller; sculpture finer, as in var. dvevior, and easily worn off
in dead specimens. L.o’071n.; B.0’025. Guernsey 18 f.; Torbay 12 f.;
Southport; Dornoch Frith. Also Adventure Bank, Mediterranean,
g2 f. This has the outlines of a small and slender O. xzvosa.

292 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. IO, APRIL, 1900.

I do not know of any good figure of this species. Jeffreys’ is cor-
rect in outline, but badly executed, as nearly all his sculptured figures
are, and his section showing the specific sculpture is erroneous, being
exactly like that of O. znterstincfa ; Yorbes and Hanley’s is not good,
and Sowerby’s 1s decidedly bad.

O. interstincta Mont.—I must differ from Dr. Jeffreys in saying
that ‘this species cannot be well mistaken for O. cxd7stincta.” ‘The
two species are as ‘‘inconveniently similar” as their names, especially
when taken in connection with their varieties. Viewed by types only
they are good and well-defined species, but their extreme variability
makes the identification of intermediate forms a perplexing task, and
they are sure to confuse inexperienced collectors. The principal point of
difference from O. zzdzstincta is in the sculpture, which is coarser, with
much fewer cross-bars (these cross-bars appearing at the base of the
whorls only), and particularly in the presence of a tooth at all stages of
growth. Size and shape are of no account whatever as reliable characters.
The minor points of difference (and these not always to be relied upon)
are the longitudinal ribs, which are twice as broad as their interstices,
whereas in O. indistincta they are about equalised ; the last whorl is
half the length of the shell, in O. zzdts¢¢ncfa one-third, and the inter-
stitial striz of the latter appears on the lower half of each whorl,
giving a somewhat decussated appearance, especially on the body-
whorl. As in the last species, the lower whorls are less compact than
the upper, and the longitudinal ribs of the body-whorl, both in the
type and all the varieties, are frequently finer and more numerous
proportionally. ‘The dimensions given by Jeffreys are not correct, nor
in accordance with the proportions of his figure, which I consider to
be the true type form ; the breadth should be 006 instead of 0°04 in.
This type form is rather plentiful in the Channel and Scilly Islands,
but scarce elsewhere in Britain, its place being-taken by narrower and
varietal forms.

Var. terebellum Phil.—Milk-white; whorls 8-9; length o175
in., breadth 0°06. Jersey, Guernsey, and Sark; ‘Torbay; Cawsand Bay,
Plymouth, a small form with almost straight ribs. ‘This is a very
local, handsome, and uniform shell, which will give no trouble to
identify. My finest specimens, from Jersey, are a quarter of an inch in
length. Its general aspect resembles O. zxnova¢a, but the interstitial
strize at the base will always identify it. One of my Jersey specimens
has straight ribs and an excavated suture, reminding one of Jeffreys’
unique O. formosa. ‘The locality ‘‘ Aberdeen,” recorded for this
variety, on my authority, by Mr. James Simpson,’ is an error. It is

1 Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., April, 18096, p. 103.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 203

true he had the specimens from me, but their origin was Jersey.

O. brevicula Mtros. (non Jeffr.) 1 consider a dwarf and deep-water
form of this variety.

Var. moulinsiana Fisch. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 381, 1893)—

The colour of this variety is yellowish-white ; length 0°15 in., breadth

o’o4. This cannot be confused with any other form, and once seen

is easily identified. It has the proportions of O. fenes/rata, with very

coarse sculpture and a prominent tooth.

Var. Suturalis Phil.—In this variety the last whorl does not
project beyond the penultimate one, or is sometimes narrower, with a
contracted mouth and a base more or less keeled. Length o0'1 inch,
breadth 0°03 inch. The var. swturalts of “British Conchology” is
the form described and figured by Philippi as var. gvaczl/is, which I
regard as only another form of his var. sw¢ura/is; but as a matter of
fact the true var. swtuvalis of Philippi does not occur on our coasts.
Our form is almost cylindrical, with sculpture of every degree from
fine to coarse, common, and generally diffused.

None of the published figures in British works are correct, and no
two agree with each other, which is not surprising considering its
extreme variability and that each writer takes a different form for his
type. Jeffreys’ figure is the type form (‘‘conic oblong”); Sowerby’s is
too narrow and compressed, the tooth too prominent, and the mouth
too wide; and both these figures err in depicting spiral strize through-
out the shell, instead of one or two lines only at the base of each
whorl; while Forbes and Hanley figure a conical shell, without any
interstitial stria at all. G. O. Sars' gives one good figure of the type
(t. 22, fig: 14), but a second figure (t. 14, fig. 2) does not represent it.

Gwyn Jeffreys was too hasty in combining various Continental
varieties as synonyms of each other, yet at the same time adding
another of his own (var. #/ticostata), besides accepting another as a
species (O. jeffreyst) and adding still another to that species (var.
Jlextcosta). They all have the same specific sculpture, it is true,
though varying in infinite degrees, and so indicating varieties of one
species; but their very distinct outlines and proportions merit varietal
names. Some Continental writers go so far as to name all the forms
distinct species, which is erring on the other side; and of course in
this, as in many others, it is confusing to deal with them in writing,
for what British writers are accustomed to regard as individual or
sexual differences they consider varieties, varieties they consider
species, species as genera, &c. It is promotion all round, or, as one
writer has satirically observed, ‘‘regiments in which all the members
are officers.” Of O. ¢nterstincta Jeffreys has written:—‘‘This abundant

t Moll. Regionis Arctica Norvegiz.

204 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, i900.

and widely diffused species is of course extremely variable, and
especially with respect to dimensions and number of ribs. Other
naturalists must exercise their own judgment as to considering
O. terebellum or moulinsiana, and O. suturalis alias emaciata or sylvestri
or penchinati, as well as other forms described as species, distinct and
not mere varieties. I would not have united them with the typical form
if it had not been for the examination and comparison of an immense
number of intermediate specimens from different localities.”’ In the
type, the variability is that of comparative length to breadth, and
degree of sculpture; but in the form designated var. swturalis the
variations are most perplexing. They have not much affinity with the
true suturalis (=striatus) of Philippi, which is very small, slender,
fragile, and cylindrical, with hair-like striz; but the British form of
suturalis is a large, broad, and coarse form of var. graci/is Phil. and —
var. intermixta Mtros., with a sprinkling of the vars. gracilenta and
precisa, and some narrow forms of the type, the whole series appear-
ing to be in a state of fusion and impossible to differentiate; that is to
say, certain specimens of nearly all these varieties are to be found on
the British coasts, but after the examination and allocation of the-
above forms, a large residue will be found unascribable to either of
them or to each other. ‘This species will give more trouble than any
other member of the genus, not in making out the species, which may
always be known by its specific sculpture, distinct from any other and
never varying except in degree, but in separating the many puzzling
varieties and forms, than which nothing can be more confusing or
hair-splitting. Collectors meeting with any of these forms on our
coasts which cannot be assigned to the present named British varieties,
will not be far wrong in classifying them under the next very appro-
priate name—

Var. intermixta Mtros.? (zom. subst.)=O. jeffreyst B.D. & D.—-
This is a frequent shell on our coasts, as well as from a raised beach
in Skye (T. Scott)! and differs from the type in being cylindrical, the
last whorl equal with the preceding, a smaller mouth, and a keeled
base. Compared with var. saw¢uralis it is coarser in sculpture and
broader throughout. This is the variety specimens of which will be
found to approximate to O. ¢zdis¢tincta in outline, but it is a coarser
shell generally. It is figured by Searles Wood from the Crag deposits
as O. pupa Dubois (a fossil species), with a doubt as to whether it is
really the same as Dubois’ species; I believe them to be different;
while Forbes and Hanley say that Wood’s species is O. excavata; but
that is an error; it is without doubt the form of O. zxterstincta I am
now describing.

1 Moll. ‘‘Lightning” and ‘‘ Porcupine,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, Pp. 353+
2 Nomenclatura Gen. e Sp. Conch. Med. p. 87.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 295

Then, the O. jeffreyst of Bucq. D. & D. (cited and approved
as a species by Jeffreys,' with a suggestion that the name must
be changed owing to its being preoccupied) is this same var.
intermixta; but var. jflexicosta Jeffr. is much more distinct, and
very different from that and every other form in its peculiar shape,
being a small, oval, pupeform shell, though having the typical
sculpture of O. znterstincta—the latter character, in my opinion,
making it no more, and no less, a species than the others. ‘The
difference in its outlines is certainly great, but not more so than in
some of the other varieties. I consider it the deep-water form of
this polymorphous species, as it has hitherto only been dredged in
deep water. It previously had the MS. names of O. flexuosa Jeffr.
and O. znterrupifa Mtros., but Jeffreys: subsequently adopted the
former name for another “Porcupine” Odostomia, while the latter
name must give place to that of /lexicosta. This form has not been
figured, but it has much resemblance to O. oddes Watson, from N.E.
Australia, and has some affinity with O. procuerta Mtros.

O. spiralis Mont.—A common and well-known species, a
peculiar variety of which has the longitudinal sculpture obsolete on
the last whorl, and rarely on the penultimate as well, in all cases the
result of a fresh start in growth after a breakage or rest. A dwarf
variety from several districts has a rounder base and more convex
whorls. The finest come from the northern coasts of Scotland, and
are a line-and-a-half in length.

Var. coarctata Marsh. (/. Conch. vol. 6, p. 347, 1891).—This
resembles some of the cylindrical forms of O. ixterstincta. It is found
very sparingly with the type, but is most prevalent at the mouth of
the Clyde, and off the Mull of Cantire, in 60 f. All the specimens
belong to this variety.

Monst.—Whorls telescoped. This is found occasionally with the
type, but more frequently in Torbay, whence I have nearly a score
specimens,

O. eximia Jeffr—The Minch off Loch Boisdale, 72f.; Linga
Sound, E. Shetland, 30f. Also 60 miles off the Scillies, 300-60o0f.
(Porcupine)!

This species is minute and rare, and the tooth is of the slightest
description. Norwegian and Icelandic specimens are much larger
and more conical than British. The figures in “ British Mollusca”
and Sowerby’s “Index” are excellent; but Jeffreys’ should be more
conical, the whorls more tumid, andl the dimensions one-half ; che
sculpture it is impossible to define.

t Moll. ‘‘Lightning” and Porcupine, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, pp. 353-4.

206 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

O. fenestrata Forb.—Kilchattan Bay, Bute, one specimen
(Robertson), the furthest point north for this species; St. Aubin’s
Bay, Jersey; Guernsey ; Plymouth Sound ; Torbay and Babbacombe
Bay ; Weymouth.

Although a scarce species, this is comparatively plentiful at Ply-
mouth and Torbay. ‘The largest come from Jersey, and are two lines
in length by half-a-line in width; some are more slender, and a few
are broader than the type. Jeffreys’ figure is a good one, but the
shell is never so large and conical as depicted by Sowerby or Forbes
and Hanley.

O. excavata Phil.—Scilly (Smart and others) ; Killala Bay (Miss
Warren)! all the Channel Islands; Connemara, Mayo, and Sligo ;
off Loch Ryan, 25 f.; Skelmorlie and Dunoon ; Eigg Island, 20 f.
Rare in a living state. My finest living specimens (a cluster of three)
were found under a stone at low water at Herm, but I think that was
exceptional. Jeffreys’ figure is a very good one; Sowerby’s is not
like; our shell has a different mouth, a visible tooth, a deeply-
channelled suture, and turreted whorls.

O. scalaris Phil.—Scilly Islands (Smart and others); Sark and
Herm; Porthcurnow ; Eddystone; Bantry Bay.

Var. rufescens F. & H.—Scilly, 40 f. (Smart and J.T.M.);
Isle of Man (L.M.B.A.)! Millport, Cumbrae; Davaar Island 21 f.;
Otterard Rock 20 f.; Carradale 23 f.; Aird’s Bay, 19 f., and Lynn of
Morven, 50 f. (Knight)! the Minch off Barra, 40 f., and Sound of Sleat,
40-85 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.); Babbacombe Bay ; off N. Little
Cumbrae, 40 f.; Lamlash, 15 f.; Kyles of Bute, 18 f.; Loch Linnhe,
AD ths (Chile, 13 1p IWeyela Wicca ous woe Wiech, Wyo { Also
Atlantic off Scilly, 690 f. (“‘ Porcupine”) !

This is a scarce species except at Guernsey and Herm, and very rare
in a living state; its true habitat is not known. On one occasion I
found a group of eight living specimens, all fully adult, under a stone
at low water at Herm, attached to the leathery tube of a sessile
annelid. This pecular habitat, like that of a group of the last species,
Tam unable to account for, but that habitat is not the usual one, as I
have never been able to “repeat the dose.” Two specimens from
Guernsey have the finer and closer longitudinal ribs of var. rufescens,
but are otherwise typical. The Scilly form of the variety is not the
true vufescens, but intermediate, and occurs with the type; and off
Loch Ryan and in the Minch off Barra the same intermediate form
occurs with the var. 7zfescezs.

(To be continued.)

207

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME BRITISH LAND AND
FRESHWATER SHELLS.

(The Presidential Address read at the Annual Meeting, Oct. 21st, 1899).

By LIONEL BE. ADAMS, B.A.

CONSIDERING the able and interesting resumés of different aspects of
our science which have in recent years been given by past Presidents
of this society I have not thought it needful to attempt anything in
this direction, while the complete Annual Report of the Council leaves
me nothing to say regarding the Society’s affairs: I have therefore
ventured to lay before you a few of my own personal observations on
some of our less known mollusks, instead of following the usual lines.
In the following notes I have called attention to slight inaccuracies
in the works of some of the great conchological authorities, and I trust
that by making these corrections I shall not appear to disparage those
earlier workers who have made the science of conchology possible.

C&CILIOIDES _ ACICULA Muller. — Having kept several of these
obscure little creatures alive for some time, I think a few notes on
their form and habits may be interesting.

Food.—lIn the minute holes and fissures in which this species lives
at a depth varying from a few inches to four-and-a-half feet, it is
difficult to say what it finds to eat. Jeffreys supposed it to live upon
animal matter, alleging as a reason that “in the spots where it has
been found living, no underground fungus or other vegetation appears
to exist, and the form of the shell would induce a belief that this
snail is not only zoophagous but predaceous. The shells of all true
Glandina, which are carnivorous, have the same kind of notch or
truncature at the base as the present species of Achatina.” Now, in
the Northants locality there zs a certain amount of vegetation for
them to feed on—in fact many of the fissures are made by long
fibrous roots which penetrate often to a depth of three feet. Often,
too, the shells are found in worm-holes which extend to a like depth,
but whether they feed on the roots or upon decayed worms, beetles,
-etc., Lam unable to say. I offered my captives a variety of food,
and on one occasion I distinctly saw one browsing on the surface of
a young cabbage leaf; they were fond of crawling among damp moss,
but I could not see whether they fed upon it. I also provided them
with raw beef, worms living and dead, and leg of mouse, and placed
them round the meat, but they would always crawl away into the
moss. Nilsson has no doubt that they feed on the “ tendrils and sap
of the roots of grasses,” and I fancy he is correct. It is possible, but I
think it hardly probable, that they habitually come to the surface and
feed at night.

298 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

Methods of Progression.— Usually the shell is dragged along
the ground after the animal, though more rarely it is lifted to a hort-
zontal position (fig. A). On two occasions
I observed the animal protrude its head
under the shell towards the spire and pro-
gress in that direction, forcing the shell
along the ground in front of it, apex first,
and then lift the shell over its head at an
angle of about 45 degrees and continue its
march in that position (fig. 1B). The pro-
gression is always by slow jerks, and not a
continuous glide. I have not observed the
shell carried in the position of Jeffreys’
figure (B.C., vol. i., pl. vii., fig. 18), though Nilsson says “the animal
sometimes carries its shell erect, but generally drags it along depressed.”

Texture and Form of the Animal.—I was much struck with
the extremely flexible and elastic nature of the animal. I have
observed one emerge from the shell as it lay flat ona horizontal sur-
face, and make a complete circle with its head and tail, without
moving the shell. It is also remarkable how far the animal will
protrude from the shell, and how slender an attachment connects the
head and foot with the part within the shell. The end of the tail is
often curled up. Along
the neck and down the

Sei front of the head are two

= x mucus sulcations on

Fic. 2. Cectlioides acicuda, showing mucus grooves on either side of the dorsal
head and tail. line (fig. 28). The tail is

pointed and sharply carinated; from the dorsal ridge mucus sulcations
descend to the lower edge (fig. 24). |

Eyes and Tentacles.—Jeffreys’ enlarged figure (B.C., vol. i., pl.
vii,, fig. 19) is not quite accurate. He seems to have taken his descrip-
tion from Nilsson, and it may be doubted whether Jeffreys himself
examined the animal with sufficient care. Nilsson had evidently
studied the animal, but he was not correct in describing the upper
tentacles as “not thickened.” In all the specimens that I have
observed the upper tentacles are certainly slightly bulbous when fully
or nearly fully extended, though this does not appear when they are
only slightly protruded. Nilsson, however, correctly remarks that the
apices of the upper tentacles are not ‘marked with a black spot.’
Now Lamarck (to whom Nilsson refers) seems to have been the only
one to observe the colourless eyeballs, and he did not recognise them
as such. Nilsson says (quoting Lamarck)!: ‘In this species no eyes

Fic. 1. Ceci:totdes acicula.

xt Hist. Moll. Svec. Terr. et Fluv., p. 39.

ADAMS: ON SOME BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. 299

indeed are exposed, unless they are white, like the tentacles them-
selves. These, indeed, are terminated by a convex surface, very
smooth, very shiny, surrounded by a slightly-impressed ring ; which
surface doubtless answers to the eye of other terrestrial molluscs. But
this animal, probably because it lives underground, where it cannot
use eyes, appears to us plainly to lack eyes.” Now I have noticed
that these peculiar convex endings with a constricting ring are in fact
eyeballs, and also that they are retractile, but whether they have
retained the power of sight in spite of their loss of pigment, I am not
prepared to say (see fig. 2B). As far as my observation goes, the
animal is insensible to light, though it will crawl straight away to a
heap of moss; the direction, however, may be determined by scent
alone. If it is deficient in sight it certainly uses its tentacles to all
appearance in the same manner as its more favoured brethren. I may
mention in this connection that an albino specimen of Zzmax maximus,
whose eyeballs were also destitute of pigment, seemed to act in a perfectly
normal manner. Though my observations on this point (/. Conch.,
vol. 9, p. 24) tend to shew that this species is lacking in sight, I am not
aware to what degree of perfection the vision of terrestrial mollusks
attains, but I have noticed that Cyc/ostoma elegans and Helix pomatia
seem sensitive to the approach of a large object.

LIMNEA BURNETTI Alder and L. 1nvoLuta Thompson. — There
has always been much doubt as to whether Z. durnetti and L. tnvo-
Juta are worthy of specific rank, or whether they are by-forms of
L. peregra, and so far the authorities have been in favour of according
specific rank to Z. zuvoluta, and withholding it from Z. burnetzz.

A year ago (September roth,
1898) my friend Mr. A. G. Stubbs
and I paid a visit to Z. zzvoluda in
its native tarn, and had the oppor-
tunity of observing the animal in
its very young stage. The little
creature, less than two mm, in alti-
tude, showed a decided spire
(fig. 3A) exactly like that of a
young ZL. peregra, but individuals

“ 5 very slightly more grown showed -
Fic. 3. Young shells of Lzsznaa.
es a the whorls grown up beyond the
B. L. burnetti. spire which was sunk below the
P

ridge of the whorls. Now, a very interesting photograph, taken by
Mr. J. Madison, of Z. durnetti one day old and not quite a millimetre
in altitude, shews the spire clearly intorted—more so indeed than is
the case with the adult shell (fig. 38).

300 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

So far, then, as the shell alone is specifically diagnostic, Z. burnett
is more worthy of separation than Z. zxvoluta.

Jeffreys,’ speaking of Z. ¢uvoluta, says: “It has some affinity to
L. glutinosa, and may ultimately prove to be an aberrant form of
that species, corresponding with the variety burnett: of L. peregra.
Very little is known with respect to the external parts of the body ;
but Professor Goodsir has given some valuable details of its internal
organisation. He says: ‘‘In structure the ZLzmmnceus involutus re-
sembles the other species of the genus,” from which remark it might
be inferred that the mantle has not the expanded lobe which is pecu-
liar to the sub-genus 4mphipeplea. Dr. Perceval Wright, however,
informs me that “the greater part of the shell in this species is
covered by the mantle, as in Z. g/utinosa.”

Mr. Stubbs and myself kept our captive specimens alive for a
couple of days, and watched them carefully, but we did not see a
trace of overlapping mantle; and Mr. J. W. Taylor says: “‘I have
had ZL. zzvoluta in confinement for some little time, and the mantle
never overspread the shell, though under close observation.” I can
only conclude that Dr. Wright’s information was incorrect.

It was surprising to find so late as September roth that none of the
examples were more than half grown, most being only a quarter of
their full size, seing that at this time of year Z. peregra has usually
attained maturity. But what seemed more surprising was the quan-
tity of fresh-laid egg-masses attached to stones. JZ. peregra is about
the earliest breeder of the genus, commencing to pair with the first
encouragement of warm spring days, nor does it pair after August—
rarely after July ; and though Moquin-Tandon says: “ Garnier
observed an isolated individual in a glass vase lay twenty-six times
from the rst July to September 24th,” this was under artificial con-
ditions. But whether Z. zzvo/uta habitually postpones pairing till the
autumn I cannot say. In July, 1898, Messrs. Collier and Chaster
visited Loch Crincaum, but they did not find any egg-masses. I do
not think the altitude of the habitat (798 feet) can have anything to
do with the matter when the very mild climate of south-west Ireland -
is considered, especially since at considerable elevations close by
Killarney Z. fevegva was found normally forward.

Mr. Madison informs me that ‘“ Z. durnettd? was pairing in Loch
Skene on April 4th, 1896, and began to deposit spawn during the
first week in May.” ‘The shape of the egg-masses of Z. ¢vvoluta was
invariably spherical and not sausage-shaped, as are those of LZ. feregra.
Mr. Madison says “I do not think there is any difference in the eggs
of Z. burnetii and L. peregra.”

1 Brit. Conch., vol. 1, p. 103.

ADAMS: ON SOME BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. 301

GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS Allman.—I have noticed with much

interest that the light spots which besprinkle this slug are not scattered

indiscriminately, but are in all cases less numer-

ous in the regions of the lateral and dorsal bands

which exist in other slugs. This is much more

noticeable in juvenile specimens than in adults—

the smaller the individual the clearer the bands.

This species has the habit of curling up into a

Ee HA Te bpernas perfect sphere, when irritated, after the manner
maculosus, rolled up. of a woodlouse (see fig. 4).

I would call attention here to the Irish slugs asa whole. They are
much more variable in colour than those met with in Great Britain.
This is especially the case with Zzmax marginatus Miller (= Z.
arbustorum B. Ch.), Limax maximus L., and Arion ater L. In Ire-
land the very young of A. afer (especially the form d/unnea) are
commonly banded, whereas in Great Britain this is very exceptional
except in South Wales. Certain strikingly coloured forms are common
in Ireland which are exceedingly rare here, though in South and Mid
Wales I have come across them in large colonies. ‘The same remark
applies to Z. maximus, though to a less extent. On the whole the
greatest number of varietal forms is found in the S.W. of the British
Isles, and the fewest towards the N.E. And this is exactly what we
should expect if we accept the theory of a Lusitanian origin of our
slugs which has been so ably set forth by Dr. R. F. Scharff in his
“European Fauna.”

CARYCHIUM MINIMUM Muller.—Jeffreys’ description of this animal
does not quite correspond with my observations, and his figure (the
only one, so far as I am aware, in any British work) is decidedly faulty.
He describes the ends of the tentacles as ‘rounded,’ and he figures
them with rounded bulbs. In all the many specimens I have examined

poke: SS

Fic. 5. Two views of Carychium mintimune.

the tentacles are simply conical, and Moquin-Tandon’s figure exactly
corresponds with my drawings in this respect. The position of the
conspicuous sessile eyes is close behind the bases of the tentacles, and

302 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

not between them, as figured by Jeffreys ; and moreover, they consist
of simple black spots with no surrounding ring (see fig. 5). I once
took an individual in North Ireland which had no right eye, though
normal in other respects. I have never been able to perceive the
“black and white speckles ” which Jeffreys speaks of as occurring on
the footsole.

WHITE FORMS OF PUPA CYLINDRACEA Da Costa, P. ANGLICA Férussac,
P. Muscorum L, AcIcULA LINEATA Draparnaud.—It is commonly
supposed that the white varieties of mollusks are albinos, which is far
from being always the case. As Mr. K. H. Jones points out in his
article on Albinism,! individuals with any particle of pigment even in
the eye alone, though possessing perfectly white shells, are not true
albinos. An extensive examination of the white forms of the above
species shows that not one of them is a true albino, indeed all the
white Pupe have nearly as much body colour as their types.

Acicula lineata, however, is perfectly colourless and
transparent like C. acicula, but the rows of pigment
dots which constitute its sessile eyes show that it is
no more a true albino than C. mznimum. These eye-
dots can be seen quite plainly through the shells of
both the type and the var. alba (see fig. 6).

Hee. True albinism in our British non-marine shells is
Acicula lineata, extremely rare, the only constant specific instance
showing the pig- : S :

TON SOO being C. acicula. The only instances of varietal al-
through the shell. binism that have come under my notice are a single
specimen of Zimax maximus 1.., and two specimens of Agriolimax
agrestis L.

It is easy to understand how an animal though possessed of body
colour, should fail to secrete colouring matter for the shell, but it is
not so easy to understand how an animal perfectly colourless itself
should possess a normally coloured shell. An example of this anomaly
occurred a few years ago in an adult Helix aspersa which I found at
Dover. The animal was perfectly white, even the eyes being colourless,
while the shell was slightly darker than usual.

1 J. Conch., vol, 8, p. 3-

Helix marmorata var. alba nov.—This form of He/?x marmorata has not
previously, so far as I can ascertain, been described. The shell is white with trans-
lucent markings. Although this species exists in countless thousands at Gibraltar
where my albino specimen was taken in November, 1898, it is the only example of
this variety revealed during many weeks of careful research. KK. HURLSTONE
Jones (Read before the Society, March 14th, 1900).

393

A REVISION OF THE TEXTILE CONES,
WITH DESCRIPTION OF C. CHOLMONDELEYI, N. SP.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.

(Read before the Society, December 13th, 1899).

Ir is now nearly fifteen years ago since I essayed a tentative grouping
and revision’ of that somewhat isolated and peculiar section of Conus,
called Cylinder by Denis de Montfort, 1810 ; Zex?¢ilia by Swainson,
1840 ; and exactly corresponding to the seventeenth section Zext/
of the genus, proposed by Weinkauff.

This paper being now out of print, and several modifications and
alterations being considered essential, 1 deem no apology necessary
for again traversing the subject, albeit the whole matter lies at first
sight in so small a compass. For indeed, since 1885, no new form
of Textile Cone has been described until now, C. cholmondeleyi sp.
nov. being figured in this article.

- So recently as a fortnight ago Mr. Robert Standen and I described

a new Textile Cone,’ allied in form to C. gloria maris Chem., and
in disposition of marking to C. epzscopus Hwass, or C. aulicus L. It
is a fine new form dredged at 45 fathoms by Mr. F. W. Townsend,
during the repairing of the Eastern Telegraph Co.’s submarine cable,
about 125 miles W.S.W. of Bombay. But I am inclined now to
place this beautiful species (C. clytospira M. & S.) in the section
Leptoconus, as allied perhaps most nearly to C. acuminatus Brug. It
is noteworthy that Paetel places this last in the Textile group. Indeed
the disposition of marking in several of this section is very similar to
the true Cy/indr7, ut the channelled upper whorls, light build, and
very deep sutural excavation of the last whorl, all which distinctive
features are present in C. clyfospira, prompt me to change an opinion
which was at first based on the reticulate pattern and form alone.
C. amadis Chem. may be taken as a good type of the Leptoconi ; its
light substance, deep sutural excavation, channelled upper whorls,
are all typical, and I fancy the general verdict will be that the C. cZyéo-
spira is best placed here, although in form there is much similarity
between it and C. gloria maris Chem.

To revert to the Zextzlza proper; forty-five forms (species or varie-
ties) are here enumerated, and of these all, excepting four, are

1 Mem. and Proc. Manchester Soc. (3), vol. 10, p. 49, 1885 (1887).
2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 4, pp. 461-463, 1899.

304 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

exhibited to the Society to illustrate these remarks—the four absentees
being C. dallt Stearns, C. convolutus Sowb., C. prevosti Sowb., and
C. telatus Reeve. ‘The last three of these are in our National Col-
lection, C. da//i being therefore the only form I have not been able
personally to examine.

The border line between specific, sub-specific, and varietal forms
must necessarily be somewhat hazily defined, and may be considered
in certain cases somewhat arbitrary, but a long study of the several
forms convinces me :—-

Firstly.—That there is a finality in the variability.

Secondly.—That the majority of the forms are, when once learnt,
comprehended without very severe difficulty, though, doubtless,
intermediates do occur, especially amongst the Zex/:/ia Vera and
Abbates.

Thirdly,—That of the five characteristic and salient points, viz., form,
colour, size, texture, and disposition of marking, the variation in
one of these particulars alone does not count for much—one
needs a combination of two or three of them at least to produce a
deviation from the type sufficient to justify the creation of a
species.

But few of this group were known to or, at all events, differentiated
by Linneus, C. ¢exti/e, the ‘field of the cloth of gold’ of old authors,
and C. aulicus, being the only two on which he imposed specific names.
The majority of the others have been described by Hwass, Kiener,
Mawe, Menke, the Sowerbys, and Reeve.

* * * * * * * *

The sub-genus Cy/inder Montfort, 1810, may be thus briefly
characterised :—

Shell subconic, smooth, or very lightly striated, often somewhat solid,
spire more or less elevated, whorls never coronated, mostly numerous ;
body whorl nearly always ventricose, excavate mostly at the suture,
aperture effuse, but rarely narrowed ; coloration white, with a more
or less complicated orange, brown, or grey reticulation, producing
a great variety of patterns in the several forms and spectes.

Feeling it unnecessary to recapitulate the prefatory matter given in
my former paper, referred to above, as to geographical distribution,
affinities, etc., of Cy/nder, and brief particulars as to the anatomy of
the genus Conus, I venture to propose the following arrangement of
the species and varietal forms of this section. It is a slight modifica-
tion only of that originally given, but tending, I belleve, to a more
natural concatenation :—

MELVILL: A REVISION OF THE TEXTILE CONES. 305

CONUS IL.
Subgenus CYZ7VDER Montfort.
I. Lucip1. If. REerTIFERI.
C. lucidus Mawe. C. retifer Menke.
III. Textitia.
(a) Vera.
Cavexciilem

scriptus Sowb.
canonicus Hwass.
condensus Sowb.
dallz Stearns.

tigrinus Sowb.
vicarius Lamk.
verreculum Reeve.
concatenatus Kien.

PWN He
cow Au

(6) Abbates.

C. abbas Brug. C. archiepiscopus Hwass.
C. panniculus Lam. C. victorie Reeve.

1 text/inus Kien. I complanatus Sowb.
C. corbula Sowb. C. cholmondeleyi Melv.

1 euetrios Sowb. C. prevosti Sowb.

C. pyramidalis Lam. C. legatus Lam.

1 convolutus Sowb. C. pauluccte Sowb.
C. gloria maris Chem. C. telatus Reeve.

IV. AULICcI.

(a) Episcopi.

C. episcopus Hwass. C. prelatus Hwass.
C. omaria Hwass. C. elise Reeve.
I pennaceus Born. | C. aulicus L.
2 rubigenosus Hwass. 1 propenudus Melv.
3 asOLdes) Melv. Ge auratus Lan
4 marmoricolor Melv. C pthc R MS
5 madagascariensis Sowb. | - magnificus Reeve.
(6) Crocati.
C. colubrinus Lam. | C. crocatus Lam.
C. racemosus Sowb.
V. AUREL.
C. aureus Hwass. C. clavus L.
* * * + + + * *
I. Lucip1.

C. lucidus Mawe (= 7eficulatus Sowb.).—The only species of the
section. Form squarely conical, encircled with spiral chestnut line-
ations, joined longitudinally in an irregularly areolate or lateritious
manner, and here and there blotched with chestnut suffusion. Interior
of the aperture purplish. Long. 44mm.; lat. 51 mm. /7ad. - Isle of

La Plata, Central America.
a

306 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

II. RETIFERI.

C. retifer Menke (= solidus Sowb.).—Amply characterised by
its pyriform outline, spiral striation, great solidity, and coarse wide-
spread reticulation. //ad. Philippines and other eastern isiands.

Te exer nrenray
(a) Vera.

C. textile L. and eight varieties.—The type may be characterised
thus :—Shell white, banded twice or thrice spirally with interrupted
yellow-brown or chestnut blotches, longitudinally lineated with zigzag
or undulating blackish-brown pencillings, nearly enclosing triangular
or crescent-shaped white spaces of larger and smaller dimensions.

The forms and limitations of this very widely-spread and common
eastern species are difficult to define; certain, still undescribed, are evi-
dent when a series of what is still called typical C. ¢exdi/e is examined,
but many of these undoubtedly run into each other. However, the
following seem fairly distinct and recognizable when once learnt, with
the exception perhaps of the aptly-named C. concatenatus Kiener :—

1. “igrinus Sowb.—To a great extent destitute of the brown bands,
the pattern, therefore, seeming less involved.

2. vicarius Lam.—Form more pyramidal, pattern coarser and larger
in detail, with greater preponderance of the white triangular
patches. :

3. verriculum Reeve.—Shorter and thicker than the other varieties,
markings as in wcarvius, but with a greater amount of yellow
blotching.

4. concatenatus Kien.—Hardly distinguishable from vicarius, in my
examples, exhibiting a much more open reticulated net-work, with
the orange blotches smaller in proportion. It can scarcely be
doubted, however, that intermediate forms occur, and I do not
consider it a very satisfactory variety.

5. scriptus Sowb.—A beautiful species, closely reticulated with pale-
brown lines. The finest example I have seen of this was. shown
me some years ago by Mr. F. P. Marrat, and was about 63 mm.
in length ; it is undoubtedly nearly akin to the next form.

6. canonicus Hwass.—Differing in its mostly darker reticulations,
with but little orange blotching, the form being conically pyra-
midal, rather solid; in some examples a pale-pink suffusion
overspreads the whole surface. My largest specimen is 78 mm.
long.

7. condensus Sowb.—Pink tinge always constant; a dwarf form,
with pale markings, as in scriptus.

8. dalli Stearns.—Of lighter build; spire convex, mouth roseate.
From California. I have never seen this species.

MELVILL: A REVISION OF THE TEXTILE CONES. 307

Tryon says: ‘‘ Closely allied to C. ¢exti/e, but the spire has a con-
vex outline”; ‘ bodywhorl obscurely spirally ribbed below ; yellowish-
brown, with reddish-brown longitudinal stripes, interrupted by four
revolving bands of white spots, and occasional white spots on the

_ darker surface.”*

(6) ABBATES.

' The texture and markings fine, form pyramidal, spire as a rule more
depressed than in the first group.

C. abbas Brug.—Very beautifully and intricately marked with
smaller reticulations ; a remarkably constant form, though variable in
size. My largest specimen is 63 mm. in length, smallest 25 mm. It
is not an uncommon Philippine species.

C. panniculus Lam.—Slightly more ventricose than C. addas, of
which many authors consider it a variety. The markings are, however,
darker, and cover the surface more uniformly, almost obliterating the
spiral ochreous or chestnut bands. From the Sandwich Isles and
Philippines.

1. ¢extilinus Kien.—Conically pyramidal, but otherwise as in C.
panniculus. ‘The original type of Kiener’s, which I possess, shews the
markings more chestnut-coloured and brown.

C. corbula Sowb.—Of particularly effuse growth, ventricose, very
closely longitudinally lineated, the lines interwoven.

1. euetrios Sowb.—Slightly more roundly tapering than the last, to
which it closely approaches. Markings even, more interwoven and
regular, lowest whorl twice banded with purplish tinge of reticulations.
The type of this is unique in my collection. Locality unknown.

C. archiepiscopus Hwass.—Somewhat curt, solid, with longitu-
dinal lines, most closely and beautifully interwoven, the spaces forming
almost circular small white contiguous spaces. A particularly richly
ornamented species ; it cannot be denied that intermediates exist
between this and C. ganniculius, the form, however, is not nearly so
ventricose. <A rare inhabitant of the eastern archipelago.

C. victoriz Reeve.—Very distinct, being of light growth when
compared with any of its congeners ; the three spiral bands on the
last whorl are ochreous, inlaid with much blackish or cinereous suf-
fusion ; the network is peculiarly thin and delicate.

1. complanatus Sowb.—A colour variety only, with much lighter
bands and less fine reticulations. Both this species and its variety

are from Australia, and are extra-tropical.
\

t Man. Conch., Conus, vol. 6, p. gt, 1884.

308 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL. 1900.

C. cholmondeleyi sp. n.—C. ¢est.c oblongo-
cylindrica, attenuata, solida, perlevi, pallidé
fuscescente,; anfractibus 7, quorum duo apicales
Juscocarne, leves, tmmaculatt, ceteris delicatis-
stmé et intricate longitudinaliter brunneo-lineatis
et veticulatis, simul ac castaneo et brunneo pulchré
suffusts ; ultimo anfractu feré recto, nequaquam
ventricoso,; aperturaangusta, apud basimlatiore,
intus cerulescente ; labro recto, apud basim paul-
lulum producto, ad suturam lentter excavato,

Long. 45, dat. 12 mm. Hab. ¢

A peculiarly distinct form, in marking re-

sembling C. corbula or C. euetrios, while in
its narrow cylindrical shape it has no near
ally, excepting perhaps C. /egazus Lam., from
which, however, it is in every other way abun-
dantly distinct. It has till now been confused
with C. pyvamidalis Lam., but the elevated — Conus cholmondeleyi.
spire of this latter would alone differentiate it.
Unique in the Manchester Museum, formerly in the possession of
the late Reginald Cholmondeley, Esq., of Condover Hall, Salop, to
whose memory I would dedicate it. I must thank Mr. Edgar A.
Smith for kindly comparing this shell with the ‘Textile’ series in the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and giving me his opinion thereupon.

C. prevosti Sowb.—Shell somewhat constricted, furrowed below,
bright chestnut, obscurely banded with darker brown, on a white
vround, very finely reticulate. Length 40 mm. From New Caledonia.

‘There are two examples of this distinct and rare species in our
National Collection, South Kensington. The type was formerly in
that of M. Prevost, of Alengon, who possessed an especially fine series
of Cones. I cannot connect it very closely with any other form.

C. pyramidalis Lam.—A species with simple reticulated net-
work, and usually no ochreous blotching. Its lengthened form and
smooth elevated spire distinguish it.

1. convolutus Sowb.—Slightly more conical, and of lighter colouring.
In the National Collection it is considered a variety of C. pennaceus
Born. ‘This I have seen in the British Museum Collection, but do not
consider it a very satisfactory form. Reported from Madagascar.

C. gloria maris Chem.—Upon this renowned shell, as rare as it
is beautiful, I expatiated fully in my former paper already alluded to.
A fine specimen measures between 12 and 15 cm, in length, the last

MELVILL: A REVISION OF THE TEXTILE CONES. 309

whorl tapers very gradually, spire twelve to fourteen whorled, smoothly
gradate, reticulations exceedingly fine, regular, and minute ; orange
blotching somewhat modified. From Jacna Island, Philippines ; not
found since 1837. Only twelve to fourteen examples occur in
collections.

C. legatus Lam. — Compressedly conical with spire somewhat
elevated. | Of moderate size only, peculiar in its coloration, being
suffused with pink, and with the longitudinal chocolate maculations
very prominently shown. From Ceylon, Mauritius, and Polynesia.

C. paulucciz Sowb.—Allied on the one hand to C. aureus, and
on the other to C. gloria maris ; of very straight pyramidal growth,
very richly and handsomely marked with warm chestnut and orange.
For further remarks about this uncommon form I refer to my previous
paper. From Mauritius.

C. telatus Reeve.—-Very conical, much like C. (Zeptoconus) ammt-
ralis 1.. in form, and in marking approaching C. avchithalassus Dill-
wyn, which is a doubtful species, pronounced by most authors a mere
form of the beautiful and protean C. ammiralis. Notwithstanding
these attributes, I maintain it is more naturally placed here, though
arranged in our National Collection amongst the Leffoconi; the
marking after all is that of a Textile Cone, if analysed well.

[C. clytospira Melv. & Stand., already referred to in this paper,
may still by some conchologists, who prefer to group certain Lepfo-
cont with the Cy/imdrz, be elected to fill a place in this subdivision].

TV.) AIT.

Shells as a rule narrow in proportion to their length, spire rounded
emerging into the body-whorl, elevated, marking on most of the species
very bold and distinct dark chestnut or chocolate-brown blotches,
alternating with lines of somewhat triangular large white spots inter-
lined with smaller and boldly reticulated.

(a) Episcopt.

C. episcopus Hwass.—As said above, in marking much allied to
C. clytospira. Body-whorl shouldered above, ponderous, spire blunt,
few whorled, running in some of its varieties close to the next species.

C. omaria Hwass.—The type presents an oblong slightly ventri-
cose shell, with simple brown reticulations on white ground, but the
chief varieties are :—

1. pennaceus Born.—A shouldered, ponderous variety, more conical
in shape, often with pinkish tinge, and blotched and reticulated
in more uniform fashion.

2. rubiginosus Hwass.—Like pennaceus in form, but in marking like
typical C. omarta.

310 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

3. magoides Mely.—Slightly flexuous in form, much like C. magus
L., pinkish, with pink-brown blotching, suffusing most of the
surface.

4. marmoricolor Melv.—A not uncommon form, in which the colour
is black or dark-brown, and the white spaces arranged much as in
C. marmoreus L.. or C. nocturnus \..; spire, however, never
coronated.

5. madagascariensis Sowb.—Conical, very finely reticulated. I hardly
think this is a true species, though described as such by its
author.

C. przlatus Hwass.—Always suffused and clouded with grey,

but distinct, I think, from all forms of C. omarza.

C. elisgz Kien.—Very closely reticulated with chocolate-brown,
so as to appear like a uniform brown surface with innumerable white
specks. Near C. racemosus Sowb. of the section Crocati. From
Madagascar.

C. aulicus L.—The largest and boldest-marked species of the
genus, sometimes attaining a length of 15 to 17 cm. It is distin.
guished by its roundly oblong form, and spiral revolving striz ;
marking very bold, with scarce reticulations enclosing triangular
spaces. Colour deep chestnut-brown.

1. propenudus Melv.—The marking becomes more scanty, leaving
a large tract of surface bare and white.

C. auratus Lam.—Very near the last, but constant in somewhat
greater compression of whorl, and difference of pattern, the reticula-
tions being all much smaller and dispersed in a zigzag manner.

C. magnificus Reeve.—A very fine species, very constant in
elongate form, with somewhat conical, exceedingly obtuse spire and
apex, marked as in the body of the shell with extremely small irregular
reticulation ; the colour is pinkish, suffused with dark chestnut-brown.
From Luzon Island, Philippines.

(6) CRocati.

C. colubrinus Lam.—-Yellow, with oblong white spots, or simple
reticulations. From Mauritius.

C. crocatus Lam. — A very handsome orange-yellow conical
species, with white spots and markings, very few and far between,
and broader than long. Some examples are almost uniform yellow.
This species at first sight has almost less similitude to a Textile Cone
than any other. Native of Ceylon. .

C. racemosus Sowb. — Shell brownish-orange, solid, smooth ;
spire convex, with obscure reticulated brown and white marking lines,
and clusters of triangular white spots sparingly agglomerated. Unique
in my collection. Dredged in the Sandwich Islands.

MELVILL: A REVISION OF THE TEXTILE CONES. jit

V. AUREI.

Shells sub-cylindrical, merging into the next sub-genus /Yermes,
ribbed spirally, spire elevated, very obtuse, convex.

C. aureus Hwass.—Much like C. pau/uccre Sowb. in marking, but
not of such conical, regular shape, and spirally ribbed, not smooth.
Not infrequent in the Moluccas and Philippines.

C. clavus L.—A very beautiful and delicate species, marked with
orange and brown reticulations on a white ground. Very elongate,
with rounded obtuse spire which is often spotted. By some authors
this is considered a Hermes, near C. nussatel/a 1.., which it much
resembles in form, but in marking it is eminently a Textile Cone.
It is of wide distribution in the eastern tropics, from Java to New
Caledonia, and also Polynesia.

It will thus be seen that, in the new arrangement proposed, the
principal changes proposed from the first list are as follows :—

(a). The sections Zucidi and Retiferi, preceding (not following) the
Textilia.

(2). Among the Zextilia, C. corbula Sowb. and C. euetrios Sowb., the
latter now treated as a variety only, are removed from the Vera
to a place among the Addates, where also the new species, C.
cholmondeleyt Melv. is for the present lodged.

(c). The sequence in the section Pyramidaliz is altered, while the
species remain the same.

(2). In the section dul, the group Lfiscop? precedes Crocati, the
sequence in this section being likewise altered. A colour variety
propenudus is proposed of C. aulicus, C. auratus Hwass being
still, though with some hesitation, kept distinct specifically, while
C. madagascartensts Sowb. is considered but a variety of C.
omaria Hwass.

* * * * * * *

I may just add that in our National Collection the two nearly allied
species C. neptunus Reeve and C. neptunoides E. A. Sm. are arranged
between C. gloria maris Ch. and C. ¢elatus Reeve, this latter being,
as already said, in close proximity to C. ammiralts L. and other
Leptocont. C. neptunus has a certain reticulate pattern, somewhat
resembling the Textile Cones, but I think it more likely to belong to
the section 2Azzoconus or Chelyconus Morch. Paetel, however, classes
both C. neptunus and C. neptunordes as Cylindri. It may be, indeed,
that there is a closer connection between these species and C. prevosti
Sowb. than is at present suspected, and I would invite students of the
venus to essay a closer analysis of the various groups of the genus as
now constituted, with a view to a future critical monograph of the five
to six hundred species of Cows already described, when I prophesy
it will be found that certain of the Zep/ocon?, and even of the AZar-
morel, have more than a superficial affinity with the Cy/endrt.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

286th Meeting, January roth, 1900.
Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
The usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Members Elected.
Dr. G. H. Broadbent, 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.
Mr. Hugh Watson, Lauder Grange, Corbridge-on-Tyne.
Mr. Walter F. Webb, Albion, New York, U.S.A.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Mr. John Stacey.
Member Deceased.

Mr. Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S.
It was resolved that the Secretary write to Mr. Layard’s representatives, ex-
pressing the Society’s sympathy.
Paper Read.
“ Clausilia bidentata with two mouths,” by Hugh Lamont Orr.

Exhibits.

By Mr. H. L. Orr: Clausilia bidentata Str., with two perfect mouths, from
Cave Hill, Belfast.

By Rev. H. A. Hudson: Pecterx opercularés L., from the Isle of Man.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Dretssensia polymorpha Pall., attached to living shells of
Anodonta cygnea L., from Bardsley Canal ; and a remarkable abnormal specimen
of Carychium minimum Miill., from Riversvale, near Oldham. The rarity of
abnormalities in this species is noteworthy.

By the Manchester Museum: Some recent additions to the collection of Falk-
land Island mollusca, presented by Mr. Rupert Vallentin, who dredged them at
Stanley Harbour in 1898-99.

287th Meeting, February 14th, 1900.
Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Armature of helicoid landshells, by G. K. Gude; Priced check list of the land-
shells of the United States and Canada, by W. F. Webb; Bibliographia physiologica,
vol. 1 and vol. 2, part 1, Ziirich, and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donation to the Cabinet from Mr. J. Bliss:
Two specimens of Clausilia ( Oligoptychia) blisse.
New Member Elected.
Mr. John Stacey, 16, Durham Road, Plumstead.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mr. J. H. Killingbeck; Mr. Joseph Moorcock; Mr. Charles Pannell, Jr. ;
Mr. C. P. Richards; Mr. E. H. Solly.
Resignation.
Mr. W. E. Scharff.

PROCEEDINGS : FEBRUARY 143 MARCH 14, 1900. 313

Letter Read.
From Mr. Leopold Layard :—
** BUDLEIGH-SALTERTON,
** DEVON.
2gth January, 1900.
“* Dear Sir,

** Will you please give my best thanks to the Conchological Society for
its very kind sympathy with me on the death of my father. He had begun
collecting shells when a small child in Florence, to the discomfort of his nurse
and the anger of his parents, who said that no gentleman did such things.
He was exchanging specimens a week before he died.

** Yours sincerely,
**Lrorotp LAYARD.”
The Secretary, Conchological Soczety.
Paper Read.
“The land and freshwater shells of Tenby,” by A. G. Stubbs.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. Bliss: Specimens of a new species of Claus¢lia from Konia (the
ancient Tconium), Asia Minor ; they had been submitted to Dr. Boettger. who had
recently described them under the name Clausz/ia ( Oligoptychia) blisst. They are
closely related to Claustlia fausta Pfr., but much larger, having sixteen whorls as
against twelve, and measuring 25 to 26°5 mm. as against 19 mm.

By Mr. W. Moss: Specimens of Diplomorpha layardi and D. delautouri {rom
the New Hebrides.

By Mr. B. R. Lucas: A series of Jand and freshwater shells chiefly collected in
Ireland ; amongst them was a form of Szcc¢nea from Roughty Bridge, which is
possibly a new variety of S. oblonga.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Ancylus patelloides from California, an old species recently
re-discovered ; and 4. suébvotundatus from Oregon, that has often been mistaken
for it.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A peculiar form of Z*nea palustris from Blackpool.

288th Meeting, March 14th, r1goo.
Mr- J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.

New Members Elected.
Mr. J. H. Killingbeck, Garth, near Llangollen.
Mr. Joseph Moorcock, 119, Arngask Road, Catford, London, S.E.
Mr. Charles Pannell, Jr., East Street, Haslemere.
Mr. C. P. Richards, Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.
Mr. E. H. Solly, 3, South Street, Deal, Kent.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

International Catalogue of scientific literature, Queensland volume; Report on
the mollusca of the ‘‘Jackson- Harmsworth” Expedition, etc., by J. C. Melvill and
R. Standen; Hints on cleaning the smaller transparent species of British land
mollusca, by A. G. Stubbs; Some mollusca and the microscope, by W. M. Webb;
and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted:
Buliminus (Chondrula) tricuspidatus (ister), from Mr. J. Bliss

314 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL., 9, NO.. 10, APRIL, 1900.

Donations to the Fund for clearing off adverse balance announced and
thanks voted :

fo 8 Wh Jf Se Wi,

Rev. R. Boog Watson A 2 © || 18, Cy Siwmp... 010 6
Rk. D. Darbishire B 2 © || IR, Canang ts 010 O
W. Whitwell ... i Ww © ]| Rew, Go Ao J, IKamigint 010 0
John H. Ponsonby i iu ©] Woe, Rogers... 010 0
J. Watson fh ©)|) 1 IRs ILWERS 300 010 O
J. (€: Eccles ii © |) Whe Ws Wo Ive Oo 5 ©
a Welch i i ©} C, relating © § ©
. B. Mason ... x 1 oOo O} Ph. Dautzenberg © 5 ©
a AColk (Gs lel Bani t © © || Be Io WMO Lo. He © 5 Oo
Bo Jo les Ont5) (08) Mirss |e Mes Blundell © 5 ©
JJo Co COOPER coc © 1 © || Ie, IL, Orr © 2 ©
J. ©. Dacie © 10 6) Wm. Blake © 2 ©
J. E. Neild OW © ——oo
W. Moss Oi © Voran i 7 ©

Balance Sheet.
The balance sheet for 1899, having been passed by the auditors, was laid upon
upon the table :—

ISI IEGAVIN (GIS Sisal

Receipts. asad Expenditure. ie stae.

Balance forward a .. O15 © | Journals for Apr., July, Oct.,
Subscriptions ... a eS Sa 1898, and Jan., ee 50 7 II
Life Composition Fees OME OMOn Mm Ne prams © 10
Donation vies fee .. I © ©] Stationery 8 16 11
Sale of Publications ... .. 8 3.9 | Bookbinding .. Ms 1 Olas
—— | Printing Plates aad DFW ES 7. © ©
76 12 9 | Photographs ... booed) 1) ©)

Balance due to Treasurer ... 5 8 9 Parts 2 to 5 of Tesla

Audited and found correct, Monograph _... hi Teo
EDWARD COLLIER. Treasurer’s Expenses Se OMO)
By Co SLUMP, Secretary & Editor’s Expenses 8 19 4
482 1 6 482 1 6

Paper Read:

“ Helix marmorata var. alba nov.,” by Ik. H. Jones.

May Meeting.

On the invitation of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill it was decided that the meeting for
the month of May should be held on Saturday, May 5th, at 4 p.m., at his residence,
Brook House, Prestwich. Mr. Melvill stated that the President would attend the
meeting and that he himself hoped to communicate a sketch of Lovell Reeve.

Exhibits,
By Mr. J. Bliss: Berlemecrus (Chondrula) tricuspedatus Wiister, from Smyrna.
The type of this species is in the Munich Collection, and beyond the specimens there
it has hitherto been littke known, although described many years ago.

By Mr. Thos. Edwards: /imnuea stagnalzs of a large and unusually ventricose
form, from Wistow Park, Leicestershire ; a large, strong, dark colomed form of
L, auricularia from Saddington Reservoir; el?v virgata, showing remarkable
extremes in size, from Margate; and an interesting little collection of marine shells

PROCEEDINGS: MARCH 14, 1900. 315

picked up on the beach in Recherche Bay, Spitzbergen, amongst them being a fine
series of Beiccznum glaciale and its variety angulosa, B. tenue, Neptun-a despecta,
Astarle borealis, and some large valves of Saxtcava arctica.

By Mr. Ed. Collier: Some fine examples of Luhadra senckenbergiana Wov.,
E. myomphala v. Marts., and #. dblakeana Newc., from Japan; and Azhadra
connivens Pfr., E. mercatoria Gray, and #. largillierti Ph., from Loo Choo ;
also two vases of native ware from Chemulpo, Corea, decorated with marine shells,
which are placed in situ before the vases are baked in the oven.

By Mr. J. C. Melvill: A collection of terrestial mollusca from the Island of
Socotra, collected by Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Bent, and the Forbes-Ogilvie-Grant
Expedition to that island. The most interesting forms are a section of Bz/imznus,
with conspicuously toothed peristome, the high development of the genus Ofeas,
culminating in the large Stexogyra decipiens Smith, the fine O/opoma and Lithidion
amongst the Operculates, while the Helicida proper seem conspicuous by their
almost entire absence. As might be expected from its geographical position, the
forms of molluscan life infringe closely on ihose of the South Arabian region (Dhofer
and the Hadramaut) also explored to some extent by the late Mr. Theodore Bent,
and also on those of Somali Land and Abyssinia.

By the Manchester Museum: A number of interesting additions to the collection
of Olactna and Streptaxzs, including some remarkable forms, from the collection
of the late M. H. Crosse.

It was decided to have a special exhibit of the genus /arftuda at the April
Meeting, and members are invited to send species for confirmation or comparison.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 47, no. 4, 1899.

*¢ Description de coquilles nouvelles de ?Indo Chine,” by A. BAvAy and PH.
DAUTZENBERG [C/auszlia, 13 nn. spp. descr. and figd.]. ‘‘ Note sur 1 Helix Hum-
boldtiana Valenciennes avec quelques remarques sur le sousgenre Zyszzoé et sur la
section Odontura,” by H. FISCHER [Gential organs and mouth-parts figured, placed
in section Hzzmboldtiana v. Jh.; Priodontura n. sect. = Odontura}. ‘‘Le genre
Columbella dans Varchipel de la Nouvelle Calédonie,” by J. HERVIER [annotated
catalogue; several nn. spp. descr. and figd.]. ‘* Coquilles marines du Chypre,” by
the Marquis de MONTEROSATO [list of 29 spp. with notes]. ‘* Unionide nouveaux
ou peu connus,” by H. Drover [nos. 145-155, 5 nn. spp.]. ‘‘ Description d’un
mollusque terrestre nouveau de la grande Kabylie,” by C. F. ANcry [ Vetrea
prodigtosa, n. sp., figd.].

The Nautilus, vol. 13, no. 8-10, Dec., 1899-Feb., 1900.

‘©Note on Szgaretus ofdroydii,” by W. H. Datu [adult dredged in Drake's
Bay, Cal.]. ‘‘Modtola plicatula Lamarck in San Francisco Bay,” by R. EC.
STEARNS. ‘* Note on the Clausilie of Celebes,” by E. R. SyKkrS [comments on
Sarasin’s work]. ‘‘ Notes on the mollusca of Canandaigua Lake Region, N.Y.,”
by C. T. MircHeEtt [list of 47 spp.]. ‘‘ New Southern Unios,” by B. H. Wricnur
[U. conjugans, Wiawassa R., Polk Co., Tenn.}. ‘‘Pistdium handwerkt, n.sp.”
[Lilycash Creek, Joliet, Ill.], by V. SreRKI. ‘‘ Ongin of the mutations of Osévea,”
by W. H. Datt. ‘* An attempt to define the natural groups of S¢trvomdus,” by G. H.
CHADWICK.

316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, I900.

‘* Changes with growth of Zzthasza obovata (Say),” by B. WALKER. ‘‘ Note on
Thysaniphora hornii Gabb,” by H. A. Pitspry [description of sculpture and
criticism of published figures]. ‘*‘A new species of Capulus [C. californicus]
from California,” by W. H. DALL. ‘‘ Mollusca associated with Mastodon remains,”
by R. E. C. STEARNS [6 species]. ‘“‘ Dredgings in San Diego Bay,” by F. W.
Kesey. ‘A list of shells from North-Eastern Maine,” by OLor O. NYLANDER
[90 spp. L.F.W.]. ‘‘Some Zonitidze collected by J. H. Ferriss in Arkansas and
the Choctaw nation,” by H. A. PILsBRyY [Zondles brittstt=Gastrodonta demissa).
“* A new American land shell,” by H. A. Pitspry [Polygyra uvulifera bicornuta,
Aripeka, Hernando Co., Fla. ].

“A new Alabama Unio [U. ( Pleurobema) haglert, N. River, Alabama, figd.
on pl. ii], by L. S. Frierson. ‘Species of Ch/orostoma of Southern and
Eastern Patagonia,” by H. A. Pruspry [C. hedalgoz, C. orbignyanum, nn.spp.}.
“Ona collection of freshwater shells from Rhode Island,” by F. C. BAKER [13 spp. ].
“John H. Thomson, Ph.D.” [obituary notice], by A. B. KENbiG. ‘* New species
and sub-species of American land snails,” by H. A. PitsBry [Pyramzdula alter-
nala rarinotata, Texas, Zonttotdes neo-mexicanus, New Mexico]. ‘‘ Field notes
and reminiscences” [collecting in Florida and California], by R.E.C.S. ‘‘ Some
notes on Rumina decollata Linn.,” by C. W. JOHNSON [devoured H ericetos um].
“Limax coccineus Gistel,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL [? Arion rufus). ‘ Polygyra
aurtculuta in Western Florida,” by H.A.P. ‘‘Correction to list of shells from
North-Eastern Maine in January number,” by OLor O. NYLANDER.

The Journal of Malacology, vol. 7, no. 4, December, 1899.

“* On the anatomy and systematic position of some recent additions to the British
Museum collection of slugs,” by W. E. COLLINGE [Anadenus sechuenensts n.sp.,
Tebennophorus bélineatus Benson, anatomy, pls. iv., v.]. ‘‘On two new varieties
of Cataulus nietnert G. & H. Nev., from Ceylon,” by O. CoLLerr [v. zzezcolor
and v. caferata with figures. ] ‘‘Helix (Epipragmophora) kelletti Forbes and its
habitat,” by Mrs. M. B. WILLIAMSON [on the prickly-pear cactus, Opuntia vul-
garts|. ‘*On the relative claim to priority of Papucna wregmanni and P.
tuomensis,” by G. Kk. GUDE [former name valid]. ‘‘ Notes on some specimens of
Plectopylts” [from the Theobald collection, Mason Coll., Birmingham], by G. K
Gupbe. ‘‘Additional records to the mollusca of Carnarvonshire and Merionethshire’
[11 spp. and varr., Nevin and Aberdovey], by H. H. BLOOMER.
Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, vol. 6, nos. 2-4, 1899.

‘©The paleontology of Eighteen Mile Creek and the Lake Shore sections of
Erie County, New York,” by A. W. GRABAU [catalogue of mollusca and other
orders with numerous figures].

Journal and Proceedings of the Hamilton Association for session 1898-99,
no. xv. ‘* Malacology,”’ by C. C. GRANT [elementary notes].
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 9, no. 1-3, Jan.-Mar., 1900.

“Reversed Helix ertcetorum at Bundoran,” by R. WELCH. ‘‘Ardon ater var.
docaget in Ireland,” by R. F. SCHARFF. ‘‘Amphipeplea glutinosa Miiller, in Ire-
land,” by R. WELCH. ‘‘Snail-shells and hedgehogs,” by C. B. Morrar [broken
shells left by hedgehogs, which have fed on the snails]

The Naturalist, no. 516-518, Jan.-Mar., 1900.

‘*Land and freshwater mollusca observed near Tadcaster,” by F. G. BINNIE
[59 spp. with localities]. ‘‘ Land and freshwater mollusca in Northumberland,”
by Miss M. V. LEnour [50 spp. and varr].

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3, no. 6

“* Descriptions of new land shells, with notes on known species,” by CH.

HEDLEY [Papuzna mayana, Rossville, Queensland ; Exdodonta asuleata, Wollon-

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 317

gong, N.S.W. ; £. 207folkensts, Norfolk I., Dendvotrochus mentum, Ralum, New
Britain ; nn.spp. all figured].

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 23, pts. 1, 2.
; * Older Tertiary Fossils from the Murray Desert,’ by k. Tave | /7sus trivialis,
Volutcli:hes antispinosus, Witra dtductua, Cassis contusus, Surcula vardont, Cert-
thium dtorri?, nn. spp., figd.]. ‘A revision of the Australian Cyclostrematidee and
Liotiid,” by R. Tare [Cyclostrema divided into four sections, Cyclostrema, s.s.,
Tubiola, Lodderia (= Cyclostremella Vate, 201 Bush), Pseudoliotia; 17 spp., 7 nn. ;
Liotia, 10 spp., 2 nn. figd.]. ‘* Contributions to a revision of the recent Rissoidze,
of Australia,” by R. TaTe [A7ssoza, 4 subgg., Azssocza, 4 subgg., 3 nn. spp.
figd.]. ‘* Definitions of new species of land shells from South Australia,” by R.
Tale [Glyptorhagada euglypta, Angasella polypleura, Flammulina pulleine7,
Hlelicina crassidens, all figd.]. ‘* A revision of the Older Tertiary Mollusca of
Australia, part 1—Palliobranchiata, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda and Lamellibranchiata
(pars),” by R. TATE [numerous nn. spp. descr. and figd. J.
Science Gossip, vol. 6, nos. 68-70, Jan.-Mar., 1900.

**Scalariform Helix aspersa”’ [Blaise Castle Wood], by S. G. PERCEVAL.
‘* Vertigo substr7ata” [Westerham, Kent]; ‘* The homing of Lzmax flavus,” by
W. M. WEB [eating soap].”’ ‘* Production of sound by mollusca,” by A. E. Boy-
corr [noise made by Limnea stagnalis expelling air near the surface of the water].
“* Notes from Buckinghamshire,” by the Rev. E. P. BLACKBURN [Aythinza
tentaculata with white spiral band; active movements of Physa fontznalis].
‘* Mollusca in intermittent streams,” by the Rev. R. A. BULLEN. ‘* Rock-boring
Helices,” by A. E. Boycorr [mantle-mucus alkaline]. ‘*The colouring of some
Essex shells,” by the Rev. E. P. BLACKBURN.

Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 44,

pt. I.

‘Report on the Mollusca of the ‘Jackson-Harmsworth’ Expedition to Franz-
Josef Land (1896-7), and of the ‘ Andrew Coats’ cruise (1898) to Kolguev, etc.,”
by J. C. MELVILL and R. STANDEN [Franz-Josef Land, 65 spp., Bucctnum brucet
n. sp.; Kolguev, 37 spp. ].

The Naturalists’ Journal, vol. 9, nos.-91-93, Jan.-Mar., 1900.

‘* Noise caused by snails,” by J. W. WooLHousE [snails crawling across win-
dow ‘‘making an awful din!”] ‘‘ Notes from Huddersfield ” [3 common spp. ].
Bulletin des séances de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, tome

31, 5, 1896 (1899).

‘Notes additionelles sur les Brachiopodes,” by E. VINCENT. ‘‘ Du nom qu'il
convient d’attribuer an Corduda qui caractérise les sables de Merxem,” by P.
DAUTZENBERG and G. DOLLFuS [C. gzbba var. votundata). ‘‘Du nom a adopter
pour la grande Térébratule du pliocene inférieur d’Anvers,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG
and G. Douirus [7: ferforata]. ‘‘ Contribution a la paléontologie de l’éocéne
Belge. Note préliminaire sur Zemopszs,” by E. VINCENT [6 spp. descr., and fig.
L. lucida n.sp.). ‘‘ Note préliminaire sur Pleurotomaria,” by E. VINCENT [P.
landinensts descr. and fig. ].

Vol. 33, 1898 (1899).

‘* Diagnoses de quelques coquilles et d’un genre nouveau provenant de l’état
indépendant du Congo,” by Dr. Purzrys [Lzmicolaria wathenensis, L. paludosa,
L. aistincta, L. congolanica, Pyrgopsis nyangweensis, nn.spp., Leridertopsis um-
bilicala, n.g., n.sp.]. Continuation [Puluaina leopoldvillensis, Lanistes bourguig-
nont, Unio leopoltvillensis, Spatha cryptoradiala, Burtonia carret]. Continuation
no. 2 [Lzvinhacia dupuist, Achatina rugosa, A. sylvatica, Ganomidos pellucidus,
Pseudoglessula ? phea). ‘‘ Diagnose dune coquille nouvelle provenant de létat
indépendant du Congo,” by Dr. PurzEys [Ampuélaria leopoldvillensts, all figured].

318 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 10, APRIL, 1900.

Vol. 34, 1899, sheets 7 and 8.

“‘ Description de deux especes nouvelles [Solenotellina brabantina, Potamides
thenensis, figs.] de mollusques provenant du Tongrien supérieur,” by E. VINCEN’.
Annales de !a Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, tome 33, 18908.

‘¢ Hippolyte Crosse,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG. ‘*Adolphe Briart,” by BARON
VAN Errporn. ‘* Compte rendu de l’excursion annuelle de la société royale mala-
cologique de Belgique aux environs de Namur les 29 et 30 aout 1897,” by G. VELGE.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 351-353, Jan.-Mar., 1909.

“Sur les Helcion pelluctdus Linné et corneus de Gerville,” by COLONEL
MARTEL [the two species are distinct]. ‘‘Un Chiton voyageur,” by CoLONEL
MARTEL [specimen left a track 30 cm. long].

Bibliographia Physiologica, vol. 1, vol. 2, part I [a classified catalogue of
works and papers on physiology, published under the editorship of Dr. Cu.
Ricuer, by the Concilium Bibliographicum at Ziirich].

«‘Synopsis of the Solenidz of North America and the Antilles,” by WILLIAM
H. Datu. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,vol. 22, no. 1185, p. 107-112, 1899) [List of
18 species with localities; the following are described as new :—So/en mex?-
canus, Ensis californicus, and Tagelus poeyz).

“Notes on Paludestrina jeakinsi (Smith) and P, confusa (Frauenf.),” by A. S.
KENNARD and B. B. WoopwarRD. (Proc. AZa/. Soc., vol. 3, part 6, 1899,
Pp. 297-300).

‘‘Report on the marine mollusca obtained during the first Expedition of
Professor A. C. Haddon to the Torres Straits in 1888-89.” By J. C.
MELVILL and R. STANDEN. (Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool), vol. 27, p. 150-206,
pl. 10, 11, 1899) [A valuable list with accurate localities and notes on the more
important records. There are 24 new species, all. figured, and one new genus,
Magadis, belonging to the family Neritidze].

‘¢Purther contribution towards a Check-List of the Non-Marine Molluscan
Fauna of South Africa, with descriptions of fourteen new species,” by J. C.
MELVILL and J. H. Ponsonsy. (Axi. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 4,
1899, p. 192-200, pl. 3).

‘Kinderhook Faunal Studies. 1. The fauna of the Vermicular Sandstone at
North View, Webster County, Missouri.” By SruaART WELLER. (7Zyvans. Acad.
Sct. St, Lowis, vol. 9, no. 2, 1899, p. 9-51, pl. 2-6) [list of mollusca, several
nn. spp. figd.],

“‘The Terrestrial Mollusca of Michigan” [list of 75 spp., none new]. by
Bryanv WALKER.

‘‘Description of Conus (Cylinder) clytospira, sp. nov., from the Arabian Sea,”
by J. C. MELVILL and R. STANDEN (Aum. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. 4, pp.
461-3, Dec., 1899).

“‘A complete priced check list of the land shells of the United States and
Canada,” by WALTER |. WEBB [a four page leaflet with list of 258 spp. ].

‘“‘ International catalogue of scientific literature, Queensland volume, Brisbane,
1899,” by JOHN Surrey; [a classified bibliography of scientific writings
published in Queensland up to June, 1898: Mollusca, pp. 77, 108-110].

“Hints on Cleaning the smaller transparent species of British Land Mollusca,”
by A. G. SruBbs, 3 pp., Eastbourne, 1900.

‘‘Some Mollusca and the Microscope,” by W. M. Wenn (4. of Micro-
scopy, 1900, 5 pp.) [sections of shells, radulze, etc., descr. and figd. ].

319

SIR RAWSON WILLIAM RAWSON, K.C.M.G., C.B., &c.

IT lo COSINIO) IMUSIONWIULIL, ILA

(Read before the Society, December 13th, 1899).

THE death of Sir Rawson Rawson at his residence, 68, Cornwall
Gardens, London, in his eighty-eighth year, on zoth November,
removes one whose long and successful life was full of interests—
official, secretarial, statistical, and biological.

Born in 1811, he was educated at Eton, and in 1830 became
Secretary to Mr. Poulett ‘Thomson, then Vice-President of the Board
of Trade; four years later, in 1834, he was appointed Secretary to
the President, Mr. A. Baring. In 1841 Mr. Gladstone selected him
as his Private Secretary in the same office (the Board of Trade), but
a year later, in 1842, he received from Lord Derby his first colonial
appointment as Chief Secretary for Canada. From there he was
transferred to Mauritius, and after holding for several years the post
of Treasurer of that island, he was appointed Colonial Secretary, in
1854, at the Cape of Good Hope, after which he was elected to the
Cape Parliament, then newly constituted, and was made a C.B. in
recognition of the many services rendered as Financial Minister.
Ten years later, in 1864, he was appointed Governor of the Bahamas,
and in 1869 of the Windward Islands, retiring in 1875, when he
received the well-merited honour of a knighthood.

Sir Rawson was a well-known figure in scientific circles. He was
especially devoted to geographical research, and at one time served
on the Council of the Royal Geographical Society. The meetings of
the Statistical Society also claimed a large share of his attention, and
he held the Presidency of this latter from 1884-85. He was also the
first President of the International Statistical Institute, holding that
office till 1899, when failing health and advanced age compelled him
to retire, and even then, so great had been his services, he was unani-
mously requested to continue as its Honorary President. He
contributed several statistical pamphlets and works on _ various
subjects of imperial interest, including one on the tariff and trade of
Great Britain and herempire. He was also a fellow of the Geological
Society, and of several other learned bodies, including the Conchological
Society of Great Britain and Ireland. In this science he took a
particular interest; indeed he had amassed a large collection of mol-
lusca, principally gathered by himself at the Bahamas, Mauritius,
South Africa, etc., and had increased it much by exchanges with
individuals and museums. His collection, numbering about 8,000
species of shells, is particularly rich in land operculates, but the
marine shells, e.g., Cows, Afitra, etc., are also well represented.

320 MELVILL: ON SIR RAWSON WILLIAM RAWSON.

He was, moreover, an adept in botanical research, and during his
residence at the Cape, in conjunction with Dr. Pappe, the Colonial
botanist, he formed collections which were of the greatest service to
Drs. Harvey and Sonder, the authors of the “‘ Flora Capensis.” In
dedicating to him a genus—-Razwsonia—belonging to the natural
order Aixinee, these authors write as follows :—'“ The generic name
of Rawsonia lucida is bestowed in honour of Rawson W. Rawson,
Esq., C.B., Secretary to Government, C.G.H., a gentleman strongly
attached to natural history, and joint author of a Synopsis Filicum
Africe Australis, and to whom the authors of the Flora Capensis
wish to express their sense of obligation for countenance and assist-
ance afforded to their undertaking.” I recollect his pleasure when
I showed him a specimen of this plant (a handsome shrub with white
flowers and glessy leaves) in my herbarium, and he declared that_it
was the first time he had had the opportunity of seeing a specimen.

My personal acquaintance with Sir Rawson did not begin till about
twelve or thirteen years ago, when he visited my house at the time
of the British Association meeting in 1887. He possessed a particu-
larly genial, winning manner, and was always ready to give any
information with great good nature on any subject he had studied.
As already mentioned, conchology was his favourite science ; he was
a collector of the old school, rigidly systematic, and full of reminis-
cence of the days of Cuming, Stainforth, Reeve, Broderip, the elder
Sowerby, and other men famous in conchology half-a-century ago.
He was a great friend of Mr. F. W. Townsend, and encouraged him
in the prosecution of his dredging expeditions in the Arabian Sea
and Persian Gulf, which for the past six or seven years he has carried
out with unusual assiduity and success. Indeed the last time
I met Sir Rawson was in June, 1898, at the house of Mr. Townsend’s
brother-in-law, Dr. Campbell Pope, at Shepherd’s Bush, and though
much aged and looking very frail, he still continued to take his
wonted interest in these later discoveries, notably those of Sca/aria
jimbriolata, Mitra stephanucha, and a species which, at Mr. Town-
send’s request, I had named Svstrum rawsont. This has been
dredged in great quantity subsequently, and might stand, on con-
chological grounds alone, equally well as an Zugina, Cantharus, or
a Sestrum.

All those who knew him will keenly feel the loss of one who com-
bined with so kindly a nature the fruits of such large experience in so
many fields of research. Indeed, it has been given to few men to
possess such varied attainments as did the lamented subject of this
notice.

1 Flora capensis, vol. 1, p. 67.

321

THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS
OF TENBY, SOUTH WALES.

By ARTHUR G. STUBBS.

(Read before the Society, February 14th, 1900).

Tensy has long been noted for Marine Mollusca, also for the very
local snail Z. pisana; but I believe that no serious attempt has
hitherto been made to form a complete list of the other land and
freshwater species that are to be found in the district. I have
confined this list to the immediate neighbourhood of Tenby (roughly
a radius of three miles from the centre of the town) with the exception
of a few references to Pendine, which has sandhills and marshes very
similar to those at Tenby; and to the neighbouring village of Manorbier.

The most noteworthy absentees from the land forms are the species
of Vertigo, but these minute shells are easily overlooked and possibly
one or two species dooccur. Of the freshwater forms Valvata cristata
is the only representative of the order Operculata that is found in the
district; this would in some measure be accounted for by the absence
of rivers, canals, or large bodies of water; though the two Aythinie
and V. piscinalis might have found conditions suited to them in the
Ritec stream, or some of the ditches in the marshes. The Unionidee
are only represented by Anodonta anatina var. complanata; however,
the reason given above in the case of the Operculata would apply
equally well to this group.

I am indebted to Messrs. L. E. Adams and W. Denison Roebuck
for their kindness in authenticating several of the slugs for me.

Brackets denote species given on the authority of others, but which
have not as yet been confirmed personally. The nomenclature is
that of the Conchological Society’s List.

Arion ater.—Common, the type form being the one usually met
with.

Var. brunnea.—Specimens from Holloway Quarry, and Hoyle’s
Mouth, not common.

Var.———— ?—An interesting banded form of this species is to
be taken down by the Harbour, from under old logs. In young
specimens the bands are very distinct, but as the animal approaches
maturity, the bands become rather fainter and the whole slug much
darker. ‘There is a dark band down the centre of the back, and one
down each side, the intervening spaces being pale grey or sometimes
pale yellow. The cross-striation on the foot-fringe is of the same

shade as the dark bands, but is faint on very young specimens.
TT

322 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 0, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

A. subfuscus.—Two specimens were taken from a plantation in
Heywood Lane.

A. hortensis.—Common everywhere. <A _ reddish-brown form
which might be referred to the var. vu/escens is not uncommon.

A. circumscriptus.—Not uncommon.

Amalia gagates.—Deer Park, North and South Cliffs, but not
nearly so plentiful as the next species.

A. sowerbyi.—Very common and often very large. Specimens
from the North Cliff have unusually thick shells.

Var. nigrescens.—Not uncommon with the type at Deer Park
and on the North Cliff.

Limax maximus.— Fairly plentiful in the neighbourhood,
occasionally large, but generally rather sober in colouring.

Var. cellaria.—Three specimens at Deer Park, and one in
Heywood Lane.

L. flavus.—Common under stones and refuse on the North Cliff,
near the Harbour. A form approaching the var. wvescens is found
with the type in this spot. One specimen had its shell enclosed in a
pad of jelly-like matter.

L: marginatus.—Not uncommon on moss-covered rock on the
North Cliff after rain; in dry weather they ensconce themselves in the
crevices of the rock. They are also found on ash-trees in the
Cemetery Lane and beech-trees at Penally.

Agriolimax agrestris.—Abundant everywhere.
Var. sylvatica.—North Cliff.
Var. lilacina.—North Cliff.

A. lzvis.—Common under stones and among the leaves of the
yellow Iris.

[Testacella haliotidea].—This species is recorded from Tenby
by L. E. Adams (Collector’s Manual, ed. 2, p. 40).

T. maugei.—sSeveral fine specimens in garden at Deer Park. A
large number were brought to me from a garden at Penally, by the
gardener, who had found them while removing a manure heap. They
have also been taken in considerable numbers from a garden on the
Saundersfoot Road.

Vitrina pellucida.—Common in the neighbourhood. The
clouded green form from under stones on the railway banks, and from
the stems of Common Alexanders below the Wreck Field; beautiful
clear green specimens from the sea-cabbage and fallen leaves on the
North Cliff.

Var. depressiuscula.—The majority of specimens from the
North Cliff are of this form.

STUBBS: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF TENBY. 323

Hyalinia draparnaldi.—Two or three colonies of this species in
the neighbourhood. The largest among stones and rubbish lying on
a damp corner of the Burrows, beneath the Wreck Field and railway
banks. An hour’s search in this spot, during the month of January,
has produced as many as sixty or seventy fine large specimens. There
are also colonies by the gasworks, Mason’s coalyards, and in a
plantation at the bottom of Heywood Lane.

H. cellaria.— Abundant ; particularly fond of the Common
Alexanders; may be taken in great numbers clustering about the
stems and roots.

Var. complanata.—Occasionally with type. South Cliff, etc.

Var. albina.—Not uncommon with the type in various places;
shells as a rule are of the clear white form, but sometimes the clouded
one has turned up.

[H. glabra].—Said to occur at Hoyle’s Mouth; perhaps the next
species, which is particularly fine there, was mistaken for it.

H. alliarian—Common and widely diffused. A large number
have been taken from the top of a mossy wall, beneath the railway
arches at the bottom of Heywood Lane. A pale and very glossy
form has been found under elm logs at Gumfreston.

Var. viridula.—Fairly common at the roots of long grass on the
north side of St. Catherine’s rock.

H. nitidula.—Widely distributed but nowhere very abundant.
Shells from the top of St. Catherine’s Rock are thinner and not so
white round the umbilicus as usual. Specimens from Hoyle’s Mouth
are much paler than usual.

H. pura.—Rather scarce. It has been taken at Hoyle’s Mouth,
etc.

Var. margaritacea.—Hoyle’s Mouth, where it is rather more
plentiful than the type.

H. crystallina.— Not common; sparingly at Hoyle’s Mouth,
Heywood Lane, etc.

H. fulva.—aA few specimens under stones on Gumfreston Marsh.

H. nitida.—A large colony on marshy ground in front of Holloway
Quarry. After rain they come out in fair numbers to crawl over the
wet mud, and the leaves of the yellow Iris. Another colony in a
ditch near the Black Rock railway bridge, and in Penally Marsh. A
scalariform monstrosity was found at the second-named locality.

[H. excavata].—Hoyle’s Mouth (jae Chas. Jefferys).

Helix rotundata.—-Abundant, but generally rather small. A
curiously twisted and scalariform specimen on the North Cliff.

Var. turtoni.—Occasionally with the type. .
Var. pyramidalis.— Under stones by a ditch at Giltar.

324 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

H. rupestris.—Abundant on limestone walls or quarries.

[Var. viridescenti-alba].—Wall by Penally Station (jide the
Rev. H. Milnes).

H. aculeata.—Hoyle’s Mouth, but not plentiful; it seems to
prefer the leaves of the holly and ash.

H. pulchella.—Common under stones and logs on Penally and
Gumfreston Marshes, and occasionally elsewhere.

Var. costata.—Common on old walls at Giltar, the Castle Hill,
St. Catherine’s Rock, and Hoyle’s Mouth. In drier situations than
the type in this neighbourhood, though both have been taken together
from under stones on Gumfreston Marsh.

H. aspersa.—Very abundant and very variable. The cleanest
and handsomest specimens come from the South Cliff and Jubilee
Gardens. They swarm on the Burrows and at Giltar.

Var. conoidea.—Common on the Marsh Road and Castle Hill.

Var. globosa.—Not uncommon on the Burrows near the Black
Rock, the Jubilee Gardens, and the Wreck Field.

Var. minor.—Common in gardens overlooking the South Cliff,
etc. Also conoidea-minor, slobosa-minor, zonata-minor, undulata-minor,
and nigrescens-minor.

Var. tenuior.—Two genuine specimens from Deer Park.

Var. nigrescens.—Occasionally on the North Cliff, and in
private gardens.

Var. undulata.—Common in various places.

Var. flammea.—Genuine specimens scarce; forms approaching
it are very common.

Var. albofasciata.—Not common; Marsh Road and Holloway
Quarry.

Var. zonata.— Not uncommon; South Cliff, the Burrows,
Giltar, etc.

Var. exalbida.—Rare, a few specimens near Gumfreston.

Var. rufula-zonata nov.—Three specimens of a form having the
same ground-colour as the last variety but with translucent reddish
bands have been taken, two from the Narberth Road, and one from
Deer Park. A very lovely shell.

Two scalariform monstrosities have been found, and a curious
specimen much compressed at the sides, giving it a squarish outline.

H. nemoralis.—Abundant on the Burrows, on the railway banks,
at Giltar, etc., but very local. Shells from the Burrows are generally
large and thick, the bandings 12345, (12)345, 00300 and oo000 being
most often met with, though two of the rare banding 12045 have been
taken. On the North Cliff there is a pale form of var. Zédel/ula 00300
with a lilac blush near the mouth, and also var. démarginata, Near

STUBBS: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF TENBY. 325

Gumfreston var. voseolabiata occurs sparingly, and a few specimens of
vars. minor and conica. At Manorbier var. 7oseozonata-roscolabiata,
var. citronozona-luteolabiata and a specimen of var. /ibel/ula 020(45).

H. hortensis.—Fairly common but local, the var. /ufea oo000
being the most frequently met with. On the North Cliff the shells
attain to a very large size; two specimens with the scarce banding
12045 were found there. In Heywood Lane the bandings (12345),
(123)(45), and 1(23)(45), are common. The banding 10345 is very
common in several localities. Near Gumfreston var. /udeo-roseolabtata
is not uncommon, and var. avenicola is occasionally found.

H. arbustorum.—There is a colony of this species in a lane near
Hoyle’s Mouth, the only known locality within the three-mile radius.
Mostly of the type form, but a very fine specimen of the var. conozdea
turned up. There are several colonies of HZ. arvdustorum at Manorbier,
Pendine, and Laugharne.

H. rufescens.—Very abundant. The largest specimens from the
North Cliff measure 15-16 mm. in breadth; they live on brambles and
sea-cabbage down by the sea-wall where they get a good sprinkling of
salt water at the high spring tides.

Var. depressa.—Below the Wreck Field and on St. Catherine’s
Rock; generally quite flat-spired, and often much eroded. In some
cases the spire is below the level of the last whorl. The type, vars. 7wbens,
albocincta, and alba are all found in this depressed form in both places.

Var. rubens.—Very common with type.

Var. albocincta.—Common with type.

Var. alba.—Fairly common with type.

H. hispida.—Not common; its place is apparently taken by the
next species. It has been found at Hoyle’s Mouth, Gumfreston, and
in the Jubilee Gardens.

Var. hispidosa.—This is the chief form at Gumfreston.

Var. nana.—Giltar.

Var. subrufa.—This is the chief form at Hoyle’s Mouth.

. H. granulata.—Abundant and widely diffused. This snail, like
flyalinia cellaria, is very fond of the Common Alexanders, and is also
very partial to nettles. It is very variable in size and colour, shading
from almost pure white to dark-horn colour. The shells of those
living on the North Cliff are very thin and sparsely clothed with hairs.

Var. cornea.—Not uncommon with type.

Var. albida.—Occasionally with the type.

H. fusca.—Several colonies near Hoyle’s Mouth. I have taken
them most plentifully from among the fallen leaves of the Mountain
Ash in the late autumn; in the summer they are found among nettles
and long grass. It also is to be found at Scotsburgh and near the
Cemetery.

326 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

H. pisana.—Exceedingly abundant. Its ascertained range in this
neighbourhood up to the present is as follows, beginning east :—

1.—From the bottom of the Norton to the distance of about a mile
up the Narberth Road. This is the most inland locality. They
were in all probability imported with South Cliff plants into a
garden in the first place, and have gradually spread up the
roadside where they are now fairly abundant. Shells of fair
size, flatspired, lips cream or pink.

2.—Castle Hill. Abundant on the south-west side. Shells
usually small, flat-spired, and scantily marked. Lips cream,
very rarely pink.

3.—St. Catherine’s Rock. Abundant on the south-west side, small,
markings very variable; not so abundant on the north-east

side, but as a rule larger, with raised spires. Lips cream,
never pink.

4.—South Cliff from Life-boat House to Jubilee Gardens. Very
abundant especially beneath the Esplanade. The vars. mznor,
lineolata, albida, alba, and numerous other modifications of
the shell, as well as occasional scalariform specimens have
been taken from among the myriads that cluster on the stalks
of the Common Alexanders and Red Spur Valerian. Lips
both cream and pink, but chiefly the former.

5.—Jubilee Gardens to railway bank beneath the Wreck Field.
Very abundant. At the bottom of the Gardens near the
Burrows, a small, thick, and very prettily-marked form is found
on the wild sage and brambles. Beneath the Wreck Field, a
large, thin form, with an expanded mouth is not uncommon
on Mustard Cherlock; while nearer the railway bank, on Fennel
and brambles, specimens with the pink lip-colour suffused on
the outside of the shell near the mouth are common. Lips
cream and pink, the latter being very common in this locality.

6.—The Burrows and railway banks. Abundant, especially on
the hillocks nearer the sea, and around the Black Rock. The
shells are very uniform in character, being rather thick and
stunted, with the regular type form of marking; or else
belonging to the var. a/ééda which is very common in some
spots. ‘The lips are always cream, with the exception of a few
pink-lipped wanderers from No. 5 locality.

7.—Giltar. Plentiful in patches on the top and along the cliffs
nearly to Lydstep, where there is a break till it appears again
at Manorbier. The shells are similar to the last but usually
more bleached, and not so solid.

STUBBS: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF TENBY. 327

8.—Caldy Island. Fairly common on the south side of the island.
Shells like the last.
9.—Odd specimens of 47. pisana have also turned up at Saunders-
foot, Penally, and on the North cliff, but these have obviously
been imported.
Var. tenuis.—The Rev. J. W. Horsley and myself have each
taken a single specimen of this peculiar form.
Var. minor.—Common on the Burrows near high-water mark,
and in the Jubilee Gardens down by the Burrows.
Var. lineolata.—-Common with type in most places.
Var. albida.—Abundant. Pink-lipped specimens are not so
common. .
Var. alba.—-Rare. South Cliff beneath the Esplanade, Jubilee -
Gardens, and railway bank below the Wreck Field. The banded
form (var. Zyalozonata) is the one usually met with.
Monstrosities.—I have taken three fine scalariform specimens.
Besides the above-named varieties the following modifications of
the shell are worthy of notice :—
1.—Shells having the spire plain white, but the usual banding, or
rows of dotted bands, on the body-whorl. Common.
2.—Shells plain white, with the exception of a single dotted band
round the periphery. Common.

3.—Shells with arrow and feather-like markings in place of the usual
banding on and above the periphery. Not uncommon.

4.—Shells much depressed above and below. Common.

5.—Shells very globose, last whorl much larger in proportion to the
others. Marsh Road, not common.

6.—Shells larger and thinner with an inflated mouth, not uncommon
by the Wreck Field.

7.—Shells smaller and exceedingly thin and light, the animal showing
very plainly through the shell. Sea-cliff near Lydstep.

H. itala.—Abundant on the Burrows, the railway banks, round
Holloway Quarry, and at Giltar; also a few colonies further inland.
It is most plentiful on the Burrows between the Black Rock and
Giltar. In winter time living, but much weathered specimens, may be
be seen clinging to the long grass, and withered stalks of the Ragwort.
The varieties are generally found in colonies except var. aléida (=var.
alba Charp.) which is always found with the type wherever the latter
occurs. Shells taken from the ‘Burrow Rose’ have often a reddish or
pinkish tinge which, however, fades very much after the animal has
been extracted. The largest come from the top of the cliffs between
Proud Giltar and Lydstep. Two specimens witha double band above
the periphery have been taken on the Burrows. Slightly twisted
specimens are not uncommon.

328 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

Var. minor.—Not uncommon in some parts of the Burrows, at
Caldy Isle, and near the old quarry at the bottom of Heywood Lane.

Var. hyalozonata.—-Rare, one specimen from St. Catherine’s
Rock, one from the Burrows, and two from Manorbier. At Pembroke
Castle there is a small colony, living with 4. w:rgata, vars. alba and
hyalozonata, and Hf. acuta var. alba. Some of these /. z¢a/a are pure
white without bands, and should properly be called var. alba to
correspond with that variety in A. pisana and Hf. virgata. The
common whitish form with a dark nucleus (var. a/éa Charp.) should
be called var. a/dida or better still var. albicans.

Var. leucozona.—Fairly common at Giltar; intermediate forms
between this variety and the type are common on the Burrows, and
round Holloway Quarry.

Var. albida (=var. a/éa Charp.).—Abundant everywhere with
the type.

Var. lentiginosa.— Common on the Burrows and round
Holloway Quarry.

H. caperata.—Very abundant and widely diffused. It is very
hardy and may be observed crawling about in mid-winter, even in a
biting east wind. It is a great climber, especially in a young state, and
on the Burrows, where walls and trees are wanting, it uses the. tall
stems of the Ragwort to roam over. Scalariform specimens are
occasionally met with.

Var. subscalaris.—Not uncommon with type in a few places.

Var. major.—Not common.

Var. ornata.—Common.

Var. fulva.—-Common; both light and dark shades are found,
and it is sometimes speckled.

Var. obliterata.—Two good specimens from Holloway Quarry
(A.G.S.); and one from the Castle Hill (C. E. Wright).

H. virgata.—Very abundant, and exceedingly variable in colouring
and markings. ‘The shells are, as a rule, small, but there are many
sheltered places on the Burrows where they grow to a fair size;
specimens from 16 to 18 mm. being not uncommon in some low-lying
spots between the hillocks. On the tops of the hillocks the shells are
as a rule smaller than in the hollows and flat places between the
mounds, though they are usually more numerous in the first place.
The purple-tinged specimens, so common at Giltar and Manorbier,
may possibly owe their abnormal colouring to their very exposed and
marine position, though I have taken the same form in the low-lying
Ritec Gardens.

(Zo be continued).

329

EDGAR LEOPOLD LAYARD, C.M.G., F.Z.S., &c.

By EDWARD COLLIER.

(Read before the Society, April 11th, 1900).

By the death of Edgar Leopold Layard Natural History has lost an
enthusiastic worker, and one who had very great opportunities of
which he took full advantage. He died at his residence “‘Otterbourne,”
Budleigh Salterton, S. Devon, very early in the morning of Monday,
the first of January, in his seventy-sixth year. Through his death we
lose one of the few remaining links that connect us with the natura-
lists of the past generation.

His father was Henry P. J. Layard, who held a very high position
in the Indian Civil Service in Ceylon. He had three brothers, the
eldest being the Rt. Hon. Austen Henry Layard, the discoverer of
Nineveb, and Ambassador at Madrid and Constantinople. The second
was General Frederick Layard of the Indian Army; and the third
Captain Arthur Layard, who died in the Crimea, whilst on Lord
Raglan’s staff.

Edgar Leopold Layard was the fourth son, and was born at Florence
in July, 1824, and began his natural history work very early in life,
as he well remembered collecting snails in the Boboli Gardens at
Florence whilst quite a child. He went to Cambridge and was edu-
cated for the Church, but could not conscientiously sign the thirty-nine
Articles, so studied for the Law. He married at the early age of
twenty-one and left immediately for Ceylon, having received an
appointment in the Civil Service, and rose to be Sheriff and Magi-
strate of the Point Pedro district. Here he had a splendid opportunity
of following his taste for natural history in all its branches, as he not
only collected land, freshwater, and marine shells, but worked at other
branches as well.. He was always extremely fond of birds and his
extensive collection included many species new to science. He made
a catalogue of the birds of Ceylon, and considerably helped the late
Sir Emerson Tennant in writing his great work on that island. I
remember very well his describing to me the locality where he dis-
covered a new species of Cataulus (C. layardi Gray).

After residing in Ceylon for nearly ten years, he and his wife were
forced to leave on account of ill health, when he came to England and
worked at the collections he had made in Ceylon. In 1855, he went
to the Cape and there joined the Colonial office. Here he was soon
at work again in his favourite pursuits, and founded the present South
African Museum in Cape Town, and was Curator of it until 1870.

330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

He was Confidential Secretary to the Governor, the late Sir George
Grey, and accompanied him to New Zealand during his second term
as Governor there. He returned to the Cape in 1862 as Arbitrator in
the ‘‘ Mixed Commission Court” for the suppression of slavery, and
was promoted to be High Commissioner of it until it was abolished
in 1870, when he finally left the Cape. Fora short time he joined the
Foreign Office in London, but in 1872 he was sent as Consul to Para
at the mouth of the Amazon. He remained there only nine months
when he was recalled to England on being appointed as special Royal
Commissioner to report upon the offered cession of Fiji, and was
appointed Consul of Fiji and Tonga. After the formal annexation of
Fiji he acted as “ Administrator of the Government” for several
months until the arrival of the first Governor, Sir Arthur Gordon.

He arrived in Fiji on New Year’s morning 1874, and left it in June
1876, on being appointed British Consul at Noumea in New Cale-
donia. He lived here for some time, until he finally retired from Her
Majesty’s Service on pension in January 1890. For his services in
Fiji, he received the decoration of Companion of St. Michael and
St. George.

On his return to England he went to reside at Budleigh Salterton,
S. Devon. His house, being fairly large, allowed him to make one of
the rooms into a museum, where he placed on the walls a valuable
ethnological collection, which I understand has been purchased for
the Manchester Museum, Owens College.

He collected principally land and freshwater shells, and being
naturally enthusiastic in his work, with the facilities he possessed, he
very soon had such a collection as is very seldom seen outside a
public museum. When I visited him for a short time in 1894, he
told me with pride that his collection of shells numbered more than
8,000 species, and that he had never bought one in his life. He had
either collected them himself, or exchanged with others, as he had
large quantities of duplicates, having been in districts where shell life
was prolific.

He knew personally, or had corresponded with, all the older con-
chologists, such as Adams, Cuming, Benson, Wollaston, Nevill, Garrett,
etc., etc. He not only collected in all the districts where he had
resided, but also in Madagascar, Mauritius (with the late Sir Henry
Barclay), Comoro Islands, and also in many of the South Sea Islands,
including the New Hebrides, etc.

Whilst at the Cape he wrote the ‘ Birds of South Africa,” since
much enlarged by Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe. He was also a constant
contributor to the ‘‘ Field” and other sporting papers.

COLLIER : ON EDGAR LEOPOLD LAYARD. 331

He was very fond of fishing, and after his return from abroad, he
went either to Scotland or Ireland every year for a few weeks’ fishing,
~ and kept accurate records of the number and weights of fish that he
caught.

Through being abroad so much, and not having access to recent
books on natural history or collections, he did not describe many of
the species he found as being new to science, but sent them to his
friends, who named a considerable number of species after him.

The following is a list of them, showing they were almost invariably
from localities where he collected himself :—

Streptaxts layardianus Bens., Ceylon. Paludomus loricatus Rve., var. layardi
Helicarton layardi Nevill, a Rve., Ceylon.
Nanina layardi Pfr., Solarium layardt A. Ads. (=S. hydri-
Hyalinia layardé Thom., New Teietbvsidles. dunt L.), Ceylon.
felix (Geotrochus) layardi Hartm., New | Czngala layard: Martens, Tasmania.
Hebrides. Ampullaria layardi Rve., Ceylon.
Diplomorpha layardi Wartm., New | Cataulus layardi Gray, ay
Hebrides. Cyclophorus layardi H. Ads, ,,
Buliminus layardi Melv. & Pons., South | Omphalotropis layardi Pfr., Mauritius.
Africa. Flelicina layardi Cr., New Britain.
Pupa layardi Bens., South Africa. Stoastoma layardianus Chitty, Jamaica.
Achatina layardi Pfr., West Africa. Neritina layardt Rve., Ceylon.
Stenogyra layardt Bens., Ceylon. Spondylus layardi Rve., ,,
Celiaxts layard? Ad. & Ang., Cape of | Pectes layardi Rve., 00
Good Hope. Nucula layardi A. Ads., ,,
Auricula layardt A. Ads., Ceylon. Unio layardé Lea, Bs
Melampus layardi A. Ads., 4, Scintilla layardt Desh., ,,
Mitra layardi A. Ads., 95 Psammobia layardt Desh., Philippines.
Lingina layardi Melv., 3 Paphia layardi Desh., Ceylon.
Tympanotonus layardt A. Ads., Ceylon. | Chzone layardi Rve., D5
Ptrenella layardi A. Ads., Ceylon. Lucina layardi A. Ads., ,,
Melania layardit Dohrn, 5 Tellina layardt Desh., ,,
—___ —+0--____—

Clausilia biplicata (Mont.) white variety.—In reference to this variety, for
which, misled by its omission in text books by British authors, I proposed (azztea,
p. 232) the name of a/a, I find that Westerlund (Fauna Moll. Suec. Norv. et Dan.,
1873, p. 198) describes a var. albzma, which he characterizes as ‘‘ pallidissime
virentt hyalina. Paetel, in his well-known “‘ Catalog,” also records a variety as
albina Bttg. from the ‘‘ Taunus.” Mr. E. R. Sykes informs me that he has for
some years past possessed white examples of C/. dzp/icata from Austria and Bohemia,
so the form is evidently familiar to Continental conchologists. Mr. J. W. Taylor
(J. Conch., vol. 1., p. 216, 1877) records the white variety from Heidelberg under
the name of albzda, and his name necessarily supersedes mine, but must in turn
give place to Westerlund’s, that is, of course, assuming that the shells are identical,
as they seem to be. The fact of Mr. Mason’s Mortlake examples constituting the
first record of the occurrence of this beautiful form, as British, yet brought before
the society, is very interesting-—and perhaps quite as important as the institution of
a new “ variety.”—R. STANDEN (ead before the Soczety, Nov. 8th, 1899).

332
ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

By J. T. MARSHALL.

(Continued from page 296).

O. rufa Phil.—Brodick Bay, 40 f., and Sound of Sleat, 50 f.
(Somerville and J.T.M.); Loch Linnhe, 24 f. (Knight)! Milford
Haven, 10 f.; Cumbrae; Kyles of Bute, 18 f. ; Oban; Loch Fyne ;
Loch Broom, 20 f.; the Minch, 4of.; E. Shetlands, 35 f.

Var. fulvocincta F. & H.—18togof. Sound of Sleat, 30-90 f.
(Somerville and J.T.M.); Tenby; Portmarnock; Doggerbank ;
Cumbrae, 18 f.; Oban, 16-25 f.; Loch Broom, 20 f. ; the Minch, 4o f.
At all the Scotch localities the type and variety were dredged
together. .

Although generally speaking the type is southern and the variety
northern, they are by no means exclusively so, the two forms being
found together in many parts of the north, and at various depths, as
the preceding records show. The variety merges from the type
through every degree of slenderness. It never attains the size of the
latter, and the degree of convexity in the whorls is so variable that
the only character by which it can be separated from it, when dead, is
its comparative slenderness; when fresh, the ground-work of the shell
is paler and the band darker; even so, some specimens may be
ascribed to either. A whitish form, with or without bands, is some-
times met with, and dead specimens become white; one of these
latter, “‘ found on the sands near Dunbar,” is O. crenatus Brown.

Jeffreys long ago pointed out * that “Totten’s specific name
(interrupta) is prior to that of Philippi, and ought to be adopted,” but
he himself, and subsequent writers, prefer for some reason to retain
Philippi’s well-known name.

O. (Turbonilla) multilirata Monterosato.—“Similar to O. pusilla,
but adorned with granular spiral striz. Palermo, 60-90 metres”
(Monterosato). This is new to the British seas. It may be known
from the next species (O. verticalis) which it most nearly resembles,
by the microscopical spiral striae which traverse the whole shell, ribs
and interstices alike, though these striz are more readily observable
between the ribs, where they may be seen with an ordinary lens.
The embryonic apex is larger and more exposed than in any of the
allied species, and lies in a horizontal position on the top of the spire.
I have one specimen only from the Atlantic side of the Scilly Islands,
in 40 fathoms, which was on the same ground as yielded other rare
Mediterranean species (7¢edlina serrata and Rissoa subsoluta) which 1
have already recorded. My Scillonian specimen is nearly a quarter-

x Moll. ‘‘ Lightning” and “‘ Porcupine,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 356.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 333

inch in length by ;4,th inch in breadth, and is much larger, coarser, and
more conical than any I have seen from the Mediterranean. In
addition to Monterosato’s record, I can add the Algerine coast 51 f
and Adventure Bank 92 f. (“Porcupine”). (In this connection I may
mention the recent discovery on the same ground of /issoa hispidula
Monter. =. clathrata Phil., another Mediterranean shell, and I
venture to predict that more Mediterranean species will be met with
in the same quarter).

O. verticalis Marsh. n. sp.—Shell forming an attenuated cone,
rather solid, and somewhat glossy; sculpture consisting of straight,
broad, and blunt longitudinal ribs throughout its whole length ; these
ribs are wider than their interstices, and number sixteen on the last
whorl, disappearing just below the periphery, the base being smooth ;
colour white ; whorls seven (besides the embryonic ones), compressed
but not flat, the last occupying a little more than a third of the length ;
spire produced and tapering to a blunt point, which represents the
embryonic whorls ; these are exposed and inverted horizontally at the
apex ; suture rather shallow, and nearly straight ; mouth oval, acute-
angled above, gently curved at the outer edge, and rounded below;
outer lip thin, and slightly flexuous and projecting ; inner lip reflected
on the pillar, which is sloping ; there is no umbilicus nor chink, and
no tooth outwardly visible. L. o-2 in, b. 0:06. One specimen from
Bantry Bay.

This shell is regularly conical, and not cylindrical in any part. It
is quite distinct from any of the abnormal forms of those species in
this section which have straight ribs, and with which I have compared
it. It resembles most an O. /actea with straight ribs, but the whorls
are individually longer than in that species or any of its congeners,
they are more compressed, and the apex is broader and blunter. As
there are many Bantry Bay shells in existing collections, I hope that
by this means more specimens may be brought to light.

O. lactea L.—Not a variable shell as regards shape, but only as
regards the disposition of the longitudinal ribs. It can always be
separated from O. pust@a and O. tnnovata by the termination of the
ribs, which extend lower down the base and end abruptly; in the other
species they gradually evanesce from the periphery. The spire is
occasionally curved, though mostly the result of accident. It is most
abundant in the Channel Islands, but becomes gradually scarcer as it
approaches the northern coasts. A pretty Sca/arta-like example from
Jersey has a deeply-channelled suture and unusually oblique ribs.

The var. paullula of Jeffreys is a conchological Mrs. Harris—
“‘there’s no sich a person!” What Jeffreys meant for such was
O. pusilla var. minuscula Marsh., the O. pusilla of Philippi being
unknown to Jeffreys as a British species,

334 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, I900.

O. pusilla Phil. (xox Jeffr.)—L. 0:25 in.; b. 0°06; whorls 9-10.
Muddy sand in shallow water. Scilly Islands (Burkill and J.T.M.) ;
Channel Islands; Land’s End, Falmouth, and Fowey; Plymouth
Sound, 16 f.; Borough Island, Torbay, Babbacombe Bay, and Ex-
mouth; Caldy and Tenby; Southport; Connemara, Mayo, and Sligo;
Portmarnock ; Loch Inver, 25 f. Fossil in the Belfast clays (Praeger)!

Var. grossa Monter. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 384, 1894).—L.
0:25; b. o708 in. Torbay, Gairloch, Loch Inver, and Stornoway.
Judging from Jeffreys’ description and figure of O. s¢zwosa,*' and after
examining other specimens from the same dredging station, I con-
sider that shell to belong to this variety, and that his specimen was
not quite mature.

Var. cylindrata Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 255, 1893).—L. .
0°20; b. o'04 in. Jersey, Mount’s Bay, Torbay, Tenby, Southport,
Aberdovey, Bantry Bay, Connemara,. Mayo, Sligo, and Dornoch
Frith.

Var. minuscula Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 6, p. 347, 1891).—L.
o'1; b. 0'03 in. Many places on the English, Welsh, and Irish
coasts.

This species appears to be most prolific in Babbacombe and Teign-
mouth Bays. Very rarely it has straight ribs—corresponding to
similar forms of O. /actea and O. innovata—three instances in several
hundred specimens. The tooth-like fold is usually observable in this
and the next species, but less so in the last, and the three occasionally
exhibit the same peculiarity of sculpture that I have noticed in O.
indistincta and O. interstincta, the last whorl having finer and more
numerous ribs than the rest of the shell.

Sowerby’s figure (pl. xvi., fig. 3) is meant for this species, but it
should be larger, less compressed, the ribs oblique, and the sutural
lines deeper.

O. innovata Monter. (=O. fuszlla Jeffr.)—Channel and Scilly
Islands, Penzance, Borough Island, Torbay, and Freshwater West.
Whorls 9-10.

Var. nana Marsh. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 385, 1894).—L. 01;
b. 0703 in. Guernsey, 20 f.

A scarce species, and rare in a living state. The last whorl is pro-
portionally shorter than in O. /actea or O. pusilla. ‘This and the last
two species, with their varieties, will be found more fully dealt with in
J. Conch., vol. 7, pp. 382-5, 1894.

O. delicata Monter. (/. Conch., vol. 7. p, 255, 1893).—Bundoran,
in Donegal Bay (“Porcupine”). I have it also from the same locality,

t Moll. “‘Lightning” and ‘‘ Porcupine,” Prec. Zool. Soc,, 1884, p. 358, pl. xxvii., f. 1, one specimen.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 335

and from Roundstone and Killala Bays, in the west of Ireland. There
are two sizes, a dwarf form being less than half that of the type. It
is well figured in Sowerby’s ‘‘ Index” under the name of Chemmnitzia
simillimus, Mont., but Montagu’s species of that name was stated by
the author to be less slender than O. /acfea, with less numerous ribs,
and was most probably a worn O. rufa, as suggested by Jeffreys.
However, that figure (fig. 2, pl. xvi.) was no doubt meant originally
for the supposed O. dactea var. paullula (=O. pusilla var. minuscula)
but was unquestionably drawn from an O. delicata, being more slender,
with more numerous whorls and finer sculpture. It is ‘‘ characterised
by the ribs being exquisitely dentellated at the suture, as in some
Scalarie” (Monterosato).

O. scillze Scac.—Isle of Man (L.M.B.A.)! Liverpool Bay (Tomlin);
Lynn of Morven, 40 f. (Knight)! East Sutherlandshire, from stomachs
of haddocks (Baillie)! Gairloch, 30 f.; Sound of Sleat, 40-90 f.; Loch
Inver, 25 f.; and Loch Broom, 30-50 f. (Somerville and J.T.M.);
Carradale, 23 f£.; Campbelltown Loch, 23 f£.; Machrie Bay, 25 f.;
Otterard Rock, 20 f.; and Mull of Cantire, 24 f. and 55 f. (Knight)!
Scilly, 40 f.; Brodick Bay, 40 f.; Kyles of Bute, 14 f.; Clyde, 18 f.;
Cumbrae, 16 f.; Arran, 12 f.; the Minch, 40 f. Also the Atlantic off
Scilly, 690 f. (‘‘ Porcupine ”) !

This varies in the degree of compression and in the angularity of
the base, but it is a most distinctive shell, and can cause no difficulty
in identification. The first two regular whorls are convex and less
compact than the rest, as in some species of Hwlima. According to
Monterosato, Eulimella pyramidata Desh. (1832) has priority of £.
scille Scac. (1836).

O. compactilis Jeffr. (7 Conch., vol. 7, p. 255, 1893).—Off
Menavawr, Scilly, 40 f. It was also dredged by the “‘ Porcupine” in
1869 in the Atlantic off Scilly, 690 f., and in 1870 from three stations
in the Atlantic off Ireland, but only one specimen from each station.
This seems to be everywhere rare. Sowerby gives a figure of it in his
Supplementary Plates, but it is indistinguishable. His figure of QO.
acicula (fig. 27, pl. xvi.) would suit it in dimensions and profile, but the
apex should be blunt.

O. acicula Phil.—Sparingly distributed on all the British coasts,
from to f. (Torbay) to go f. (Sound of Sleat).
Var. turris Forb.—Scilly 4o f. (Burkill and J.T.M.); Eddystone,
30 f.; Guernsey, 20 f. This is smaller than the type, and although a
very narrow shell, the whorls progressively increase to the base, the
last always being the largest. It is figured (fig. 30, pl. xiv.) in
Sowerby’s “ Index,” erroneously as var. obeliscus, but was unquestion-
ably meant for this, and should have nine whorls instead of six.

336 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

Var. obeliscus Jeffr.—Guernsey, 18 f.; Scilly, 40 f.; Eddystone,
30 f.; Glenelg, 30-60 f.; the Minch, 50 f. This is a rare form in
Britain. It resembles /z/éma in the flattening of the whorls and fine
sutural lines. | Plenty of typical specimens equally resemble Eudima
in these respects, but this is a small and slender cylinder. Jeffreys’
original figure’ is not compressed enough, but more nearly represents
a half-grown type shell. It is less rare in extra-British waters as
Lulimella subcylindrata Dunk. (1862).

O. acicula is one of the most variable species of the genus, em-
bracing every variation of shape, size, and compression. Out of one
hundred specimens taken haphazard, not more than twenty will be
found to conform to the type. Some have a shallow suture and
angulated base, and look like a slender O. scz//z. Many are obtusely
keeled, and some have the top whorls abruptly ending as in O.
innovata. Others (from Guernsey and Scilly especially) have the
whorls as rounded as O. ventricosa, and give some trouble in
differentiating from that species. A good microscopic character, when
the shells are fresh, is that O. ventricosa is quite smooth, while O.
acicula is spirally striated throughout, as in O. scale and O. nitidissima,
and these striz can be seen with a Coddington lens. Extra-British
forms of both species are much more distinct. A slender dwarf
variety peculiar to Guernsey is distinct from any of the named
varieties, and another from Scilly, more slender still, is equally
distinct. I have besides eight other varietal forms from various parts
of the British coasts. The largest come from Guernsey and the
Shetlands, and measure two lines by one-half, and it is more plentiful
in the former district than elsewhere. I have several deep-water
specimens from the Mediterranean which are very deceptive in having
all the appearances of a ribbed shell. These ribs are broad and flat,
with interstices of the same width, and are continued with great
regularity sometimes throughout the entire spire or on the lower whorls
only; but these ribs are caused by frequent and methodical starts of
growth of the animal, which alter the whole aspect of the shell, and
make them resemble Zurbonil/e rather than Lulimella.

Jeffreys’ figure is a good one, but perhaps too slender in proportion
to length. Forbes and Hanley give two figures, both of which are
too broad at the base. Sowerby’s is unlike; it represents a conical
shell with a sharp apex, and the dimensions are too small.

Monterosato * substitutes £. commutata for this species, on the
ground that Aurtcula actcula Lamk.—=O. acicula Desh., are Eulimelle
of the Paris basin; but wide Jeffreys * on this point.

1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 46, pl. ii., f. 5, 1858.
2 Nomenclatura Gen. e Sp. Conch. Med., p. 08.
3 Moll. ‘‘Lightning” and “‘ Porcupine,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 362.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS To ‘* BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 337

O. ventricosa Forb. (/. Conch., vol. 7, p. 255-6, 1893).—Fine
sandy mud, 15-80 f., from Jersey to Shetland.

This is not a satisfactory species, some forms being difficult to
separate from the last, but usually this is thinner, more conical, and
the whorls more convex, while in O. acicula the upper whorls are
more rapidly formed and the lower ones are uniform in width,
imparting a cylindrical outline; but it must be noted that these
characters are occasionally reversed, some specimens of OQ. acicula
having also convex whorls, especially on the lower halt, while others of
O. ventricosa have a cylindrical outline, with the whorls more or less
compressed, either in the middle or on the upper part only of each
whorl, or they are compressed throughout. Sowerby’s figure of O.
acicula represents one of these compressed O. ventricosa. ‘The best
typical specimens are dredged in the sheltered lochs of the Hebrides;
these are very thin and polished, nearly transparent, regularly conical,
and easily separable from O. acicula; but some difficulty will be
experienced especially with those from the Channel and Scilly Islands,
which are more solid, cylindrical, and compressed, these characters
interchanging in a most perplexing manner with O. acicula. It is
more local than that species, but comparatively plentiful in some parts
of the Hebrides. Both Jeffreys’ and Sowerby’s figures are very good,
though the latter has too many whorls.

O. nitidissima Mont.—Fine sand, 5-45 f. Scilly Islands (Bur-
kill and J.T.M.); off Millport, Cumbrae (Knight)! Dornoch Frith
(Baillie and J.T.M.); Jersey and Sark; the Minch 4o f.; Orkneys,
45f. Fossil in the Belfast deposit (Praeger) !

It is remarkable that this species, whose extreme slenderness is its
most striking feature, should also possess a broader as well as a more
slender relative ; the latter, which is hardly more than half the width
of the type, sparingly occurs almost everywhere with it, but those from
the west of Ireland coasts all belong to the slender form. A rare
form has compressed whorls and a shallower suture, and a monstrosity
has the whorls carinated. Living specimens are yellowish-brown.
Sowerby’s good figure is the type form ; Jeffreys’, equally good, is the
Irish or slender one. Specimens without the microscopical spiral
strize occasionally occur on the British coasts; this is O. potnteli De
Folin=O. nitidissima var. pura Monts.

A specimen of O. nifens Jeffr. was dredged by the “Triton” in the
Shetland-Fzerce Channel, 570 f. !

O. fallax Monter. (Bul/. Mall. Jtal., p. 70, 1880)=O. suboblonga
Jeffr. (Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 345, pl. xxvi.,f. 3, 1884).—I detected a speci-
men of this shell among some of the dredgings of the Royal Irish
Academy cruise of 1886 off S.W. Ireland, from 48 f. It was also

338 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 11, JULY, 19Co.

dredged by the “Porcupine” in the same region in 251 f., in the
Atlantic off Scilly in 539 f., and some other parts of the Atlantic and
Mediterranean. This is very like a stumpy O. conotdea, having the
same apex, keel, and texture, and, like that species, varying in the
convexity of the whorls and occasional absence of the basal keel, but
the aperture is never grooved. Although Jeffreys says it has no
umbilicus or chink, there is frequently a small but distinct perforation.
Jeffreys’ figure in the “ Lightning” Report is a very good one, but the
shell embraces a certain amount of variation. Should more specimens
be dredged hereafter within sight of our coasts, it will make an
interesting addition to the British list.

O. lactotdes Monts. which has been recorded by me from the
English Channel? I now find on further examination to be
O. magnifica Seg. This handsome shell possesses “a character
common and peculiar to all the specimens (European, American, and
Fossil) which I have examined, viz., the close striation length-wise by
delicate and microscopical lines which cover the whole of the shell.
These strize are not mere marks of growth, but a distinct kind of
sculpture.”? Gwyn Jeffreys, however, has failed to notice that this is
a character also shared by O. compressa Jeffr. and O. pauctstriata Jeffr.

Ianthina rotundata Leach.—There is no authentic record of this
or of any other species of /azthina having been taken alive in our
seas; but Miss Hockin, of Hayle, many years ago sent me baby
specimens of this species which she found there ‘“ washing in alive in
the January following the November in which she found large ones,”
and she thinks they “first lived [were born] in these waters.”
Certainly, adult /az¢hin@ are never wafted to these shores in January,
but always in the latter half of the year.

A fleet of 7. communis were cast ashore at Islay in summer 1883.

Stilifer turtoni Brod.—Aberdeenshire (Simpson) ! Land’s End ;
Falmouth ; Fowey ; Eddystone.

This species has a considerable range of variation in shape and
proportions, but there are two principal forms, which may indicate the
sexes—one similar to that figured by Sowerby and Jeffreys, which is
the type; the other, not quite so numerous, which is more or less
oblong, in consequence of the spire being longer and the body-whorl
smaller. The stiliform apex is not always erect as depicted in the
figures, but declining at various angles, and in some cases prostrate.
Keeled strize often encircle the body-whorl, especially the lower half,
and it is also occasionally malleated. Outlines of the extreme forms
will be found in /. Conch., vol. 8, p. 176, 18096.

1 J. Conch., vol. viii, p. 433, 1897.
2 Moll. ‘‘ Lightning” and ‘‘ Porcupine,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 357-

(Zo be continued ).

339

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Grande at Mesilla, New Mexico, and of the Gallinas River at Las Vegas, N.M.”
[supplementary list of species], by H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘ Notices of some new Japanese
mollusks ” [Azlota horrida, EH. mesogonia, Ganesella jacobit, Cyclotus (?) micron,
Fomatias hiraset, nn. spp.j, by H. A. PILsBRy.

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 9, nos. 4 and 5, April and May, 1900.

‘Arion emptricorum vax. bocaget”’ [discussion of name and characters], by-W. E.
COLLINGE, J. W. Taytor, and R. F. ScHarFr. ‘* Some new varieties of Irish
land mollusca” [Szecctnea pfeifferit var. reticula, Claustlia bidentata var. varto-
striata Westerlund].

Science Gossip, vol. 6, no. 71, April, 1900.
** Rearing snails in captivity” [habits of Helix pomatia and Bulimus oblongus],
by ELEONORA ARMITAGE.

Annals of Scottish Natural History, no. 34, April, 1900.
** Seprola rondeleti in the Firth of Forth,” by ROBERT GoprrEY. “Limnea
stagnalis in West Lothian,” by ROBERT GODFREY.

340 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, nos. 354 and 355, April and May, 1900.
“* Liste des coquilles marine, terrestres et d’eau douce, recueillies aux environs
de Cancale,” by H. MARTEL.

“List of shells collected by Vernon Bailey in Heron and Eagle Lakes,
Minnesota, with notes” [18 spp., enumeration of forms of Limn@a emarginata
Say], by R. E. C. Srearns. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, no. 1199, p.
135-138).

“Description of a new variety of Haliotis from California, with faunal and
geographical notes” [H. fi/gens var. walallensis], by R. E. C. STEARNS. (Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, no. 1191, p. 139-142).

“A Report upon the Mollusca (excluding the Cephalopoda and Nudibranchiata)
obtained by the Royal Irish Academy Cruises of 1885, 1886, and 1888,” by
G. W. CHASTER [a valuable list with localities and notes on distribution and
nomenclature; S/svalina, n.g. for Zurbo spiralis Montagu; /Jordaniella, n.g.
for Zurbo nivosa Montagu].

———$ +90 @—__@__

Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith at Droylsden, Lancashire.—On the 6th of
May last, I searched the canal at Droylsden for shells. In the vicinity of the
tunnel at ‘‘ Daisy Nook,” Waterhouses, I had little success, molluscan life being
almost absent, owing, probably, to the lack of aquatic vegetation and the stony
character of the canal bottom. On walking along the towing path in the direction
of the Droylsden cotton mills, I noticed a promising patch of the ‘‘ water moss”
(Fontinalis antipyretica) and upon passing my scoop through this I was surprised to
find some specimens of the carinated form of Paludestrina jenkinst. The shells
increased in numbers as I advanced, and between the bridge (over which crosses
the roadway leading to Littlemoss) and the first cotton mill, they swarmed on the
stony bottom of the canal; but near the mill, where the hot water from the engines
is turned into the canal, I obtained but few specimens. I carefully examined the
sides of the canal. the walls, and roots of grass growing in the shallow water with-
out finding a single specimen in either case. A few weeks later I made another
thorough search in the same locality and found that a considerable change had taken
place in the habits of P. jexkznsz. They were now to be found in great abundance
on the aquatic vegetation and roots of grass, where they had doubtless gone to
deposit their young, for on washing the shells under the water-tap at home, the
mollusks became very active and deposited hundreds of young in the shallow basin
in which they were placed. The adult shells vary much in size and degree of carina-
tion. Fully 80 per cent are the carinated form. I cleaned out the animals from
over 300 shells of the various forms, taken in June and July, and found that every
individual contained young. If, as I believe it is generally understood, the sexes
are separate in Paludestrina, 1 should like to know what becomes of the males ?
I cannot offer any opinion as to how this species has been introduced into the
Droylsden canal. Very little, if any, timber is brought up here, the boats being en-
gaged in the coal and cotton traffic, so *‘ Baltic timber” can hardly be the solution of the
mystery of its introduction, which must have been quite recent, for this particular
portion of the canal was, up to two years ago, the favourite hunting ground of
Manchester conchologists, and it hardly seems possible they could have overlooked
the shell.—FRED TAYLOR (Read before the Society, Nov. 8th, 1899).

ON THE FORMS OF LACUNA PUTEOLUS (TURTON).

By L. St. G. BYNE, M.Sc.

(Read before the Society, May sth, 1900).

DuRING the ten years that my father, the late Mr. Henry Byne, and
myself worked at the marine mollusca of the Bay of Teignmouth,
South Devon, we had excellent opportunities of studying this variable
species in all its forms. We examined many thousands of specimens.
The species occurred in great profusion amongst seaweeds on rocks
at low water throughout the bay; the rare variety exfansa being
fairly abundant. I propose in these notes to offer some observations
upon the forms of this species that I have met with at Teignmouth
and neighbourhood, also describing new ones.

FORMS.

I.—Typical.

(a). Banded. This is the prevailing modification.

(6). Light-horn coloured. This has also occurred as a thin trans-
parent form with slight purple bands, and also stained with
carmine. ‘This latter may be due to some secretion of the
animal. Some examples are greenish-brown in hue.

(c). Whorls coloured a purplish-brown with a yellow band near the
apex. This variety is quite constant, and I have about fifty
examples. There are those who would give this a varietal name,
but I do not propose to do so. I have been and am still greatly
against burdening our list with slight varieties in colour or form.

(d). Horn coloured with a deep purplish band around the base of
the body-whorl. Two specimens only among thousands of
ordinary form.

(e). Horn coloured with a thin red line or band around the body-
whorl. A few only.

I am glad to note that Mr. Marshall has withdrawn his variety
plicata from the list. I quite concur in his opinion that it is not a
valid variety, the lines being worn by attrition.

IJ.—Var. expansa Jeffreys occurred mixed with the type. In one
instance, however, it was accompanied by large Z. divaricata. I have
noticed several modifications,

(a). Light-horn coloured.

(4). Banded.

(c). Plum coloured. I am indebted to the late Mr. Burkill for ex-
amples of this and the next form from Penzance.

(d). Milk-white. Penzance.

342 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

It is quite possible with large quantities of the species to form a
series, beginning with the type and ending with this variety. Many
intermediate stages can be picked out. I possess an example of this
variety with the umbilicus almost obliterated. |

III.—Var. clausa Jeffreys may be either banded or horn coloured.
I have made long observations upon this variety, but cannot bring
myself to believe in its validity. In my opinion it is only a mons-
trosity. I have this form in all stages, from the type to specimens
with the umbilicus totally eradicated. I venture to suggest that this
variety be expunged from the British list.

——_—_ -— $-@-¢—___-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

289th Meeting, April 11th, 1900.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
The usual periodicals received in exchange.
Further Donations to the Fund for clearing off adverse balance announced
and thanks voted: Gh
T. Godlee ... 6 spe ae 3a Nase allo al
Kenneth McKean ... Co)
Chas. Oldham I
CEEsCapililohertmer. fo)
J. Ponsonby I

Lol
Qo AO © ©

ToTraL £4 3 6

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Miss M. V. Lebour.
Paper Read:
“Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etc.,”’ by Edward Collier.

Exhibits.
By Mr. Thomas Rogers: Vetrina etheredget Hedley, Helicarion hillet Cox,
Microcystis catletti Pfr., and Exdodonta waterhouset Hedley, from Lord Howe Is,
By Mr. R. Cairns: A large series of He/¢x traz//i showing extensive variation.
A fine series of Pavtula was shown by Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill, R. Cairns,
R. Standen, T. Rogers, W. H. Heathcote, and the Manchester Museum, including
about eighty of the known species, and many varieties. A fine series of Diplomorpha
layardi and D. delatourt, showing the red and white-lipped forms of the former and
the type, and the large ‘“‘mountain form” of the latter, were also exhibited. The
opinion was expressed that Dzp/omorpha is a connecting link between Partz/a and
Placostylus.

290th Meeting, May 5th, 1900.
Held by the invitation of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill at Brook House, Prestwich.
Mr. E. R. Sykes, President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
Mollusca of the Royal Irish Academy Cruise, by G. W. Chaster (from the
author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

PROCEEDINGS : MAY 5, 1900. 343

Further Donations to the Fund for clearing off adverse balance announced

and thanks voted : JS, th
R. Bullen Newton ... 010 6
Bartlet Span © 5 ©
Thos. Edwards o +26
Bryant Walker 0 10 O
A. Hann o 5 0
J. Linton © 2 ©
G. F. Tregelles ; 0 5 0
Jas. J. Macandrew... St bo Tet 2)
Mrs. L. A. Smith (second donation) Le se MO
J. Farquhar... o 10 6
D. D. Baldwin 015 O
T. Hey © 5 ©
A. Hartley ... 010 0
Homa 6d g ©

New Member Elected.
Miss M. V. Lebour, Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Miss Jessie Reeve.
Annual Meeting.

It was announced that the Annual Meeting would be held at the Manchester
Museum, Owens College, on October 27th, 1900, and that there would be no
meetings in July and August.

Papers Read.

“Lovell Reeve : a brief sketch of his life and career, with a fragment of an
Autobiography, excerpts from his Diary (1849), and Correspondence,” by J. Cosmo
Melvill.

“*On the forms of Lacuna puteolus (Turton),” by L. St. George Byne.

After the President had suitably expressed the acknowledgments of the meeting
to Mr. Melvill for his hospitable reception, an adjournment was made for tea, and
thereafter for the inspection of the cabinets containing Mr. Melvill’s collection.

——— $-e-6—__-—_—

Helix virgata in Staffordshire.—A specimen of this species was reported to
me as having been found in Staffordshire as long ago as 1889, but on examination it
proved to be a very young H. zta/a. Since then I have been on the constant look-
out for #. vizgata in our county and it has at last been reported to me as found at
Wren’s Nest, near Dudley, in 1894, by Messrs. A. Wood and H. Overton, of
Sutton Coldfield. At my request Mr. Wood has recently visited the locality again
and forwarded to me a number of living specimens. These I submitted to Mr. T.
Rogers, the Referee of our Society, and he reports that he does not consider them

‘to be quite typical, I, therefore, take the opportunity of exhibiting the shells for the

examination of members. Some of them appear to me to be of a small typical
form. Mr. Wood is of opinion that this colony of A. vzvgata has been introduced,
as it only covers an area of about 20 square yards and the species is not found else-
where in the vicinity. May I take this opportunity of asking conchologists to
kindly supply me with any notes on Staffordshire mollusca or any references to the
Bibliography of the subject, as I am now engaged in revising our county list. —
Joun R. B. MASEFIELD, Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire, 20th October, 1899
(Read before the Society, Nov. 8th, 1899). é

344

LOVELL REEVE: A BRIEF SKETCH OF HIS
LIFE AND CAREER,

WITH A FRAGMENT OF AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY, EXCERPTS FROM HIS
DIARY (1849), AND CORRESPONDENCE,

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.

(Read before the Society, May sth, 1900).

Havinc always felt a great admiration for the subject of the following
notes, I regret that I can only recollect two or three occasions when
I had the pleasure of seeing him. One of these was during the

famous sale of
shells formed by
nison, of Liver-
26, 1865, which
all the principal
science, On this
to’ be “seen
Cummins, I,
of Starston
IMO, TGIR SS
ter, IWessirss
thur Adams,
Bart., Mr. G. F.
Messrs. Sower-
others famous
conchological
what late in the
third day of the

LOVELL REEVE,

the collection of
Mr. John Den-
pool, April 21—
was attended by
votaries of the
occasion were
Messrs. Hugh
Lombe Taylor,
Hall) 2a) olan
and his daugh-
Henry and Ar-
Sir D. Barclay,
Angas, the
by, and many
at that time in
circles. Some-
morning of the
sale,’ Mr. Lovell

Reeve, who was even then suffering from the illness which seven

months later terminated his useful life so prematurely, was wheeled

in, ina bath chair, immediately to become surrounded with his friends;

very soon one of the prizes of this famous collection, the most perfect

Conus gloria maris known, was put up for public competition, and it.
eventuatly fell to him at a high figure, very shortly afterwards to find

its permanent home in the Australian Museum at Sydney.

Some few years ago I made the acquaintance of Miss Jessie Reeve
at Folkestone and found she was in possession of some very interesting,
if somewhat fragmentary, memoranda belonging to her father. All

1 Mr. Reeve’s private collection had been sold also at Steven’s Auction Rooms two years
previously.

MELVILL: LOVELL REEVE—A BRIEF SKETCH. 345

the material in her possession, the publication of which is likely to be
interesting now to conchologists, she very kindly forwarded to me
after having taken especial trouble to read through a voluminous
diary, and cull therefrom certain extracts bearing upon his favourite
study, for which I am very much indebted to her.

These excerpts I purpose to print a little later on, together with one
or two letters, which may be interesting, as giving his views upon two
meetings he attended of the British Association, viz.: at Southampton,
in 1846, and Birmingham in 1849. Meanwhile it will be well to give
a slight sketch of the career and labours of one who, living, fortunately
for himself, during the very hey-day of acute systematic research,
applied himself so steadfastly and earnestly to his work, that it is to
be feared he early overtaxed his health and strength.

A serial, edited by him, entitled ‘Portraits of Men of Eminence in
Literature, Science and Art,’ contained in the number for December,
1865, a sketch of his career, written by a friend immediately after his
decease. For some of the facts here given I would express my
indebtedness to this account.

Lovell Augustus Reeve, born at Ludgate Hill, on April 19th, 1814,
was the son of Mr. Thomas Reeve, draper and mercer in the City of
London, who was brother-in-law of Alderman Waithman, M.P.,' they
having married sisters. It is somewhat melancholy reading to find
that though young Reeve distinguished himself very praiseworthily at
school, having obtained in eight terms as many prizes for proficiency
in Greek and Latin, he was, notwithstanding, removed at the early age
of thirteen from academic influence, and at once bound apprentice to
a grocer at Ludgate Hill. It is not difficult to forsee that had he
been granted a Public-school and University career he would have
obtained unusual distinction. Senior classics or Wranglers have
been formed before now out of less promising material! But itis a
depressing sight to contemplate, in imagination, a boy with this refined
and classic mind set down to weigh out a pound of molasses or dis-
pense a packet of tea. Still the silver lining that proverbially belongs
to every cloud made its appearance in the grocer’s shop in the shape
of a sailor who entered “with a pocket handkerchief full of shells,”
perhaps to barter them for produce, but this is not clear. To say that
they soon became the property of the young enthusiast, is perhaps
superfluous. Having acquired these, he at once became a staunch
devotee of conchology, the serious study of which had hardly before
been more than attempted. A friend, alluded to in the autobio-

1 Subsequently first Sheriff, then Lord Mayor of London. M.P. also for the City of London
during four successive Parliaments. The granite obelisk at the foot of Ludgate Hill perpetuates
his memory.

346 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

graphical extract as G.W.,' a compositor in Messrs. Spottiswoode’s
printing office, became his close friend and ally, and together they
scanned the shops and sailors’ quarters surrounding the Docks, in
search of possible trophies, and occasionally their zeal was well
rewarded.

A little later he formed the acquaintance of Dr. John Edward
Gray, of the British Museum, and, in 1833, attended the meeting of
the British Association, then in its infancy, at Cambridge, Prof. Adam
Sedgwick, F.R.S., the eminent geologist, being president for the year.
Here he widened his knowledge of and acquaintance with both men
and mollusca, and was appointed chiet of an exploring excursion made
to Wicken Fen and the Ely Marshes, whose solitary inn, still existing,
with the sign “Five Miles from anywhere,” bears the best testimony
to the solitude of what, at all events then, wasa ‘terra incognita,’
where men, women and children worked in agricultural gangs almost
like slaves in the partially reclaimed fen. Here rare plants such as
the Sexecto paludosus, S. palustris, and the scarce orchid Lzparis
Loeselit were seen but by few, while the large Copper Butterfly (Z.
dispar), now long since extinct, and the Swallowtail (P. machaon), with
many a rare moth, frequently eluded their pursuers on the treacherous
wastes they inhabited. Many fluviatile mollusca, especially P/anorbis
and Spherta, likewise abounded, and still do as I can personally testify,
at Wicken,’ and no doubt Reeve exhaustively studied these during
this excursion.

A few years afterwards, in Paris, he read a paper on the Classifica-
tion of the Mollusca. This was his first scientific contribution, very
closely, however, followed by the more ambitious ‘Conchologia
Systematica,” in two quarto volumes, published 1840-41, by Longman
& Co., with 300 plates. To meet the large expense of this work he
applied the whole of the fortune left him by his father, viz. :—The
ninth share of a reversionary interest in an estate on Ludgate Hill.

It was now very evident that scientific studies had taken so much
hold on him as to unfit him from pursuing any calling in which they
had no share; and it was therefore more than fortunate that Reeve
was enabled through his knowledge of mollusca, to make a wonderful
bargain in the purchase and re-sale of the von Ryder shells at Rotter-
dam. ‘These had been procured in the East Indies, mostly in the
Moluccas or Spice Islands, by the General of that name, and were

1 George Walker. Cyprvea Walkeri Reeve was named in his honour.

2 This interesting relic of fen-land is now on the market, and there exist grave fears on the
part of zoologists and botanists alike, that unless steps are taken with a view to preserve them as
a happy hunting-ground of the future in their pristine condition, the whole will at no distant date
be reclaimed.

MELVILL: LOVELL REEVE—A BRIEF SKETCH. 347

sold in ignorance of their value. It was at this sale that the two C.
gloria maris were procured, which eventually found their way into the
de Burgh and Lombe Taylor Museums. Having thus become a
capitalist on a small scale, and having a great desire, as fervent as
laudable, to illustrate in a permanent manner all molluscan species,
Reeve first started an emporium in King William Street, Strand, for
the sale of specimens and the publication of works.’ It was here that
in 1843, he began the most ambitious work of his life, entitled
“Conchologia Iconica.” It consisted of a series of monugraphs,
each devoted to a single genus, and the first fifteen volumes
were produced under the eye of the editor, who wrote all the
descriptions,” the illustrations being drawn by Mr. G. B. Sowerby,
Sen., the last five volumes were not only illustrated by Sowerby, but
the descriptions were likewise written by him after Reeve’s death.

The shells selected for figuring were the finest examples then pro-
curable, and the series started with the genus Conus, a frontispiece
being devoted to C. glorta maris. Besides his own collection speci-
mens were chiefly selected from the Cuming, Saul, and Stainforth
collections. The first of these is now incorporated in the British
Museum, the second, especially good in Cyfveu and Murex, is at
Cambridge, the third was dispersed by auction nearly fifty years ago,
but it is still known where many of its types are located.

It has lately become the custom, in certain circles, to sneer at many
of the authors who flourished about the period of which we are
treating,” inasmuch as in most cases, anatomical details are not
sufficiently considered. Doubtless the ‘Conchologia’ is not so much
a work for the malacologist as the conchologist, but that Reeve did
not neglect this important side of the science is shown by the publica-
tion, in 1850, of ‘*The Elements of Conchology, an Introduction to
the Natural History of Shells, and of the Animals which inhabit
them.”

1 The publishing house thus started earned an enviable notoriety by the issue of many a
natural history work of excellence, and has been recently converted intoa limited company. It has
been located for years at Henrietta Street, Covent Garden; but we believe we are correct in
stating that the descendants of Mr. Reeve have now no interest in it.

2 Lovell Reeve described, as new, very nearly two thousand species of mollusca, on a rough
computation, but amongst them are many well-known and fine members of their class. He
narrates in his ‘Conchologia’ that the Cyfrwa subviridis was the first he essayed to differentiate,
it having been, till his time, confused with C. evvones. The majority of his species were described
in his own monographs, but he occasionally collaborated with the Brothers Adams.

3 Naturally the classification of the ‘Conchologia’ is now out of date, and the work not
scientifically so reliable as when first issued; but to our mind the excellence of its plates veel for
ever remain unrivalled,

348 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A CONCHOLOGIST.

(A Fragment).

“Were these shells ever alive?” I remember once asking a sailor who
had sauntered into a shop where I was apprentice, with a little bundle
of cowries. “Alive!” said he, ‘‘I believe you, my boy, every one on
them.” How distinctly I recall to mind the chuckle with which he
opened out his double knotted blue calico handkerchief on the
counter. Whether any doubt lingered in the sailor’s mind as to their
once living existence I did not stop to consider. His answer
and the sight of the brilliantly enamelled shells made a strong
impression on me, and the purchase of them for a few pence was
the starting point of my conchological pursuits—I had already begun
to be a collector of objects of virtu. My apron-hook, which I
still keep as a reminiscence of the sweets of my early life, was
made with a choice coin, an Oliver Cromwell shilling. My master,
the eccentric G , was also a “collector,” along with the business
ofa grocer.. . . . Not long afterwards I came to know that my
shells really had been alive, in the sense that bones have life in the
living quadruped or bird; I learned that they were the work of an
animal whose skeleton is developed outwardly, and which being
exposed to light and heat, while secreted from the glands of a calci-
fying organ called the mantle assumes fantastic shapes, and is painted
with all the colours of the rainbow. It happened that among those to
whom I exhibited my treasures was one W , a name well-known
to connoisseurs in after days by a beautiful little cowry, named in
honour of his loving industry. It is a goodly practice among
naturalists thus to preserve reminiscences of each other. Well do I
remember the pride with which in an early stage of my career I
learned that a new Australian cowry had been named after myself !
Cowries have always been favourite shells with the conchologist. On
looking at my little collection W began to dilate with zeal upon
their formation, and describing with glowing interest how that the
animal occupant extended a mantle from out the aperture on either
side covering the entire shell which it had formed by the secretion of
successive layers of highly vitrified enamel. ‘‘But come and sup with
me,” said my new acquaintance, ‘‘and you shall see many other curious
specimens, and I will tell you stories of their life and habits that will
surprise you, and interest us both.” Good W , with fingers dyed
as though they had been dipped in Tartarus, was a compositor in the
well-known printing office of Messrs. Spottiswoode, and he lodged at a
house in Fetter Lane. It was my own lot to be bound apprentice to
a grocer on Ludgate Hill, so that like the slug we seldom quitted our

MELVILL: DIARY OF MR. LOVELL REEVE. 349

homes except at night. We spent the evening, and many future
evenings, pleasantly together, over a cabinet richly laden with con-
chological rarities, collected by stealth, as opportunity served, among
the shell dealers and sailors’ homes in the vicinity of the docks; well
do I remember the delight with which I used to “box Harry” (our slang
term for putting up the shop shutters), and hurry off to Fetter Lane.
What a good tempered and intelligent fellow was Walker! How he
could talk up to the last expiring minute of my time about his shells,
not as a fusty old collector of ornamental toys, but as a genuine
naturalist, showing me how that the mollusc, the animal inhabitant,
had the widest and most varied range of habitation of all moving
creatures, living at great depths and heights, in almost all latitudes,
how that it lives both in and out of water, and is known to swim, dive,
float, bore, craw!, leap, climb, and possess, in short, the faculties of
almost every other animal but that of flying. With this encourage-
ment I turned collector myself. My cabinet was a deal box about
two feet square, fitted with sliding boards, and I kept it in my bedroom,
a back attic with a low bent roof, and square latticed window
opening over the famous Belle Sauvage yard. Many an early hour
did I spend at that window looking now at my shells, then at the
arriving mails. Who does not remember Robert Nelson and the
smart four horse coaches of the once noted Belle Sauvage? How
merrily the guards sounded their horns. And what frequent customers
at our shop were these same guards and coachmen. There was old
Walter of the Cambridge Star, Tom Cross of the Lynn Rover, Bill
Neck-o’-Nothing of the Devonport Mail, Knowing Jim of the York
House, Bath, Harry Horton of the Birmingham Tallyho, brother of
Priscilla Horton, the actress, afterwards Mrs. German Reed, whose
lively laugh one could hear ere he turned the corner of the Old Bailey,
and a host of other jovial spirits. Where be their gibes now, their
gambols, their songs, their flashes of merriment! An incident
occurred about this time which . . (ere the WS. ends abruptly ).

EXTRACTS FROM THE DIARY OF MR. LOVELL REEVE
in 1849.

January 8TH.—Evening occupied in selecting specimens from the
duplicates of species of shells collected by Sir E. Belcher during the
expedition of the ‘‘Samarang,” to send to my kind friend Thos. Lombe
Taylor, Esq., of Starston, Norfolk. Few amateur conchologists have
collected shells with more liberality or intelligence. He indulges the
pursuit with an honourable zeal to do suit and service to science, and
his cabinet will be one of the most complete in this country. How
sad it is that the collection of shells in the British Museum is not

350 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

characterized by the same critical identification of species as in this
and numerous other less important private collections. Although
containing many interesting specimens and presenting an imposing
aspect in its general arrangement it cannot be consulted as an
authority for names.’

JANUARY g1tH.—Among our amateur collectors of shells are some
distinguished by considerable acumen and knowledge of species, and
whose collections manifest a much higher standard of critical dis-
cernment than is to be found in the British Museum. Among these
may be mentioned Mr. Taylor, of Starston, Miss Saul, of Limehouse,
Mr. Metcalfe, of London, independently of Mr. Cuming, whose
collection contains the types of nearly all the species (and there are
many) that have been described in London during the last sixteen
years, including the results of his productive voyages in both hemi-
spheres. It is to be hoped this collection will go to the British
Museum.

JANUARY 20TH.—Engaged in looking over my stock of ‘‘Concho-
logia Systematica,” of which four or five copies have been sold during
the last few months, though it is six years since it was published;
it is a poor work, would that I had it to do now!

JANUARY 23RD.—To a meeting at the Zoological Society where Mr.
Gray was occupied with a paper on the Turbinide, in which family
he proposes to separate the group of small white species hitherto
arranged with Delphinula. Upon which I thought it necessary to
state to the chairman, owing to the many occasions in which I had to
differ from Mr. Gray’s juggling of the genera, that in the present
instance I fully concurred with him, having experienced considerable
unwillingness to include these with the Delphinula type at the time of
the publication of my monograph. A discussion ensued on Mi.
Gray’s theory of regarding the operculum of the univalve shell as the
homologue of the pair-valve in the bi-valve which Prof. Owen and
each who spoke on the subject showed to be extremely absurd. Dr.
Melville’s paper on the ‘‘/dea/ vertebre” sent me home to bed.

JANUARY 241TH.—My poor ‘Elements of Conchology” advances
but slowly. Business absorbs my whole day, day after day, and the
little leisure I have from ‘‘C. Iconica” has been occupied with the
shells and mollusca of the voyage of the ‘‘Samarang,” add to which an
occasional love of relaxation in which I find the chief elements of
health and spirits.

JANUARY 30TH.—The 71st number of the ‘Conchologia Iconica”
commences the genus Achatina, affording material for several at-
tractive plates. There will not be much of novelty to record in this

1 Happily this state of things has long since altered for the better.

MELVILL : DIARY OF MR. LOVELL REEVE. 351

genus, the more recently discovered species having been anticipated
by Dr. Ferussac and Dr. Pfeiffer. <A visit last year to the magnificent
collection of Mr. Dennison, of Woolton Hill, near Liverpool, enabled
me, however, to bring away one or two fine specimens received by
him from Bogata and Vera Cruz. The land shells recently discovered
in this district, the interior of New Granada, and about the base of
the Cordilleras are superior in beauty to those of the Philipines.

FEBRUARY 7TH.—Renewed my acquaintance with the ‘‘Elements
of Conchology,” of which I hope to publish a number on the 1st
proximo. I very much regret having so long neglected this work,
especially as it sold so well, and must really try and finish it. The
difficulty I have to contend with isto find any time in which to think;
it is not easy to write the description of a new shell amid the inter-
ruptions of daily life, but having no closet to ‘‘shut the door about
me” and little time to go into one if I had it, I must be content with
what can be.

FEBRUARY 13TH.—To the Zool. Society where I had a paper on a
beautiful new x/imus, locality unknown, but from its appearance I
should suppose it to come from the rich arborescent woods of New
Granada. Mr. Gray proposed a new sub-genus of Tortoises and an
extremely warm argument took place between Dr. Melville and
himself on the propriety of it. Mr. G. seemed to have the discussion
of the preceding in his memory when his absurd theory of the
operculum of the spiral shell being analogus with the second shell
of the bi-valve was so ably demolished by Prof. Owen, Dr. M., and
others.

FEBRUARY 17TH.—Letter from Mr. Dennison, of Woolton Hill,
a country amateur of humble origin, but who having succeeded to the
possession of a large fortune spends it most lavishly in the purchase
of costly shells. His collection is composed almost entirely of
exceeding precious specimens in the finest possible condition. He
does not collect for any scientific object, nor cares about completing
a genus. His cabinet is of the most costly rosewood, beautifully
decorated with elaborate carving, and with plate glass, and paintings
of the interior of cathedrals in the panels. Every drawer is lined with
velvet, in which the shells are placed like a mess of porridge, without
names, and is covered in by a glass top with lock and key. By paying
liberal prices for specimens, all the rarest and best that come into the
country are offered him.

Marcu 7TH.—Letter from Mr. Guise, of Elmore Court, inclosing
a very accurate and spirited drawing of a fine Panopea Aldrovandt
for publication in the “Elements” showing its proboscis. ‘This fine
specimen of a large Mediterranean mollusk was taken alive two or

352 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. II, JULY, 1900.

three years since near the port of Messina, and purchased by the
Rey. L. B. Larking, who was staying there for the benefit of his
health. He had it alive for some little time in a large washing tub.
Its proboscis at that time was about two feet in length when fully
exserted. When irritated the animal would throw it about right and
left, inspiring the water through one of the siphons and ejecting it
from the other with great force.

Marcu 8rH.—Principally occupied this morning in arranging a
small parcel of shells received from M. Petit, of Paris, among which
are two fine specimens of the curious Bulimus caledonicus. Afterwards
in examining the small species of Achatina including several collected
by Mr. Benson in India.

Marcu 12TH.—Much engaged to-day in remodelling the description
of our new genus, which instead of calling CZjmene, have christened
Hemipecten. The Nomenclator is charged to the brim with the names
of sea-nymphs, there is not a Nereid left! And the daughters of
Oceanus are all ‘“‘used up.” Its affinities appear now to come nearer
to Anomia than Pedum, but more allied to Pecten than either.

Marcu 14TH.—To Mr. Cuming’s to look out the remainder of his
Bulimt having gone through, described and figured, when this remnant
is finished, the whole of his species of this genus, amounting. to
upwards of five hundred. Whilst there Capt. Spratt, just promoted
from the rank of lieutenant to that of commander R.N., paid Mr.
Cuming a visit. ‘This intelligent officer has taken considerable pains
to collect the land shells of Crete, Lycia, and islands of the Grecian
Archipelago, and promises to perform great things as soon as he has
the command of a vessel. There is a great difficulty in collecting in
a foreign expedition in our navy unless the captain has really a taste for
natural history himself. A naturalist is voted a bore and the crew
find little interest in working the dredge. Letter from Mr. Darwin
offering in the kindest terms to sign my certificate for the Royal
Society: “I have heard an account with what uncommon zeal you
have pursued natural history and on this ground I shall be happy to
append my signature to your paper, and to wish you all success. I
hope for the honour of that Society your being in the publishing trade
cannot be the smallest objection to you.”

Marcu 17TH.—I am so bewildered with work, in addition to the
demands of business, I scarcely know how best to employ my time,
“Tconica” on the one hand, “Elements” on another, ‘“Samarang”
mollusca on a third, and Belcher’s duplicate specimens to arrange
and dispose of to help in part to procure the means whereby I live.
Thank God, however, all are progressing.

MARCH 20TH.—“ Feeling unwell, obliged to withdraw from business.”

MELVILL? DIARY OF MR. LOVELL REEVE. 353

SELECTIONS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.

Southampton, Sef. rath, 7846.
My dear E— :

Having despatched a hurried letter this morning to Frederic,’ with
instructions to shew it you as a notification of my lonely yet tumult-
ous existence, I now sit down in order to have a sort of electro-
magnetic chat with my cara sposa. First, let me look over your note,
which I have read over a good many times in the absence of a second
edition to see what ‘quzres’ elicit any reply before I commence giving
you any analysis of my time in Southampton.

* * * % %* *

The next subject that you touch upon is devotional; believe me,
my dear E—, the pleasures of scientific enquiry in my case are not
those which allure the enquirer away from the Author and Finisher of
these objects. My enthusiasm is one of moderation; the greater the
amplitude of thought induced by such a multiplicity of subjects as are
now associated in this locality, the more I halt to consider the in-
significance of my own knowledge of things, and the profound
adaptation and immensity of the source from which they have
emanated. I had already arranged to cross over by the Isle of Wight
packet to Cowes, and spend a quiet Sunday with Mr. Bates, the
Secretary of the Royal Yacht Club, a devout and excellent man, who
seemed really as much pleased with my coming as I was with my
visit. We attended service morning and evening, and I returned by
the Mail Packet which did not sail till nine o’clock. I walked up to
Osborne House, and was fortunate enough to meet with three of the
royal children : one, a girl, I conclude the Princess Royal, on a pony,
alone, a groom leading the other two, face to face in a pair of
panniers hung with red cloth, one of these, the Prince of Wales, was
laughing and playing most obstreperously. I must, however, retro-
grade a little; on Friday we had a most interesting discourse from
Mr. Owen, which elicited a discussion in the end upon the subject of
England having formerly constituted a portion of the European con-
tinent. This was again agitated to-day, arising from a paper read in
the presence of Prince Albert, who walked about the room as ‘one of
us, by Prof. Forchammer, from Copenhagen; the detail of these
observations I will relate to you in brief when I return. On Saturday
we assembled about two hundred strong on board the good ship
Lady de Saumarez; the weather has been one unclouded sunshine
throughout the meeting, and a more agreeable excursion than this was
cannot be imagined. Imagine the learning of the world, as illustrated

zt Mr. Frederic Reeve.
V

354 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

by her several European representatives, passing round an island
exhibiting the geological structure of the crust of our globe with much
minuteness under the influence of a sunny sky, that you might almost
fancy some invisible hand had been round the night before with a
huge scarifier to lay bare the surface and clear it of unnatural débris
for our inspection! Every stratum of chalk and different coloured
earths and sands are displayed in sections under the cliffs, and every
point of interest was explained as we steamed along, by the different
geological chiefs most conversant with it. Imagine, then, this float-
ing beacon of philosophy, with now a Murchison, now a Buckland,
mounted on some conspicuous eminence in the vessel, holding a
series of conventicles, though I must say that the latter, notwith-
standing his clerical habiliments, looked more like a Lavater than a
Roundhead, his countenance beaming with good nature, his language —
teeming with figures of fun. It was quite dark long before we got
back to port, having landed twice for a closer examination of the
scenery. ‘Io-day I have been attending the sections; my diagrams
have just arrived, and to-morrow or Wednesday I am going to hold
forth on the calcifying functions of the mollusca.

I find I have got into a third sheet of paper, and am becoming
rather prosy ; so will reserve further accounts till my return, as I
think of running over to Portsmouth to-morrow. I may, however,
have to defer this till Wednesday, as we all dine together to-morrow,
the president in the chair.

The Queen came to the pier this morning in the royal yacht to
fetch Prince Albert, but did not land, notwithstanding the city
Bumbles turned out with their regalia. She waited there half-an-hour
for the prince, and had the president in for a chat.

I hope, please God, to be with you on Thursday, though 1t seems
an age to think of. The time here is a paradox, it flies quickly,
though it seems the realization of an age.

Excuse errors, for I haven’t time to revise my letter, and believe
me, Ever, dear E—, with kisses to yourself and bairns,

Your affectionate husband,
(Szgned) LOVELL REEVE.

[Copy of Letter}.
British Association, Birmingham,
My dear E—: Sepi. 5th, 1840.
I was glad to receive your letter to-day (having none yesterday),
and am pleased to find you speak so kindly and sincerely of your
reception in Ipswich. I am just returned from our excursion to the
Dudley Caverns. It has been truly an extraordinary sight. They

MELVILL: DIARY OF MR. LOVELL REEVE. 355

consist of excavations of great magnitude in the limestone rocks, and
were lit up for the occasion, at the expense of Lord Ward, with from
fifteen to twenty thousand candles, and extensive gas illuminations
and red and blue lights. Dudley is about ten miles distant, and our
party travelled thither in canal boats. We were fortunate enough to
head the party. Upon arriving at the extremity of the cavern, Sir
Roderick Murchison addressed the multitude (for many thousands
were assembled, the public being admitted freely after the Association
had passed in) with the aid of a speaking trumpet, and described the
geological structure of the caverns. ‘Three stentorian cheers were
given for Lord Ward, three for Murchison, and the Geological Society,
and three for France in honour of the presence of the French
Ambassador, who returned thanks through the speaking trumpet.
A canal flows through the caverns, serving to reflect the illuminations,
and upon returning along a lofty subterranean gallery, to look down
upon the multitude of visitors, illumined at intervals by the burning
of the blue and red fires, presented a scene I shall never forget. Sir
Roderick led the van, distinguished by a green chieftain’s hat and
feather. Upon getting into daylight he recognized me, with an “how
d’ye do” ? recollecting me, I presume, by my portrait. From this point
our party proceeded to the summit of a rock forming the brink of a
huge hollow basin, called the Wren’s Nest. Here Sir Roderick
delivered an excellent lecture on the geological features of the sur-
rounding country, and a vote of thanks was proposed by the Bishop
of Oxford in a glorious speech in which he styled him the “Silurian
King upon his Silurian Throne” (the name given by Sir R. to the
bed of rock upon which he was sitting), and the hills again resounded
with cheers. Mr. Robert Ransome has arrived, and was with us to-
day at Dudley ; he is gone this afternoon to the Hydropathicum and
will be back on Monday.

* * * * * *

I am just returned from church. The Bishop of Oxford’s sermon
was truly powerful; the church was crowded to suffocation, and yet
everyone listened to it with immense interest. It was a charity ser-
mon for the benefit of the lying-in hospital, but which he made chiefly
subservient to the subject of the cholera and the thankfulness with
which the people of this town ought to be inspired on account of their
immunity from this disease. He explained through the parable of the
leper why we ought to regard all sickness (not all pain) as a visitation
for some offence; whether he quite persuaded me of this I hardly
know—at all events, he inspired me with sincere feelings of gratitude
to God for the preservation to this time of myself and all that’s dear

356 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

to me on this side of the grave; and I gave half-a-sovereign as a
thank-offering, and renounced my intended visit to Kenilworth.

Mr. Gould joins us to-day at dinner, and in the evening we are
going to meet a few zoological friends at Mr. Spence’s. Now that a
new week has commenced I am looking forward to the pleasure of
meeting you and the children again at Ipswich, Deep, to our

return home.
Ever, my dear wife,

Your faithful and affectionate husband,

(Signed) LOVELL REEVE.

Have just heard that “101 was collected after the sermon. Mr. R.

went.
* * * * * *

Reply to a letter received January 17th, 1863, from C. C. Blake,
Esq., informing me that I had been selected for nomination (on pay-
ment of £2 per annum) as a foundation member of the proposed
Anthropological Society :—

Sir,

I feel much honoured by being nominated for election into your
society as a foundation member, but I have not yet reached higher in
the series than the mollusks, and anthropology therefore is quite
beyond me. In ichthyology my pursuits are limited to the dinner table,
with ornithology I rarely occupy myself, except in the game seasons,
or from oological motives, and my observations on the mammalia are
directed to the habits of a splendid specimen of the genus Equus
which takes me to and from the station. JI am sensible that the
noblest study of mankind is “anthropology,” but it will not add to
the anthropological strength of your society to enroll amongst its
members

Your very obedient servant,
LOVELL REEVE (Signed).
Ce Cs Hake, BSG,
Hon. Sec. Anthrop. Soc.

The following extract from the introductory chapter of a ‘ Narrative
of a Walking Tour in Brittany, by J. Mounteney Jephson and Lovell
Reeve, will tend to exhibit the latter in a new light, as an amateur
photographer. The ‘Narrative’ was sold with ninety stereoscopic
plates, issued separately.

MELVILL: DIARY

OF MR.

LOVELL REEVE. 357

On the Ist of June will be published, in handsome royal 8vo., with Map by Arrowsmith, and
Stereoscopic Frontispiece, price 12s.

NARRATIVE OF A WALKING TOUR IN BRITTANY,
By JOHN MOUNTENEY JEPHSON, B.A., F.8.A.
Accompanied by Notes of a Photographic Expedition,
By LOVELL RERVE, F.1L.8.

FROM THE INTRODUCTORY

Now, my reader—if I am so fortunate as to
obtain one—has to make up his mind to be my
fellow-traveller for five weeks. He will be called
upon to sympathise with me in prosperity and
adversity, in shine and shower, in picturesque
scenes and in tame, in bad inns and in good. He
must watch with me the joyous peasants of Fini-
sterre gathering in the harvest, among rows of
apple-trees loaded with rosy fruit, or beating out
the grain in the homestead with measured stroke,
or dressed in all the splendour of their traditional
costume, threading the mazes of the ronde as
their forefathers did in the days of Chaucer and
Froissart. He must traverse with me the savage
plains of Morbihan, bristling with the monu-
mental granite of the Druids, and rough with
entrenchments where Ceesar’s legionaries pitched
their tents. We must pace together the dim
mysterious cloisters of the medieval cathedral,

CHAPTER.

and climb the purple mountain, and penetrate
the hollow bridle-road, and linger beside the
brown rocky stream, the sculptured well, the
wayside cross, the grotesque Calvary, and the
ruined donjon, which a Du Guesclin held against
a Chandos or a Chandos against a Du Guesclin.
We must rest together on the farmer’s settle, and
the bench of the village inn, while the tailor plays
the binou, or the white capped peasant-girl sings
the plantive sOne of her country, or relates the
Celtic fairy-tale or the medieval legend. We
must mingle our regrets when our only fare isa
gigot which has helped to carry the patriarch of
that flock of white-eyebrowed goats which we
passed in the morning, across the rocky hills of
Finisterre, and rejoice together when a talented
chef exhausts all the resources of his art to serve
us with a refreshing potage, a delicate fricandeau
a loseille, or a savoury canard aux olives,

Issued separately are ninety Stereoscopic Pictures, mounted on cards for use in
the ordinary Stereoscope, in box with lock and key, price 5/. 5s.

LOVELL REEVE, 5, Henrietta-street, Covent-garden.

It only remains to be said that Mr. Lovell Reeve was twice married,
in October, 1837, and again in 1854; by his first wife he left surviv-
ing three daughters and a son, but there was no issue of the second
marriage. Mrs. Reeve, however, was resolved to complete the
magnum opus of her husband’s life: the “‘ Conchologia Iconica,” and
with the aid of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, senr., published vols. 16—20
(five in all), inditing the prefeetial remarks to the last volume.
I must again tender my best acknowledgments to Miss Jessie
Reeve for so kindly providing me with so many details and MS. in
connection with her father’s career.

Albinism at Eastbourne.—A large number of Va/vata piscinalis have this
summer been dredged in a ditch at Litlington, a few miles out of Eastbourne. On
being cleaned about two per cent. turned out to be the var. aléina Taylor, pure
white and very beautiful little shells. Several specimens of Limmnea peregra var.
candida have been found at Wannock Glen and in the Pevensey Marshes. Helix
ttala var. hyalozonata is not uncommon on a bank near Beachy Head. Clausilia
perversa vay. albina has been taken off a beech tree at ‘‘ Paradise.” ARTHUR G.
STuBBs, Eastbourne, 1900 (Read before the Soctety, Sept. 12th, 1900).

358
THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS
OF TENBY, SOUTH WALES.

By ARTHUR G. STUBBS.

(Continued from page 328).

Helix virgata (continued ).

Var. lineata.—Common, especially so on the Burrows near
Giltar. |

Var. minor.—Common, fields on the North Cliff, Jubilee
Gardens, Castle Hill, etc.

Var. leucozona.—-Common in the Jubilee Gardens, below the
Wreck Field; also at Giltar and Manorbier. Intermediate forms
between this variety and the type, showing the band plainly above the
periphery, are not uncommon.

Var. maculata.—Abundant, the handsomest specimens coming
from the Burrows round the Black Rock and Holloway Quarry.
Shells from the first-mentioned place have often a maculated band up
the spire, but it fades away near the mouth leaving the greater part of
the last whorl plain white; usually there are no bands below the
periphery in this form.

Var. radiata.—An exceedingly beautiful form of this variety is
to be found on St. Catherine’s Rock, but it is rare. Another paler
form has been taken in a very limited area of the Jubilee Gardens and
is also rare. Intermediate forms between this and var. pzcfa are not
uncommon in a few places.

Var. picta.—Not uncommon on St. Catherine’s Rock, in the
Jubilee Gardens, at Giltar, and at Manorbier. The Giltar and
Manorbier specimens have often a purplish tinge. Intermediate forms
between this variety and the type, and vars. /eucozona, motra, and
vadtata are often met with.

Var. moira.—Cottage gardens by the Ritec, at Giltar, and at
Manorbier. It usually lives in company with the next variety.

Var. nigrescens.—St. Catherine’s Rock, Jubilee Gardens,
Ritec Gardens, Giltar, Manorbier, and occasionally on the Burrows.
My finest specimens come from the Burrows, one measuring 16 mm.,
but this is an exceptional size for this variety, which is usually rather
small. It is most common at Giltar, where it is often blotched with
a purple tinge.

Var. hypozona.—Abundant in most places. The largest speci-
mens come from sheltered spots on the Burrows and measure from
16 to 18 mm.

Var. albicans.—Common.

Var. lutescens.—Abundant, and always found with the type.

STUBBS : LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF TENBY. 359

Var. rufula-zonata.—Not uncommon on St. Catherine’s Rock,
in the Jubilee Gardens, Ritec Cottage-Gardens, and at Giltar.

Var. ochroleuca.—This is a very distinct and beautiful form.
The bands, markings, and lips are orange or salmon-pink. It has
varieties corresponding to those of the ordinary type, but all the
markings, etc., are orange or salmon-pink instead of the normal
colouring ; both forms live together.

Var. alba.—There are colonies of this variety on the Castle Hill,
St. Catherine’s Rock, and South Chiff. It is also very abundant in a
grass court-yard at Pembroke Castle.

Var. hyalozona.—With the last in all places. ‘This is really the
type form of the last, and, as in var. ochroleuca, it has varieties corre-
sponding to those of the ordinary type form, but lips and markings
pure white.

Var. coalita var. nov.—Like the type, but having the bands
above and below coalesced, leaving a white zone round the suture
and umbilicus only. The Burrows and Jubilee Gardens, not common.

H. acuta.—Very abundant, and having nearly the same range as
ff, pisana in the district. It is most plentiful on the Burrows, in
some sheltered spots reaching 20 mm. in length of spire. The best
month for collecting this, and indeed the last four species, is September.

Var. inflata.—Much inflated specimens of the type and vars.
bizona, coalita, flammulata, and strigata are not uncommon. The
Burrows, Jubilee Gardens, etc.

Var. elongata.—Giltar, and a bank in the Jubilee Gardens.
Not common.

Var. bizona.—Abundant in some parts of the Burrows, and
fairly plentiful in some other places. Specimens from St. Catherine’s
Rock have very smooth and regular bands.

Var. coalita.— Common with the last variety. This is var. d¢zona
with the two bands coalesced, forming one broad band. Intermediate
forms connecting the two are common.

Var. flammulata.—Common on some parts of the Burrows
living with var. dzzona.

Var. strigata.—Abundant, and very variable as regards the
streaking.

Var. articulata.—This beautiful variety is found on some parts
of the Burrows and in the Jubilee Gardens, but it is not very plentiful.

Var. nigrescens.—Not uncommon in the Jubilee Gardens, and
a few other places; it is usually rather smaller than the other forms
with which it associates,

Var. alba.—A single specimen of the type form from Pembroke
Castle ; albino HZ. zfa/a and 4. wirgata are found in the same spot.

360 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

Monst.—Specimens with a twisted spire are occasionally met
with, and a not uncommon form of distortion, in places where there is
much traffic, is for the last whorl to be much larger in proportion to
the others than usual, and turreted.

Buliminus obscurus.—Not very common except on the North
Cliff, where they live, in fair numbers, among heaps of dry sticks and
dead leaves. Shells as a rule dwarfed, and rather bleached.

Pupa cylindracea.—Abundant everywhere. It varies consider-
ably in colour and the length of the spire.
Var. edentula.— Rare, Castle Hill.
Var. curta.—Not uncommon with the type on the Castle Hill,
St. Catherine’s Rock, and in Heywood Lane. —
Var. albina.—A colony on a wall on the North Cliff, and two or
three colonies on walls near Manorbier Castle.

P. muscorum.— This species is not common in the neighbour-
hood; there are scattered colonies on the Castle Hill, and it is also
to be found under stones and among moss on the Burrows.

Clausilia perversa.— Very abundant and variable as usual.
Var. gracilior.--North Chiff.

Cochlicopa lubrica.— Widely diffused but nowhere very plentiful.
Var. lubricoides.—St. Catherine’s Rock. |

Cexcilioides acicula.—Two dead specimens on the South Cliff,
beneath the Esplanade, and one dead specimen at Hoyle’s Mouth.

Succinea elegans.—Abundant in the marshes, and very variable
in colour and shape. They may be taken in great numbers off the
leaves of the yellow Iris and Reed Mace. In winter I have observed
them hibernating under loose stones on the tops of the low walls
enclosing the marshes, when they cover the mouth of the shell with
an epiphragm.

Var. minor.—Penally Marsh, not uncommon.

Var. ochracea.— Roadside near Holloway Quarry, and Pendine
Marsh ; not uncommon.

Var. longiscata.—Sides of ditches in Penally Marsh ; a well-
marked variety and scarce.

Var. virescens.—Gumfreston and Pendine Marshes ; occasion-
ally with type.

Var. albida.—Rare, ditch near Hoyle’s Mouth.

Carychium minimum.—Common in damp places throughout
the district. About fifty specimens were taken from an old tin kettle
lying in a trench of water on the Burrows, apparently none the worse
for their temporary immersion.

STUBBS: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF TENBY. 361

Planorbis fontanus.—In old pit-holes, full of water, near Hoyle’s
mouth,.common ; also sparingly in ditches on Gumfreston and Pen-
_ dine Marshes.

P. nautileus.—Abundant where it occurs, though local. It has
been taken in quantity from a small pond by Penally Station, and from
sundry ditches on Gumfreston Marsh. The finest specimens come
from the pit-holes near Hoyle’s Mouth, where it lives in company with
the last species.

Var. crista.—Common, with the type.

P. albus.—Common, and widely-distributed in the ditches on the
marshes ; it is also found in conjunction with the last two in the pit-
holes near Hoyle’s Mouth; the shells from the latter locality have
usually a wide expansion of the last whorl near the mouth.

P. spirorbis.—Very abundant. It is found in almost every ditch
and pond in the neighbourhood. It grows to a very large size ina
ditch near the Black Rock, where specimens measuring ro mm. in
breadth, or 4 mm. above the average size, have been taken. This
species is a favourite building material of the Caddis-larva, some of its
cases being built entirely of P. spzvorbds ; even the living mollusc is
sometimes pressed into service.

Var. albida.—Rare ; ditch by the Black Rock.
Monstrosities.—-A large number of remarkable distortions have
been taken in the Black Rock ditch (see above page 106).

Bullinus hypnorum.— Abundant in several of the ditches on
the marshes. It is especially fine in the Black Rock ditch, where
specimens of 17 to 18 mm. have been taken. The shells from some
ditches are long and slender, from others short and stumpy; the
colouring varies from pale yellow to deep reddish-brown, the darker
specimens, however, fading considerably in the cabinet. Planorbis
spirorbis is always found living with it in this neighbourhood, thus
confirming Mr. W. Nelson’s note in this Journal, vol. 3, p. 115.

Var. major.—Ditch by the Black Rock.

Monst. decollatum.—Gumfreston Marsh ; not uncommon.

For curious distortions from the Black Rock ditch, see above,
page 106.

Physa fontinalis.—Not nearly so plentiful as the last species ;
it occurs locally on the Gumfreston and Penally Marshes. The shells
are, as a rule, rather small, and are usually encrusted on the upper
whorls with a confervoid growth. A specimen having an abnormally
inflated mouth was taken in the Black Rock ditch.

Limnza peregra.—Exceedingly abundant. As a rule only the
smaller forms are to be met with, but these show the customary

362 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

variability in shape, colour, and texture, so much so, that I think it
may be said that many of the larger varieties are reproduced in a
dwarf form in this district.

Var. lacustris.—The Ritec stream, Tenby, and a stream at
Manorbier.

Var. lutea.—Ditches on Penally Marsh.

Var. acuminata.—Ditch by the Black Rock.

Var. vulgaris.—Various ponds and ditches.

Var. oblonga. — Stream near Old Waterworks, Tenby, and
stream near Manorbier Station.

Var. labiosa.-—Ditch by roadside, Laugharne (Chas. Jefferys).

Var. picta.—Stream and pond near the schools at Pendine ;
these are beautifully banded.

Var. maritima.—Ponds and ditches ; very common.

Var. pulchella.—Ditch on Gumfreston Marsh, and a small basin
in the Old Waterworks, Tenby.

Monstrosity.—See above, page 108.

L. palustris.—Abundant in the marshes. There is considerable
variation in this species also, especially in colouring. The finest
shells come from the Black Rock ditch, where it is very plentiful.

Var. elongata.—Ditch by the Black Rock. .

Var. tincta.—Scarce ; a few specimens from a ditch near Hollo-
way Quarry.

Var. albida.—Five specimens of this very rare variety have been
taken from the Black Rock ditch. ;

Monst. decollatum.—Not uncommon in Penally Marsh. See
also page 107 above.

L. truncatula.—Very common and widely diffused; April and
May are the best months to look for them. The largest measure 13
mm., and come from a roadside stream near Manorbier Station ; the
smallest adults measure 5 mm., and come from Gumfreston. The
colour varies exceedingly: ash-coloured, yellowish-brown, pale-brown,
to a deep magenta, while some are tinged with lilac.

Var. elegans.—Very fine in a ditch on Tenby Marsh, and at
Manorbier.

Var. microstoma.—Marsh Road near Holloway Quarry.

Var. major.—Stream at Manorbier, length 13 mm.

Var. minor.—Ditch near Gumfreston, length 5 mm.

Monstrosities.—Two turreted specimens have been taken.

Ancylus fluviatilis.—On account of the scarcity of fast-running
streams, this species is not common. It is found in fair numbers

STUBBS: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF TENBY. 363

on the water-wheel of the old mill near Scotsburgh, and under stones
in the bed of the stream. A rather curious habitat is the sea-cliff at
Waterwynch ; it lives on the ledges of the rock near high-water mark.
Although fresh water trickles over them from the cliffs above, they
must get plentifully washed with sea-water at the high-spring tides. .
The white variety is as common there as the type, and both are much
eroded at the apex; this is probably due to the action of the salt-water.
Var. albida.—Waterwynch ; common.

Velletia lacustris.—Common in the marshes. It seems to have
a preference for the decaying stems and leaves of the Yellow Iris,
Reed-Mace, and Bur-Reed, but is occasionally found on the Water
Plantain and floating Pond-Weed. Some specimens are much
narrower and more elevated than usual, and may probably be the var.
moguiniana (Bourg. ).

Var. albida.—Not uncommon in the Ritec stream, and in the
old pit-holes near Hoyle’s Mouth.

Cyclostoma elegans.— Abundant among the Dewberry Brambles
at Giltar. There is also a fair-sized colony of the type and vars. fasciata
and ochroleuca under Privet bushes in the Jubilee Gardens ; the shells
are larger and more handsomely marked than the Giltar specimens,
though in all probability they originally came from that place. It is
common at Pendine.

Var. ochroleuca.— Jubilee Gardens and Giltar.
Var. fasciata.—Jubilee Gardens.

Valvata cristata.—Abundant, and apparently the only repre-
sentative of the freshwater Operculata in the district. The finest
specimens measure 5 mm., and come from the Black Rock ditch.
This species seems to prefer the grass and plants at the bottom and
sides of a ditch, and does not swarm on the under-sides of floating
weeds, like the Planorbes ; a scoop with the dredge along the surface
will often not produce a single / crts¢ata, though the ditch may be
swarming with them down below. Slightly twisted specimens are not
uncommon, and one has the last whorl near the mouth coiled away
from the body-whorl, but it is not nearly so liable to deformity as
the Planorbes.

Anodonta anatina var. complanata.—This variety is still fairly
plentiful in the Ritec stream near Gumfreston, the locality mentioned
by Gwyn Jeffreys (B.C., vol. 1, p. 45). It is rather wonderful that
they have not been exterminated, as the bed of the stream at that
part is continually being dug out afresh, and the banks are periodi-
cally strewn with dead shells.

Sphzrium corneum.—Common in ditches and streams on the
marshes. ‘The largest measure 13 mm., and come from a ditch on

364 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

Penally Marsh below Giltar. Some remarkably globose shells come
from the same ditch, one specimen being of the same breadth as its
length, viz. 8°5 mm.

Var. nucleus.— Ditch by the Black Rock.

S. lacustre.—There are three small ponds containing this species.
One, near Hoyle’s Mouth, has a large form of the type, and a smaller
form ofa beautiful pearly-grey shade, almost white. They live together
in the same part of the pool, and all sizes from the very young to the
mature shells have been taken in both forms; moreover, the difference
in colour is constant all through. Another pond near the gas-works
contains the type, and a small pond near Holloway Quarry a form
allied to the var. zyckholtit.

Pisidium amnicum.—The Ritec stream near Gumfreston. The
shells are large, ro to 19°5 mm., and live in the same part of the stream
as the Anodonta anatina var. complanata.

P. fontinale.—Common in the marshes ; it is, however, as a rule
rather small in size, and variable in shape. 7

Var. Ccinerea.—Very fine in a pond near the gasworks, and a
pool near the old mill.

P. pusillum.—Abundant everywhere, and especially fine in the
Black Rock ditch.

Var. obtusalis.——Penally and Gumfreston Marshes.

P. milium.—Common on the Penally Marsh and in a few ditches
elsewhere. Specimens from a ditch below Giltar are above the aver-
age size, and an aberrant form has been taken on the marsh near
Penally Station ; it is larger, more oval, and coloured differently from
the type.

The following records for the county of Pembroke are not given
in the Distribution Tables of L. E. Adams “The Collector’s
Manual,” ed. 2.

1. Arion circumscriplus. 9. Luliminus obscurus.
2. A. gagates. 10. Cecilioides acicula,
Bp Ale OES: 11. Planorbis fontanus.
4. LHyalinia pura. 12. P. nautileus.

5. f. crystallina., 13. Limnea truncatula.
6. Helix aculeata. 14. Spherium lacustre.
7. HH. pulchella. 15. Ltsidium amnicum.
8. HA. fusca. 16. P. milium.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900. 365

The following papers, previously published in this Journal, may be
referred to :—

1.—J. W. CUNDALL: ‘‘List of Shells taken at Tenby,” vol. 6, p. 102.

2.—A. G. Srupps: “‘Observations on Abnormal Specimens of P/an-

orbis spirorbis and other Freshwater shells at Tenby,” vol. 9, p. 106,
1898.

3.— ——— “Observations on Limnea fperegra,’
1808.

4.—R. STANDEN : “Remarks on the cause of Abnormality in P/an-
orbis spirorbts,” vol. 9, p. 216.

WO Oy jo, 12,

Balea perversa.—Colonies on walls in several places. Two
forms are found: one short and stumpy, the other long and slender.
North Cliff, Heywood Lane, etc.—(lVote added Aug. 19, 1900).

Note on Tapes pullastra Montagu.—Some doubt having been suggested as to
whether this shell ought not to becalled 7: geographicus (Gmelin), the following obser-
vations may be of interest. Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., vol. 2, p. 357) records his opinion
that Venus veographica isa variety of Tapes pullastra, and since the former name
was given by Gmelin before the latter was proposed by Montagu, the step might at
first sight seem necessary. The fact is, however, that Jeffreys was in error ; indeed
it would seem as though he had not actually looked up the authorities to whom he
refers. The two shells are quite distinct, and Montagu’s name must stand for the
British species.

Gmelin (Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, p. 3293) created his Venus geographica with
the following references :—Gualt. Test., t. 86, f. H.; Chem. Conch., 7, t. 42,
f. 440. The former figure is very indecisive, but the latter is unmistakably Zapes
geographicus, the well-known Mediterranean species.

Montagu (Test. Brit. I., p. 125) gives for his V. pzllastra these references :—
Chem. Conch., vii., t. 42, f. 439; Linn. Trans., vi., t. 17, f. 13, 14 (Wood). The
two Chemnitzian figures referred to by these several authors are as different as
possible. It is true that Chemnitz refers his fig. 439 (erroneously) to Venus
litterata, but Montagu expressly states that it ‘‘is exactly the shape of” his, whilst
he also points out (as is indicated by his second reference) that Wood was the
first to separate 7. pullastra from 7. decussata, with which it had previously been
confused, though he did not give it a name.

Both 7: pullastra and 7. geographicus occur in the Mediterranean—a fact of
which Jeffreys, evidently from the wording of his remarks, was unaware. Both are
cited by Locard, and placed in widely different groups. Romer did not admit
Jeffreys’ dictum of their identity. —B. B. WoopWARD (Read before the Society,
September 12, 1900).

366

CERTAIN TERRESTRIAL TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA
FROM SOUTH-WESTERN EUROPE.

By SurcEoN K. HURLSTONE JONES, M.B., R.N., F.L.S.

(Read before the Society, June 13th, 1900).

THE Channel Squadron, in which I have recently had the honour of
serving, usually makes two cruises a year to the south-west of Europe
—one in the spring, and the other in the autumn months ; and it has
been during these cruises that the following notes and observations
have been made.

The Iberian Peninsula is the part of south-western Europe which
the Channel Squadron mainly visits, and Gibraltar is naturally its head-
quarters when cruising in those parts, so that it is not remarkable that
most of my notes refer to that fortress. Other places at which I have
had the good fortune to take conchological notes are Arosa Bay, in the
north-west of Spain, and Algerciras in the south, on the opposite side
of the bay to Gibraltar, Lisbon, Cintra, and Sardinia.

Arosa Bay is a magnificent natural harbour, the shores of which
teem with the littoral marine mollusca of the north temperate Atlantic
—Buccinum, Purpura, Trochus, Patella, etc., but it is not proposed to
deal with these here. The geological formation is all old red sandstone,
and the soil metamorphic and very rich. The sandstone occurs in the
shape of great rounded boulders on the slopes of the hills, and as
rocky islets in the bay, whilst the apex of nearly every small elevation
is a quaintly-shaped pile of the same rock. ‘The country is thickly
populated, the people being evenly scattered over its surface, or con-
gregated in very small villages, and the ground is widely cultivated in
a rather slip-shod manner.

At Gibraltar the formation is limestone, and the same holds good
for the hills at Aranci Bay and Cagliari, the two places at which I
have collected in Sardinia. ‘The country around Gibraltar is rich but
very barren, scantily populated, and to a great extent uncultivated,
as is also the case at Aranci Bay, whilst at Cagliari I spent so short
a time that I could make no observations worth recording as to the
country in general.

At Arosa Bay, where vegetation is luxuriant and plentiful, and lime-
stone the geological formation, a condition was produced, which I have
noticed also ina less marked degree under similar circumstances else-
where, namely, that whilst the soft parts of the terrestrial mollusca
were large and well developed, the shells on the contrary, though of
necessity large in order to cover the soft parts, were of extreme thin-
ness, so much so that, like those of He/ix fusca, they required the

JONES: TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA IN SOUTH-WESTERN EUROPE. 367

greatest care in handling, so readily were they broken. Shells were
fairly plentiful, but required carefully looking for at Arosa and Aranci
Bays, whilst at Gibraltar, Cagliari, and to a rather less extent at Cintra,
near Lisbon, they fairly swarmed.

I am much indebted to Mr. J. H. Ponsonby for the kindness with
which he has helped me to name certain of my specimens, and also to
papers by him and by Dr. Kobelt."

Parmacella calyculata (Sow. ).—I found the shells of this species
fairly commonly in the rifts and crevices of the rock at Gibraltar on
the way up to the signal station, but I could never discover a living
specimen. I do not, however, concur with Dr. Kobelt and Mr. Pon-
sonby in considering it rare, for the shells are extremely plentiful, but
the species has very likely increased since their observations were
made. Taken also at Algerciras.

Hyalinia draparnaldi (Beck).—-Like all the Zyadiniz this species
was rare at Gibraltar, and about half-a-dozen specimens, dead and
alive, represent all that I obtained in many weeks careful collecting
there.

H. cellaria (Miiller).—One or two specimens of this species were
taken on the top of the hill where the memorial to H.M.S. “Serpent”
is placed at Arosa Bay, in October, 1898.

H. calpica (Kobelt).—A few specimens which I think may be
safely relegated to this species.

Helix lenticulata (Fér).—This find adds another to the list of
inexplicable disappearances and recurrences of species, for Dr. Kobelt
in 1884 found this species commonly at Gibraltar, whilst after many
weeks’ careful searching in 1898-99 three dead shells were all that I
could find. I found it also at Cagliari.

H. coquandi (Morelet) var. ellioti (Kobelt).—Of the two forms
of this mollusc, the yellow shelled one is found all over the western
side of the Rock, whilst the five banded is, so far as I could ascertain,
confined to one small tract, consisting of about forty yards of a path
in the uppermost part of the Alameda Gardens, bordered by a species
of Aloe. Here this species is moderately plentiful, and here alone at
the present time the five banded form occurs, and although the yellow
one is found in other parts of the Rock as well, it is scarce, and
generally one at a time only can be taken. Another curious point is
the fact that I only found this snail occurring in the above mentioned
tract in the adult state during the last three weeks of November, 1899,
and although I searched most carefully during the same three weeks
of 1898 I never saw one there then. Dr. Kobelt, in May, found the
young of this species much more common than the adults, whereas

t J. Conch., vol. 4, p. 1-9, 1883, p. 266, 1885.

368 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

I never noted any young ones amongst the few I saw in that month,
but in November immature specimens were decidedly in the majority.
The five banded form occurred to the extent of about 25 per cent. of
of the total specimens. Curiously enough I could never find this
species on the Spanish mainland near Gibraltar.

H. lactea Mull.—With the doubtful exception of H marmorata
this is perhaps the commonest terrestrial mollusc which Gibraltar
produces, for except right in the town it is common everywhere, but
much more so on the western face of the Rock than the other. It
has a habit peculiar to it and to . wirgata, H. pisana, and to a less
extent to H. marvmorata, of fixing itself in some exposed position in
the full glare of the sun and waiting there till the heavy night dew
commences to fall, when it proceeds to feed. In wet weather, how-
ever, it prowls around in search of something to eat in the daytime.
It may be as well to mention here the fact that this species, in common
with A. marmorata, Rumina decollata and Hyalinia draparnaldt
suffers severely from the attacks of certain parasitic diptera and
coleoptera. I haye frequently found specimens of the above
species, from the mouths of whose shells was trickling a thick, black
slimy material; such shells are often found to contain as many as
twenty or thirty dipterous pupz. Again I have frequently taken
Rumina decollata with almost all the whorls filled up by a big white
coleopterous larve. I was at first of opinion that these larvae had
only attacked the molluses after death, but later I had the good
fortune to observe a coleopterous larva attacking a living, immature
Hf, marmoraza, and this larva I kept until it became a perfect insect,
one of the Drilidz. There can be no doubt from the differences in
size of the larvee, and from the fact that my specimen completed its
metamorphosis in a comparatively young 4. marmorata, that the
larger ones are those of a different species.

The Gibraltar specimens, though nicely marked, are not very large,
but here again there is a good deal of difference between those from
the limestone near the top of the rock and those from the meta-
morphic deposits at its base—the former are far more solid and rather
smaller than the latter, and as a rule less brightly marked. I found
this shell numerous both at Algerciras and Ronda, on the Spanish
mainland, where, however, the specimens are smaller than they are in
Gibraltar.

Var. alybensis.—This variety, named by Kobelt, is still the
commonest form at Gibraltar,

Var. maura.—Occurs sparingly at Gibraltar and more plenti-
fully at Ronda, a town about eighty miles inland from Gibraltar.

Var. grisea.—aA curious point about this variety is the fact that
whilst in the autumn of 1898 it only formed about five per cent. of all

JONES : TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA IN SOUTH-WESTERN EUROPE. 369

the specimens, at the same time of year in 1899 it had increased to
about twenty-five per cent. of the adults and even more than that
among the young.

I think an analogy presents itself here between the sudden increase
of this variety of Wyalinia dactea and that of var. e//iotd of Hl. coguandi.
Both occurred for some unknown reason at the same season of the
same year. The specimens of this variety which are found in the
Alexandra Gardens and lower parts of the rock generally are as a rule
both larger and darker than those obtained at a higher altitude in
Gibraltar.

Var. alba.—Albino-shelled specimens of this species have long
been known, but so far as I can ascertain, not yet named. I have,
therefore, proposed the above (azzea p. 302). Kobelt found albino
specimens of “7. /actea commonly at Gibraltar, as well as those
pseudo-albino forms which usually occur with the animals bearing
truly albino shells. At the present time there is one small spot only
(so far as I know and I have searched very carefully) where this
variety occurs. This place is a slope above the path leading to
Monkey-cave range, and is not many yards square. ‘This variety is
not very common there and four is the greatest number I have ever
taken in an afternoon’s collecting. Forms with light fawn or pinkish
mouths and often with light yellow translucent bands also occur but
very sparingly.

I also took in the same spot as the albino specimens alluded to above
a very curious form in which the five bands were all suppressed except
the third one, a condition so common in our own Helix nemoralis,
but which, except for my own three specimens, I have never before
seen in Helix lactea.

H. vermiculata Miuill.—A few were found among limestone
rocks at Aranci Bay, and one specimen in the ancient Roman amphi-
theatre at Cagliari in Sardinia. ‘The specimens were all typical.

H. marmorata (lérussac).—This is, I believe, the commonest
shell-bearing mollusc in Gibraltar, if possible even more so than
H1. lactea. Everywhere this snail is to be found, even on the walls of
the houses in the town and down by the dockyard; but its stronghold
is the high slopes on the western face of the Rock, where it can in
dry weather be found in the cracks and crevices of the limestone, in
masses of twenty or thirty at a time glued together by dried mucus.
This is, however, only in dry weather. In wet weather it is very lively,
crawling about on the face of the wet rocks and among the herbage.
I could not find it at Linea or Algerciras, places in immediate
proximity to Gibraltar on the Spanish mainland, although the condi-
tions seemed admirably suited to it there. It occurs, however, again

370 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

at Ronda at an elevation of 2,500 feet, and the specimens there
found are much flatter, thinner and of a lighter colour than those at
Gibraltar. All specimens at Gibraltar are most beautifully marked
and several well differentiated forms occur, the two most distinct of
which are, one with five distinct bands, three above and two below
the periphery, and one in which there is the usual mottling above with
two distinct bands below. I also took two specimens of the form I
have named var. a/da, one of which curiously enough was found
among the albino H. Zactea.

Helix hospitans (Bonelli).—I found a few nicely marked speci-
mens of this species in the ruined Roman Amphitheatre at Cagliari,
Sardinia.

Var. alba.—About. equal in numbers with the type at the same
place. ;

H. virgata (Da Costa). —Found at Gibraltar, Algerciras and Linea
only. Linea, I might mention, is the Spanish town which lies just
beyond the neutral ground to the north of Gibraltar. The specimens

vary enormously 1 in size and coloration, but for the most part although
the size is approximately that of those found in Great Britain their
brilliancy and beauty is far beyond anything I have ever seen in our
Islands. At Gibraltar and Linea this species is only fairly common,
but at Algerciras it swarms everywhere, and exposes itself even more
than ZZ. pisana and /. /actea to the rays of the sun. ‘The varieties of
this species most commonly met with were :—
Var. radiata. —This beautifully marked variety is very common
both at Gibraltar and on the Spanish ‘mainland and specimens
of it are often of great size.

Var. albicans.—This variety is only found on the banks hordes
ing the road which. runs from Algerciras to Tarifa; it is there fairly
plentiful.

Var. leucozona.—T his is common at Algerciras ; the specimens
are usually small.

Var. nigrescens.—Very plone at [gore ils, but of rather
small dimensions.

Var. major.— Many specimens dpproieh ie variety from their
exceptional dimensions. mae :

H. illibata Parr.— Three specimens of this species were taken
near Algerciras and, so far as I know, it has not been taken there before.

-H. caperata (Montagu).—I ‘have taken a few specimens of this
species at Gibraltar, on the road running to Willis’s, above the Moorish
‘Tower. The specimens are of normal size. This is I believe a new
record for Gibraltar. I also took a few specimens of this species on
the top of the hill where the monument to the officers and men of

JONES : TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA IN SOUTH-WESTERN EUROPE, 371

H.M.S. “Serpent” is erected at Arosa Bay. These last were, like
all the Arosa Bay shells, extremely thin and fragile. Var. ovzat¢a occurs
with the type.

H. pisana (Miiller) —This is a very common species all over such
parts of south-western Europe as I have visited. I found it plentifully
at Gibraltar, Linea, Algerciras, and Cintra near Lisbon, and in rather
less quantity at Arosa Bay in the north of Spain, and at Cagliari in
Sardinia. ‘The Gibraltar specimens are the largest and strongest, and
those from Algerciras the most beautifully marked, whilst the Arosa
Bay and Cagliari examples are rather small and inclined to be feature-
less as regards colouring. The varieties albicans and /ineolata are
those most frequently met with.

H. barbula Charp.—This species was only met with at Arosa Bay
where it was not uncommon. ‘The shells were fairly large but
extremely brittle, so much so that they required most careful handling
in cleaning.

H. nemoralis (L.).—I only met with this species about Arosa Bay
and Cintra in Portugal. The Arosa Bay specimens were all of large
size and rather fragile, whilst in colouring they presented the most
remarkable heterogeneity I have ever known this species to exhibit.
No two specimens are quite alike, and hardly one of them exactly
conforms to the requirements of any varietal name. Some are almost
the colour of var. cas¢anea and others almost that of var. rude//a but
they are never exactly these. In the Arosa Bay specimens those
which approach these two varieties most nearly have a curious shade
of green in the composition of their colouring, and all specimens
present a remarkable mottled appearance which is due I believe to
the texture of the shell itself.

As regards band formule the usual 12345 was undoubtedly the
commonest at Arosa Bay, and at Cintra was the only one almost,
though oo000 and 00300 did occur very sparingly at the latter place.
At Arosa Bay the formula which occurred next most commonly to
- the normal was the rare 00345, which considering its unusual occur-
rence elsewhere is of note. The Cintra specimens presented in
contra-distinction to those from Arosa Bay well-marked examples of
the varieties rwbella and Jibellula.

H. aspersa (Miiller).—Wherever I went I found this beautiful
mollusc, and always in considerable numbers. The most remarkable
specimens that I saw were at Arosa Bay, the largest at Gibraltar, and
the most beautifully marked at Cintra. The shells of the Arosa Bay
specimens though large and richly coloured were by far the thinnest I
have ever seen, reminding one strangely in their extreme fragility of
those of He/ix fusca, So thin were these tests, that they appeared

372 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

almost membraneous and could with ease be indented by the finger
nail, whilst to let one fall when wet was instant destruction to the
specimen, ‘he specimens obtained at Aranci Bay in Sardinia were
also frail, but not in so marked a degree.

The following well-known varieties were observed :—

Var. marmorata.—This variety I only found at Gibraltar and
there confined to a comparatively small area near the Windmill Flats,
though an occasional sporadic specimen was rarely met with in other
parts of the Rock.

Var. minor.—Curiously enough this variety is also only to be
found at Gibraltar, where it is sparingly to be met with in the higher
parts of the Rock.

Var. unicolor.—I am of opinion from my own small observations
that this variety, so rare in Great Britain, is one of the commonest on
the Continent. At Arosa Bay about sixty per cent. of all specimens
were of this variety, and at Aranci Bay about fifty per cent. At
Gibraltar I have taken this variety once only. It was possible at
Arosa Aay to get together a large series of shells of 7. asfersa showing
a complete transition from the typical form to this variety, so that I
think one may safely regard all fecbly marked specimens as steps on
the way towards the suppression of markings altogether.

Var. zonata.—The bulk of the specimens taken at Algerciras
were of this variety. It occurred also somewhat sparingly at Gibraltar
and was decidedly rare at Arosa Bay.

H. conspurcata (Draparnaud).—Dr. Kobelt says of this species
that it occurs here and there and not too commonly at Gibraltar. As
a matter of fact I found it now very local, but also plentiful after rain,
in the Alameda Gardens and the road just above them and during
the autumn months. In March, Apriland May I have quite failed to
discover a single specimen.

H. apicina (Lam.).—When Mr. Ponsonby first found this species
at Gibraltar in 1883 it was confined to the North Front, but now it
has spread considerably, and is found all over the lower parts of the
Alameda Gardens and as far as Rosio Bay to the south. I saw one
specimen of the species at Cagliari in Sardinia.

H. acuta (Miiller).—This species occurs in countless thousands
on the North Front at Gibraltar, though it is also met with high up
the Rock, in the Alameda Gardens, and, in fact, all over the fortress
besides. Some of the specimens are of great size, but such are rare.
I also took this species in some quantity at Aranci Bay and Cagliari
in Sardinia, but on the Spanish mainland adjoining Gibraltar I could
not find it,

JONES : TERRESTRIAL’ MOLLUSCA IN SOUTH-WESTERN EUROPE. 373

Var. strigata.—This is the most common form at Gibraltar:
Var. alba.—I took this variety once at Gibraltar.

H. semirugata (Kobelt).—This is a rare form related to Helix
lanuginosa, for which indeed I mistook it. I have taken it once only
in a very circumscribed locality near Algerciras.

Cochlicella conoidea (Drap.).—This species I obtained in two
localities only, namely Gibraltar and Cagliari. At Gibraltar, where I
believe it has not previously been noted, it is confined to a hedge of
Aloes which fringes the road running past the North Guard House,
at the southern border of the neutral ground.

Var. calaritana (Paulucci).—The Cagliari specimens were of
this variety.

C. ventricosa (Drap.).—Only found at Algerciras, where it is
extremely abundant in the autumn and in wet weather. In the
summer not a single specimen is to be seen anywhere, and even in
winter if the weather be dry it is very hard to obtain it. Two forms
occur, one with black bands, one to each whorl of the shell, and a
bandless form.

Leucochroa rimosa (Paulucci).—Three specimens only from
the Roman Amphitheatre at Cagliari.

Ferussacia folliculus (Gronov.).—This species is extremely
plentiful at Algerciras, and like Cochlicella ventrosa, in company with
which I have usually found it, it occurs almost entirely in the autumn
and during wet weather. Unlike the Cochdicella, however, it always
keeps under stone and pieces of wood, and does not climb up the
stems of plants and grasses. Numerous young are to be found at the
beginning of December. I have only taken this species sparingly
at Gibraltar.

Var. viridans.—‘ Shell greenish white.” I have ventured to
apply this name to a variety I discovered at Algerciras.

Rumina decollata (L.).—I took this species alive at Gibraltar
and also noted many dead shells at Algerciras, Cagliari and Cintra,
near Lisbon. Common as this species is, it is one of the most
difficult to obtain alive. At Gibraltar and Algerciras the dead shells
litter the ground in thousands, and yet once only for a period of a few
days were the animals to be taken alive in any quantity. The period
referred to lasted for about ten days in the beginning of April, when
this species was laying its eggs. I could, during that time, find any
quantity of specimens on the upper parts of the Rock, especially
above the Moorish Tower and towards Willis’s. All those I obtained
had their shells deeply discoloured by the red earth in which they
had recently been buried, and in which, indeed, many were still

374 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 19CO.

partly imbedded when I found them. The eggs are about 3 mm. by
14 mm., white, with a distinct calcareous shell and well-marked yolk
and the average number contained in a single individual was about
forty. Lumina decollata can, of course, be taken at other times
besides during this short period, but it is only in very small numbers
or in ones and twos at atime. The most I have myself collected,
outside this particular space of time, has been seven, after four days
of continuous rain in November, 1898. Young specimens with their
apical whorls intact are not infrequently met with, but chiefly as dead
shells. Aumina decollata secretes a fairly thick white calcareous
epiphragm, remains of which always seem to remain attached to the
interior of the last whorl of the shell in living specimens. No species
of land mollusca suffers more severely than this from the ravages of
parasitic coleoptera, and fully twenty per cent. of all the specimens
are found with the lower whorls of the shell filled by a large white
larva. Unhappily I never bred this species of parasite, but I am
quite certain it is a different one from that infesting the Helicide.

Cyclostoma sulcatum (Draparnaud).—A few from the Roman
Amphitheatre at Cagliari. I regret that whilst collecting the terrestial
mollusca of the above places, I did not devote some portion of my
time to the freshwater species, which at Arosa Bay, at any rate, were
fairly plentiful. The only fluviatile molluscs, however, I brought
back with me were a species of P/anorbis and a species of Velletia,
neither of which I have been able to name: these I took in a small
stream near Algerciras, ;

Clausilia bidentata Strom. with two perfect mouths, — A specimen of
Clausilia bidentata with two mouths was found by me at the root of one of a
clump of ash trees on the south side of Cave Hill, Belfast. In order to account
for the injury to the shell, which has been so strangely repaired, I have watched
the cole and blue tits as they searched the trees in quest of their insect prey, and
although I have not actually seen them mutilate shells I strongly suspect that this
specimen received their attention. I have procured a number of living shells of
this species, but the cold weather has prevented them from being active. Later
on J intend to submit them when crawling to my caged siskin, in order to observe
how they will be received. When active C/, dzdenfata very much resembles a skip-
jack beetle, which the tits are not likely to pass by unnoticed. This specimen
might have served as original to Mr. J. W. Taylor’s illustration (Monograph
Brit. L.F.W. Moll., p. 119.)—HuGuH L. Orr (Read before the Soctety, Jan. oth,
1900).

Note on Eastbourne Mollusca.— elix caperata var. obliterata has also been
found on the ‘‘ Victoria Drive,” near Eastbourne. Segmentina nitida and Planorbis
Jontanus have been found living together in the Pevensey Marshes, and there is a
fine colony of Helix cartustana near East Dean on the Downs.—ARTHUR G.
Stubgs, Eastbourne, 1900 (Read before the Society, Sept. 12th, 1900).

375

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

2g1st Meeting, June 13th, r900.

Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, vol. 10, 1897 ;. Preliminary
Report of the Klondike Gold-Fields, Yukon District, 1900; Descriptive Note on
the Sydney Coal-Field, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, 1900 ( from the Director of the
Survey) ; Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 2, 1g00—Mollusca, by ER. Sykes, with inter-
calations on anatomy, by Lieut.-Col. Godwin-Austen (from the author); and the
usual periodicals received in exchange.

Further Donations to the Fund for clearing off adverse balance announced

New Member Elected.
Miss Jessie Reeve, St. Mary’s Cottage, Gamlingay, Sandy, Beds.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Miss Emily P. F. Bury ; and Mr. W. H. Johnson.

Alteration of Rules.
It was announced that at the Annual Meeting the following alterations of rules
will be moved on behalf of the Council :—

(a). To rule 4 add—‘‘ If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three
or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase
his or her name from the list of members, and shall take whatever steps seem
desirable for recovery of the arrears.”

(2). In rule 8 for ‘‘ one year” read ‘two years.”

Papers Read.

“On the Mucus-Threads of naked Terrestrial Gasteropoda (land-slugs),” by
H. Wallis Kew.

“Certain Terrestrial Testaceous Mollusca occurring in South-Western Europe,”
by K. Hurlstone Jones, M.B., R.N., F.L.S.

** Report on the collection of Mollusca formed by Mr. Rupert Vallentin, at
Stanley Harbour, Falkland Isles, 1897-98,” by Jas. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.,
and R. Standen.

Exhibits.

By Mr. T. Rogers: A number of marine shells from the Sandwich Islands.

By Mr. Edward Collier: Helix nemoralis, H. hortensis, and H. arbustorum
from Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire, showing peculiar weathering, probably caused by
the unusual heat of last summer.

By Mr. F. Taylor: A keelless form of Helix lapictda from Buxton; Physa
heterostropha from the canal at Guide Bridge; Planorbis dilatatus from a new
locality near Manchester ; Ceczliozdes acicula, a large series of living specimens
from Miller’s Dale; AZe/antho decisa from Brandfort, Ontario. The series of MWe/antho
included a fine example of the extremely rare sinistral form.

By Mr. R. Standen: An interesting series of eptunea desfecta sent for exhi-
bition by Mr. A. Smith, Hon. Sec. of the Grimsby and District Naturalists’ Society.
These are identical in form with examples from Kolguev and Spitzbergen, and

376 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

more nodose than the usual Norwegian type, and are said to be obtained by the
new-fashioned trawls which have been employed since 1897 to fish in the deeper
waters of the North Sea. Prior to that time they were not taken by the trawlers,
and Mr. Smith is of opinion that this. Arctic species is living in the deep waters
off our coasts. A remarkable abnormal form of Bzcczum undatum, taken off the
Lincolnshire coast, was also shown.

292nd Meeting, September 12th, 1900.

Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, by F. W. Hutton; Catalogue of the
Fossil Bryozoa in the British Museum, vol. 1, 1899 (Presente? by the Trustees);
and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted:

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: Mounted sets of Helzx cantiana, Limnea peregra vat.
cantida, Valvata pisctnalts var. albina from Litlington, near Eastbourne.

New Members Elected.

Mr. W. H. Johnson, 97, Rumford Street, Chorlton-on-Medlock.
Miss Emily P. F. Bury, 77, Elm Park Mansions, Park Walk, Chelsea, S.W.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Mr. W. A. Cockshott.

Resignation.

Mr. W. A. Gain.

Papers Read.

‘The geological distribution of British extinct non-marine mollusca,” by R. B.
Newton.

“* Note on Zafes pullastra,” by B. B. Woodward.

‘¢ Albinism at Eastbourne,” and ‘‘ Note on Eastbourne Mollusca,” by A. G.
Stubbs.

“ Helix arbustorum at a high altitude,” and ‘‘ Notes from Porthleven, Corn-
wall,” by Rev. J. W. Horsley.

Exhibits.

By Mr. A. G. Stubbs: The series of sheils from Litlington, near Eastbourne,
presented to the Society’s collection.

By Mr. J. R. B. Masefield : Four specimens of Helix nemoralis from a garden
at Cheadle, Staffordshire. The shells are richly-coloured, and belong to the var.
undulata, but are unusually thin. As they much resemble specimens from the
Cotswold Hills, in Gloucestershire, Mr. Masefield believes them to have been
introduced into the locality where found, H. zemorvalzs being very rare for some
miles around.

By Mr. J. D. Dean: Cardinm nodosum, Aclis ascaris, Pleurotoma gractlts,
and other British shells from Barmouth.

By Rev. J. W. Horsley: Land shells from Porthleven and district,:Cornwall,
including Helix nemoralis var. castanea, hyalozonata, and albolabiata ; H. aspersa
var. wadulata, and flammea; H. virgata var. hypozona, leucozona, alba, alba-
hyalozonata, and a fine example of the very rare szszstrorsa; HA. acuta var.
articulauta of unusual size and beauty.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Some very beautiful and rare varieties of Cyprea, including
a pale C. reticulata; forms of C. crtbraria and allies—C. cuming?, C. peaset, C.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 377

esontropia, C. gaskoint, etc. ; very fine C. erosa var. mebrites, C. lynx var. williamsz,
and C, crzenta var. coloba of a peculiar greenish colour on the dorsal surface, and
remarkably bright-orange at the base, all from Aden, The most important exhibit

- was a variety of C. he/vola, which corresponds exactly to the description and figure
of the newly-described C, hauzlan¢ of Mrs. Agnes Kenyon, Hawaii (ch Proc. Mal.
Soc., vol. 4, p. 68). In the opinion of many students of the genus this is a mere
colour variety, inseparable from C. Ae/vola, which in some of its forms possesses the
““twin callosities” and tooth arrangement of what should be designated as C. helvola
v. kautlani,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

A Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,

by J. W. Taytor. Part vi., pp. 321-384,

The present fasciculus continues the discussion of the secretory organs, left un-
finished in the previous one, and then gives a short account of the structure and
formation of pearls, Pigment cells and colouring are next dealt with, and an inter-
esting account is given of the effects upon them of age, food, cold, and heat.
‘Protective resemblance naturally follows, and a large collection is given of instances
in which this phenomenon has been more or less clearly demonstrated in the Mol-
lusca, one of the most striking being that of Ave/rx fusca to the seed vessels of the
red campion. We miss, however, a reference to the likeness of H. cantiana to
the ‘fading leaves of the colt’s-foot with their autumnal patches of invading fungoid
growths,” recorded by Mr. Crowther in this /ozva/ (vol. 8, p. 161).

The renal organs, pericardial gland, and muscles next receive attention, and
under the head of locomotion we have a collection of statistics culled from scattered
writings on the speed and strength of different species. The latter half of this part
is occupied by a detailed and fully-illustrated account of the reproductive organs,
concluding with a brief notice of the embryology. All the important variations in
these organs are figured, including the principal types of the spzculum amoris.
We notice in this section a plentiful terminology of Greek origin, and rather regret
that we are not told which of these names, if any, are here proposed for the first time.

Our members will be glad to notice the announcement on page ii. of the cover
that ‘‘ the present part concludes the consideration of the animal and its shell,” and
that with another ‘‘dealing succinctly with the geographical distribution, geological
history, parasites, uses, etc., with index and glossary,” the first volume will come to
an end, and will congratulate Mr. Taylor on being so near the completion of the
first half of his arduous task,

The Nautilus, vol. 14, nos. 2-4, June-Aug., 1900.

*‘Aestivation of Epiphragmophora Traskii in Southern California,” by Mrs. M.
B. WILLIAMSON. ‘‘A new species of Zzma” [L. hamlinz, Los Angeles, Cal.], by
W. H. Dati. “fA revision of the Piyse@ of north-eastern Illinois” [4 spp. with figs. ],
by F. C. BAKER.

“In search of Polygyra pilsbryi” [P. pelssryz n.sp., Polk Co., Arkansas], by
J. H. Ferriss. ‘ Notices of some new Japanese mollusks” [Buléminus hiraseé,
B. callistoderma, B. extorris v. omdtensis}, by H. A. PitsBry. ‘‘ Supplemental note
on Planorbis corpulentis Say,” by BRYANT WALKER.

“A new Murex (M. petr?] from California,” by W. H. Dati. ‘A new Lamp-
stlis [L. stmpsonz, fig.] from Arkansas,” by J. H. Ferriss. ‘ Notices of new

378 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.

American snails” [Gastrodonta intertexta volusiea, Fla., Alexia uryosotes marylandi-a,
Md., Pyramidula elrodi, Montana, Helico.tiscus eigenmannt, Texas]. ‘* Description
ofa land shell [ Zz7ytzts coutuves?, Bolivia, from South America],” by C. F. ANCEY.
“« Descriptions of new Asiatic species” [Zzzz olaria oviformis, Buliminus ( Petraeus)
pilsbryanus, Aden], by C. F. ANcEy. ‘Some names which must be discarded,”
by W. H. DALL [4zgyrotheca proposed for Czstella, Mazatlania for Euryta, Chetlea
Modeer to be retained].
The Naturalist, nos. 521 and 523, June, Aug., 1900.

“ Felix lapicida near Grassington,” by Mrs. H. G. BRIERLEY. ‘ Pistdium
amnicum at Saltfleetoy, Lincolnshire,” by H. WALLIS KEw.
The Irish Naturalist, vol. 9, no. 8, Aug., 1900.

“Hydrobia jenkinst Smith in south-east Ireland,” by R. A. PHILLIPs.
Science Gossip, vol. 7, nos. 73, 75, 76, June, Aug., Sept., 1900.

‘© Varietal names,” by W. M. Wess. ‘‘ Mollusca of South Surrey,” by the Rev.
R. A. BULLEN “‘el¢x rotundata monst. scalariforme,” by C. S. CARTER. “On
colouring of molluscs’ shells,” by R. J. HUGHES.
The Annals of Scottish Natural History, no. 35, July, 1900.

“ Eledone ctrrosa in West Lothian,” by ROBERT GODFREY.
La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, no. 356, June, 1900.

‘¢ Liste des coquilles marines, terrestres and d’eau douce recueillies aux environs
de Cancale” [concluded, 143 spp. recorded], by H. Marret.
Annales de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, vol. 34, 1899.

“Rectification de nomenclature,” by E. VINCENT [A/odiola wemmelensts n.n. for
Al. nitens G. Vincent, 77¢/on wemmelensis n.n. for 7. fuszforme G.V. ].

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 3, no. 7. .

“¢ Little-known and undescribed permo-carboniferous Pelecypoda in the Austra-
lian Museum,” by R. ETHERIDGE [S¢z/chbeur7a n.gen. for Orxthonota? cos’ata
Morris, etc.]. ‘* Zurricaula scalartformts, Ten.-Woods—its occurrence in New
South Wales,” by C. HEDLEY. ‘‘ Scala revolu/a Hedley—its occurrence in Fiji,”
by C. HEDLEY.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part 3,

1899 ; part I, 1900.

“* Notes on tectibranchs and naked mollusks from Samoa,” by C. ELror [Dore-
dium (Aglaia) Pilsbryt, Aplysia (Tethys) Benedisti, Elysia Hendersont, nn.spp.,
fig.]. ‘‘A new American species of Zonitoides” [Z. naummus Texas, fig.], by E. G,
Vanatra. ‘* Additions to the Japanese land snail fauna,” by H. A. PILSBRY
[Diplommatina tenuiplica, Ennea [wakawa, Eulota luna, E. aperta, E. cavicollis,
E. rudis, Gavesella satsuma, G. heteroglypta, nn. spp., Eulota gatnesz nn. for Helix
leta Gld. not Pfr. }.

‘‘New and unfigured Unionid,” by C. T. Simpson [33 spp. fig., 12 nn. spp.,
Medionidus, type U. conradicus Lea, Ptychobranchus, type U. phaseolus Hildreth
nn. gg.]. ‘‘Additions to the insular land-shell faunas of the Pacific coast, especially
of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands,” by W. H. DALL [24 and 9 spp. respectively,
13 nn. spp.]. ‘‘ Note on the anatomy of Guppya Hopkins Dall,” by H. A. PILSBRY
[jaw and radula figd.]. ‘* Note on the anatomy of the Helicoid genus 4 shmunella,”
by H. A. Pitssry [genital organs of 3 spp. fig., systematic position justified by
anatomy]. ‘‘ Mollusca of the great Smoky Mountains,” by H. A. Pitspry [general
characters of collection ; Stezotvema, key to spp. ; 69 spp. recorded, Gastrodonta
walkeri, Punctum blandianum, nn. spp., 8 nn. varr. }.

Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 7.
“A shell inscription from Tula, Mexico,” by F. STaRR,

iN Dra
ee
Abandoning she by HedZéces 217 | Antrim, Helv arbustorum. A. fuse
Abnormalities (see ERRORS), HI, hispida, H. vupestris
Acicula lineata, fig. 302 | — Ayaliniacrystallina, H. nitidiula
— — mM. sznistrorsum 239 | — Limnca peregra ~ af
Aclis ascarts 168 | — L. truscatula and v. elegans ...
— extoua 169 | -— Pupa cylindracea
— supranitida 168 | Aran Is., Helix virgata
— walleri ae sh ... 168 | Ardennes, L. F. W. Moll.
Acme lineata v. alba, Down and Arianta, etymology :
Antrim ... va ae ... 12 | Azvron ater v. rubra, new to Bree
Adams, L. E., Amalha gagates, Aripeka, Florida
- Northants. ... 58 | Arosa Bay, L. F.W- Moll.
— Arion ater v. rubra, new to Ashton-under-Lyne, L. F. W. Moll.
Britain 112 | Assemani, Abbé Simon an
— Clausilia cer IRa Eanes 112 | Asscmizea, etymology Ss) Ay,
— Observations on British Land Auricula pellucens..:
and Freshwater shells—Presi- Autonoé, etymology bob
dential Address 297 | Azeca, etymology, no. 5 cover, p.
— Pairing of Lzmax maxtnuus ip 92 a ; 271
— Paludestrina jenkinst, Ireland 15 | Azoe, etymology .. oe
— — two new Irish localities 114 | Balcts, etymology ...
— Sense of smell, Zzmax maximus 24 | Barleeta rubra
Africa, S., Marine Shells ... 247 | Barnea, etymology
Agriolimax agrestis, as medicine... 158 | Barnes.Common, Valvata 27 ee
Alecia, etymology . 274 | Belfast, Carychium mencmune
Amalia gagates, N syadnernis, 58 | — Clausilia bidentata
American Diplodontidee 244 | Belgium, L. F. W. moll. ...
Ampullaria pinet ... a . 219 | Belmont, co. Down, /elzx limbata
Ancylus fluviatelis and v. einen Biddle, Leonard F., death of
Kerry 112 ; Bithynia, Etymology (see: also
— patelloides, @alfomii 313 Bythinia)
— subrotundatus, Oregon 313 | Blake, C. E., letter to
Anglesea, L. F.W. Moll. 86 | — Wm., Helix virgata, Eieverorel:
Anodonta cygnea, as food ... op LS) shire
Anomia enigmatica, attached to Bliss, J., Clauszlia eee
mangrove leaf, Singapore 146 | Borneo, 7erebra eximia
Anson, Archdeacon, death of 56 | Brit. Association, Glasgow Meetue
Antrim, Acme lineata v. alba .; -112 | British fauna, additions :
— Bythinia tentaculata v. albida.... 112 | — Arion ater v. rubra
—— Clausilia bidentata (perversa)... 111 | — Helix aspersa v. rufula- eee n.

page.
a,
II!
ItI
IIl
112
III
RGIe
252
275
112
219
366
49
276
275

ii,
» 275
273
274
138
273
119
112
374
252
III
218

273
356

270
2I1

95
218

I1i2
324

380

page.
British fauna, additions :
— Oldostomta in tistincla v.mininan. 291

— — verticals, n sp- 333
— Physa heterostropha 152
— Testacella mauget Vv. gra NOV. 95
Buccinum undatum. monstrosity 376
— — sinistral 20, 146
Buckinghamshire moll. 283
Buliminus (Chondrula) tricuspida-

tus, Smyrna 314
Bullinus hypnorum, monstrosities 107
Burrows, Thos. F., death of 153
Butyric acid, action on shells 175
Byne, L. St. G., Corrosion of Shells

in Cabinets B00 ec Rly.
— — Supplement ... 253
— Forms of Lacuza puteolius 341
Bythinia tentaculata v. albida,

Antrim eae 112
— — white specimens 146
Cadmusta, etymology = 275
Cadulius US n.Sp., Aes ;

Madras ... ei fs eee
Cecilioides acicula, in cemetery 164
an HS: 297
Caecum glabrum 165
— trachea 165
— verlebrale 219
Caledon, Pupa anglica v. alba 152
Calliostoma burnupi n. sp., fig.,

Durban ... 250

— miterruptuni ».- 500 coo

Cambridgeshire, Vert2go moulinstana 217
Cape Colony, Comznellr (?) pro-

longala 248
Caput-serpentis group Ses Cypree 233
Carnarvonshire, Lzmax cziereo-

m2. ger Ss Sa Se2 bE
Carychium mintmun, monstrosity 312
— — Belfast 112
— — fig. 301

Catalogue of the iPosstl Carats:
poda, Brit. Mus. (review) ... 59
— Tertiary Mollusca, Brit. Mus.
(review) wee aoe Boon eat)
Cavan, Pupa cylindracea v. curta III
Cerithium carnaticum n. sp., fig.,
Madras ... 255 oat scih. SQ

Ciomiscats 1727c2s 168
Cithia tenella 120
Chascax maderensis I15

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO.

I2, OCTOBER, 1900.

page.
Chaster, G. W., Cross between
Limnea stagnalis and L. aurt-
cularia é 282
— Mr. J. T. Marshall’ S criticisms :
an answer bos 000 900 53
Chiton ruber, C. levis, C. mar-
moreus; diagnosis... nae, 2kOw
Chitonide, J. T. Marshallon ... 62
Clausilia bidentata (perversa),
Antrim ... eee telels
— bidtentata,with eae mcriccumontne 374.
— (Alinda) diplicata v. alba 232, 331
— (Oligoptychia) blisst 313
— cerulea, Hants.... 1i2
— semidenticulata ... 211
Cochlostyla damahoyi 180

Colina selectan. sp., fig., Madras... 31

Collier, E., Edgar Leopold Layard 329

Pupa anglica v. alba 152
Collinge, W. E., 7estacella mauget

Te WEN cae SeenON
Columbella (Nitidella) Oth ata Nn.

sp., fig., Durban 6 BAU
Cominella (?) prolonvala n. sp., fe. ;

Cape Colony 248
Cones, textile, Revision of 2 303
Conus cholmondeleyin. sp., tig. 303, 308
-— clytospira : S00 soo 30D)
Cooper, J. C., Petricola pho’adi-

Jormis, Sandwich Flats 243
— Valvata cristata, BarnesCommon 119
Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets 172, 253
Crosse, J. C. H., Obituary Notice 212
Cyamtum falklandicum n. sp., fig. 104
Cyclophorius eximtus : large speci-

mens P 264
Cydippe, aeaneloey 274
Cyprea annulus a 286
— caput-anguts 233, 235.
-— caput-colubre 235.
— caput-serpentis group at 233
— kautlant=C. helvola var. ? Byiik
— mauritiana, black specimen 146
— — V. calx-cquina nov. ... 236
— moneta incl. C. obvallata and :

C. annulus 236
— obvallata.. 236

— Hamner, I C Melvill on. 85

Dall, W. H., American Diisiodlen-
tidze
Dalmahoyt, corr. for einai

244.
180

INDEX.

fage.

Damaris, etymology 66
Denbighshire, Lizmax cinereo-niger
Derry, Limnea auricularia Vv. acu/a
— Paludestrina jenkinst and v.
carinata
—. Vertigo substriata
Diplodonta platensis, 0.sp.,
la Plata 245;
— puncturella, N.sp., Jamaica 245,
— semiiriugosa Nom. Nov.

Rio de

Diplodontidze, American ...

Diplomorpha delatoure

— layarai 8

Dipsas, Pemoicen

Dispersal, Heltx virgata ...

Donegal, Helix ertcetoriuim v. leu-
coz0na, lentiginosa

— Pupa muscorum :

Dorsetshire, moll. of (review)

Down, Acme lineata v. alba

— Colony of Vertigo antivertigo...

— Helix hortensts, H. nemoralis v.
conica, H., rotundata v. alba ...

— Hyalinia fulva, H. radiatula...

— Limnaa palustris

— — peregia 30

— Physa fontinalis =e

— Flanorbis albus, P. carinatus,
P. contortus, P. spirorbis

— Vertigo pygmaa 400

Dreissensia polymorpha, attached
to living Anodonta

Drought, Effect of, on land Tole

Droylsden, Paludestrina jenkinsi

Dublin, Zzmnea truncatula

Durban, Callostoma burnupe

— Columbella (Nitidella) apicata

— Eulima natalensis

— Fenella natalensts —

— Lorifes rosacea ...

— Lotortum durbanense

Eastbourne mollusca

Economic use of Brit. moll.

— — snails as food

LEledone, etymology

English Channel, Ocdostomta mag-
nifica as 006 200

Etymology of Azeca and Asszminea

Lulima dilecta, n.sp., fig., Natal

— munda, n.sp., fig., Natal

— natalensis, n.sp., fig., Durban

274
211
112

III
Ili

381
page.
Europe, S.W., L.F.W. moll. 3606
Ewart, Dr., on corrosion of shells... 253
Excursion, N. Statfordshire 109
Falkland Isles, Marine Shells 97
Fasciolaria maderensis 116
Felaniella, n. sect., Diplodonta 244
Fenella natalenszs, n.sp., @ Dur-
ban 249
Fermanagh, Helix 7 papel zs III
Fischer, H., Obituary notice of
J. C. H. Crosse 212
French shell names 15
Fust on Norfolk coast ol nS
Fusus antiguas, sinistral eraple 146
Galway, Helix riupestri's III
— Hyalinia nitidula Re my EGE
— Pupa cylindracea III
Geomalacus macilosus, fig. 301
Gibraltar, Helix marmorata v. alba
nov. 3h 302, 369
— L.F.W. moll. z= 300
Glasgow, British Association, pre-
parations 218
Gobreus, etymology 275
Grange-over-Sands, land moll. 113
Gray, J. E., on operculum 350
Greene, Rey. Carleton, Belgium
and the Ardennes 252
— Fusz on Norfolk coast ... eae 2 55
Guppya halluctnata, n.sp., fig.,
Trinidad ie co) | BS)
Hanley, Sylvanus, arin notice 269
Hann, Rev. A., Faludestrina jen-
kinst, Middlesbrough ... 89
Hants, Clauszelia ceriulea ... I12
Hartley, A., Helix nemoralis and
Hi, virgata without food four-
teen months fai 105
Helices abandoning their shells 217
— climbing in dry weather 184
Helix aculeata, Port Stewart IIt
— acuta, Portrush... III
— — sinistral, Tenby 211
— arbustorum, Antrim III
— asbersa, as food... xo LGO
— — scalariform 145, 193
— — sinistral 145, 193
— — v. rufula-sonata nov 324
— — Tipperary es me RUN:
— canigonensis ..N0. 5; cover, p. lil.

— caperata (intersecta), co. Dublin

382

zonata, Rathlin, Ireland
— — vars. /entiginosa, leucozona,
Donegal...
— — m. sénistrorsum
— fusca, Antrim
— hispida, Antrim..
— hortensts, Doak rare in 1 Wiss:
— /actea, habits
— lamellata, Kerry
— lapicida v. depressa sho
— limbata, Belmont, co. Down ...
marmorata v. alba, nov., Gib-

raltar 302,

— nemoralis as hod
— — scalariform uae Oe
— — sinistral 19, 58, 145,

without food 14 months
v. conica, Down

vars., Kerry...

v. undulata, HieGibaGon
— pisana, as food, ill effects
Meath

sinistral

range near Tenby
varieties

— pomatia, sinistral
rotundata v. alba, Down
rufescens, Mayo

— rupestris, Westmeath and em
managh, Galway, Antrim and
Kerry 6

terrestris, New (orn
virgata, Great Aran I....

— Herefordshire

— Rossall

sinistral

without food 14 months
Staffordshire...

v. coalita n.

Henderson, J. k., Madras ‘Moll.
Herefordshire, Helix virgata
Herviera, n.gen.Pyramidellidee 185,
— isidella n. sp.. fig., Loyalty Is.
Hickson, S. J., Torsion in mollusca

19,

he 199,

Homalogyra atomus 138,
— rota . : 009 avo see
Horsley, Rev. J. W., Effect of

drought on land moll.
— Hyalinia cellaria, Walworth ...
— Cecilioides acicula
— French shell names

age.
\ co)
Helix ertcetorum vars. alba and hyalo-

III

ILI
265

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL 9, NO.

12, OCTOBER, 1900.

page.

Hyalinia alliariav. viridula, Kerry

— cellaria, Walworth

— — v. albina, Tipperary... ae

— crystallina, Antrim and Mayo...

— fulva, Down

— lucida, genitalia

— nitidula, Antrim

— radiatula v. viridescentt- li,
Down, Kerry and Mayo

Hybrid, Lema aS and ZL.
auricularia

flydrobia, J. T. Marshall c on

i— ulve

— ventrosa, Larne ‘awh
(see also Paludestrina).

Seffreysia diaphana

Jephson, J. Mounteney, tour with
Reeve p00

Jones, K. H., Helices elanbine in
dry enter ;

— Helix marnorata v. ae n.

— Limnea feregra abandoning shell

— -- v. burnett? Windermere

— Certain terrestrial testaceous
moll. occurring in S. W. Europe

Kenmare, Padtudestrina jenkinse ...

— Flanorbis spirorbis

— Pupa anglica

— — var. alba

— Succinea putris . : 20

Kerry, Helix Nenpsclhit, H. nento-
ralis, H. rupestris

— Ancylus fluviatilis and v. allio

— Hyalinia alliaria v. viridula ...

-— H. radiatula

Killarney, Pepa anglica v. “lb

Knight, Rev. G. A. F., Etymology

of Azeca and Asstminea

— Glasgow meeting, Brit. Assoc.

Lachesis euthriotdes, n.sp., fig.,
Falkland Is.

Lacuna pallidula, cecal aicen
ences

— puteolus, forms of

— — sexual differences
Lancashire, Vertigo alpestris

— Helix nemoralts sinistrorsum ...
— V. pusilla |

Landis, Dr. C. B , death of
Larne Lough, Hydrobia ventrosa
Las@a, Etymology...

Latirus armatus, J. C. Melvill on

Ill
QI
Ill
Til
II!
gI
Ill

341
221

181
153
lil
273
115

Latirus cariniferus

— distinctus oo 000
— infundibulum ...

— polygonus

— undatus . soc

Lawson, P. Grails as human foods
Layard, E. rae shells named after
— Obituary notice...

— Leopold, letter from 500 BN
Leach, W. E., nomenclature of ... 271
Lepton clarkie oc 5 UBF
Lewes,. Helix aspersa, Sinisteoysall 74
Limax. ctnereo-niger, Carnarvor-

shire and Denbighshire 211
— maxinius, ed 94
— — pairing 92 |
—- — sense of smell 24
Linnea auriciularia, hybrid 282
— — Vv. acuta, Derry 112
—- burnett?, fig. 209
— involuta, fig. F 299
— — probably var. of Z. deriie 252
— palustr7?s, Down 112
— — monstrosity .. 107
— — monst. Piolinta 256
-— peregra, abandoning shells 112, 164
— — Down, Antrim III
-— — monstrosity . 108
— — v. buriett2, Windermere 252
— stagnalis, hybrid 282
— — sinistral se 238
— truncatulaand v. Asai, Antu 112
Littorina littorea ... sh 123
— obtusata ... 200 te 120
— rudts 121
Loripes rosacea n. sa, ie. ‘Orban 251
Lotorium durbanense n. sp., fig.,

Durban ... aa 248
Luntia n. g. ie afd 600. Ass
-— imsignis n. sp., fig., Trinidad... 28
Macoma, etymology s 274
Madison, J., Physa new to Beta 152
Madras, Calliostoma interruptum 77
— marine moll. ... 30, 75
Magdala, etymology oo WB
Marsginella punctilineata n. sp.,

fig., Natal 249

Marshall, J. T., Additions ia “Brit,

Conch.” 61, 120, 165, 222, 284,

— Criticisms:. an answer . :
Masefield, J. R. B., Buel dinette
Shires) eee

INDEX. 383

page.
117
117
116
II7
116
16
331
329

332
53

283

pace.
Masefield, J. R. B., Economic use

of Brit. moll. ... 000 153
— Helix virgata, Staffs. es 43
— Testacella haliotidea, N. Staffs. 8
Mayo, Helix rufescens III

— Hyalinia crystallina, H. radiatula 111

Meath, Helex pesana III
Medicinal use of moll. ... ee LSS
Melantho decisa, sinistral ... coo | B75
Melvill, J. C., Corrosion of shells 172
— Cyprea rashleighana 85
— Lativus armatus : 115
— Mitra rhodochroaand M. rhodino-
Sphera oc 152
— Sir Rawson liens Tawson® 319
— L. Reeve, Life and Career 344
— Revision of Textile Cones 303
— Scalaria fimbriolata Melv. 181
| — and R. Standen, Caput-serpentis
group of Cyprea 233
— — Genus Herviera 221
— — Herviera, n. gen. . 185
— — Marine Shells, Falkland Is. 97
— — Marine moll., Madras ..30, 75
Middlesbrough, panne 7na fi
Rinst ; aco | (ei)
Mitra episcopalis, TSiostity 58
— rhodochroa and M. rhodino-
Sphera identical 152
Monaghan, Planorbis contortus ... 111
Monograph L.F.W. moll. British
Isles (review) ... ae ono 9
Monstrosities :—
— Buccinum undatum so. SY
— Bullinus hypnorum ... +. 107
— Carychium minimum ... 312
— Clausilia bidentata 374
— Felix ericetorum ood WINS
— Limnea palustris 107, 256
— — peregra 108
— Mitra episcopalis 58
— Odosto:nia spiralis 295
— Patella vulgata v. depressa 65
— Physa fontinalis 107
— Planorbis corneus distorlum 237
— — sptrorbis 57
— Valvata cristata 108

(see also scalariform, sinistral, or
scalariform examples).
Montacuta natalensis, n. ae fig.,
Natal ... oo

Morris, C. H., satisiell ene
ASpersa .., O00 see

251

384

page.
Afiilleria, n.sp., Mysore ... 19
Afysta, etymology ... 273
Mysore, Afi//eria, n.sp. 19
Natal, Azlima dilecta 250
— — munda 249
— Marsginella ATARI 249
— Montacuta natalensis ... 251
—- Odostomia chitonicola ... 250
(see also Durban).
Neptunea despecta, deep-water form 375
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, snail feast 159
Newry, Paludestrina jenkinst 114
Nordlinger, Clara, obituary notice
J. C. H. Crosse 212
Norfolk coast, /7zsz on 215
Northants, Amalia gagates 58
Obituary notice, Thos. F. Burrows 153
— J. C. H. Crosse 212
— Sylvanus Hanley 269
— Dr. C. B. Landis Shen on tLe}
— Sir Rawson William Rawson... 319
— Rev. William Turner . 16
Observations on Brit. L. F. W. ahelii 207
Odostomza, short characteristics ... 222
— J. T. Marshall on 170
— acicula 335
— acuta 232
— albella 226
— brugnont 225
— chitonicola, n. Sh, figs 9 Wakil. 250
— clathrata : 290,
— clavula 225
— compactilts 335
— conoidea ... 230
— conspicua 284
— decussata 290
— delicata ... 334
— diaphana 287
— dolioliformis 289
— excavata 296
— exiniia 295
— fallax 337
— fenestrata 296
— indistincta 291
— — V. minima nov. 201
— 7nnovata 334
— insculpta... 286
— interstincta 292
— jeffreyst ... 294
— lactea 333
— lactotdes = O, “nee ie 338
— lukist 225

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, NO.

12, OCTOBER, 1900.

Odostomta minima

— muitilizata

-— nitidissina

— nivosa

— obligua

— oblongula

-— pallida ac
— paullula, non-existent ...
— plicata

— pusilla

— rissoides ...

— rufa

— scalarts ...

— scille

— spiralis ...

— teniuzs

— truncatula

——- turrita

— umbilicarts

— unidentata ahs ees
— ventricosa

— verticals n.sp. ...

— warrent .

Oldham, C., Aaeiese. wv F. W. oul

— Limax cinereo-niger, Caxrnar-
vonshire and Denbighshire

— Pisidium milium, Somerset

— L.F.W. moll.

Orixa, etymology ..

Oronthea, asauollony

Orr, H. L., Clausilia bidentate
-with two perfect mouths

Ostrea liassica, attachment

Paludestrina, Hydrobia preferred

— jenkinst, Derry ...

— — Droylsden

— — Ireland oa

— — Kenmare, Newry, ba new
Irish localities ...

— — Middlesbrough

— — v. carinata, Derry ...

Patella, J. T. Marshall on

Patella vulgata v. depressa, monstr.

Pearl fisheries, British

Pembroke, new records

Pera, etymology

Persian Gulf, Scalaria Vines

Petricolu Ma Sandwich
ISBNS 00

Pharus, cumoloen
Pherusa gulsone
Phlyctiderma, n. sect. Depa

page.
Physa fontinalis, Down ... SijenenTUEL
— — monstrosity ... : ... 107
— heterostropha, new to Britain... 152
Pisidium milium, Somerset 276
Planorbis albus, Down III
— carinatus, Down ae ; III
— contortus, Down, Monaghan ... III
— — m. distortum 237
— spirorbis, abnormalities, Tenby 106
— — cause of 216
— — Down and Kenmare III
— — monstrosity ... oso
— —scalariform ... ane 57, 110
Plicatula squamosissima n.sp., fig.
Natal 251
Portrush, Helix acuta III
Portstewart, Helzx aculeata III
Poyard, C., Obituary notice of
J. C. H. Crosse $00 soy Ue
Psammobia ferroénsis, Tenby 206
Pupa anglica, Kenmare Soa” LEK
—— v. alba 500 000 152, 302
— cylindracea, white form 302
— — Antrim and Galway III
— — v. curta, Cavan Ill
— muscorum, white form EES O2
— -—- Donegal S00 be png We
Pyrgulina glirtella, type of fler-
vera, n.g. A 300 Tee OS
Rathlin Island, Helix evicetorumt
vars. alba and hyalozonata ... III
Rawson, Sir Rawson William 319
Reeve, Lovell 344
fissoa, J. T. Marshall on 123
— abyssicola 128
—albella ... 130
— calathus ... 125
— cancellata 124
— cimicoides aus ate esp UT.
— cingillus... ac aod 136
—costata ... 50 128
— costulata... aa 600 132
—fulgida ... mee 008 134
— tnconspicua Vv. ventrosa coo LPKS)
— jeffreyst ... 500 590 coo WAY
— factea S00 124
— membranacea ... ahs Soa ee
— obtusa ... 500 as 135
— parva... oad 00 ee 125
— proxima... ae 406 pag. 16%}
— pulcherrima ... pan wv. =134

385
page.
Rissoa punctura 127
— reticulata 126
— semisti tata S00 135
— shriata ... Seg 009 132
— striatula... 124
— subsoluta... 127
— violacea ... 132
— witrea 134
— setlandica 5 HANS)
Rissoina (Alor TD hanienine n.
sp. fig., Madras 31
Rossall, Helix virgata 150
Roxania, etymology 274
Sabanea, etymology oD 274
Sandwich Flats, Petr7cola Pholadi
Sormis j anie2ae
Sangutnolaria Wena ‘sont N. SPp.y
fig., Madras a 33
Scalaria clathratula sas 167
— communis 167
— decussata.. : 181
Bp aalblcs Persian Gulf 181
— malcolmensis, Persian Gulf 181
— pseudoscalaris 167
— trevelyana 167
— lurtone ... ts 167
Scalariform xeanalless Felix
aspersa ... 145, 193
— — hortensis 146
— — nemoralis w. 265
— Pranorbis spirorbis 57, 110
— Strombus urceus 90
— Valvata cristata : 109
See also Subscalariform satiagles:
Scintilla eddystonia= Diplodonta... 53
Sexual differences: Lacuna pallidula 74
— — puteolus Turt. conf
Singapore, Azomia enigmatica, ae
tached to mangrove leaf 146
Sinistral examples : Actcala lineata 239
— Buccinum undatum 20, 146
— Fusus antiquis... .. ~=146
— Helix acuta ... 200 soo SIT
= NSE 74, 145, 193
——ericetorum ... Bon .-. 265
—- — nemoralis LO} 50s) 14h 205
— — pisana 500 300 nou. 16)
— — pomatia ats oot 19, 145
— — virgata é 199, 376
— Limnea stagnalis Boe 238
— Littorina littorea ; 123

— Melantho decisa

375

“386 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,

BRO As page.
Skenea planorbis 138
Smell, Sense of, Lzmax maximus 24
Smith, E. A., Land Shells from
Trinidad Bor 27
— New species S. MeReera ‘Marine
Shells ae 247
— Obituary notice of S. Fees. 269
Snail-feast, Newcastle-upon-Tyne 159
Snail-rearing - 162

Snails, as Human Heed AAS ny 16

— as Medicine ... 160
Somersetshire, L. F. W. Moll. 187, 237
— Pisidium milium Bas 27/0
Sophina trinitaria n.. sp., fig.,

Trinidad XS 27

Span, Bartlet,. Marine anil Cents 203
Staffordshire, Excursion ..» 109
— Helix virgata ane coo BYR
Standen, R., Claustlia (Alinda)
biplicata v.. alba. 2325 sel
— Land moll., Grange-over-Sands 113
— Helix nemoralis, Lancs. es S
— Cause of abnormality in Plaz-
_orbis spirorbis .. ve. 216
— Terebra eximia, Borneo coo. OS}
— Vertigo alpestris, Lancs. 221
— — moulinsiana, Cees
shire 217
— -— pusilla, Tames; andl Wiesner 181

See also Melvill, J.C.,& R. Standen
Streptaxts candidus : Large speci-

men ooo | Boy
— deformis, young Sia a, Sav Ae 20)
Strombus urceius, scalariform OO
Stubbs, A. G., Abnormalities,

Planorbis spirorbis, Tenby 106
—L. F. W. Moll., Tenby 321, 358
— Linnea peregra, abandoning

shells... aes Aer (ited

— Note on Eastbourne mapilsed 374
Subscalariform examples: Clazstlia
bidentata III
— Helix aspersa ... 193
— — hispida III
Succinea putris . 200 SCOR
Swanton, E. W., L. F. W. Moll,
Somersetshire ... 187, 237
Syi Ee ead n. sp., fig.,
Madras ... 32
Table-Bay, Terebra er eo light-
Joott sé sk 30g BAY
Tachea, aonaalogy 275

VOL. 9, NO.

12, OCTOBER, 1900.

Taylor, Fred, Helx acuta m.
stnistrorsum, Tenby ...
—L. F. W. Moll., Oldham and
Ashton-under- eye
— Paludestrina fenkinst Smith,
Droylsden
— J. W., Monograph of IL. F. W.
Moll. of Brit. Isles (review) ..
Tenby, Abnormalities, Planorbis
“ sptrorbis... a6 te
— Felix acuta m. sinistrorsum ...
— L. F. W. Moll... 321,
— Marine Moll.
— Psammobia ferroénsts ...
Eegenrg eximia...
— (Abretia) lightfooti n sp. 3 an, ;
- Table Bay
— (Euterebra) extmia Dh., i. ;
Madras ...
Testacella enoleeas N.. ‘Staffs.
— maugel V. nigra, N.
Thracia, etymology
— antarctica n. sp., fig.
7 hyatira, etymology
Tipperary, Helzx aspersa ...
— Hyalinia cellaria v. albtna
Torsion in Mollusca
Trinidad Land Shells ;
Trophon geversianus Pall., fig. ...
Truncatella truncatula
Turbinella carintfera
—— spinosa 600
Turbo sandvicensis.., c
Turbonilla coromand:lica n.
fig., Madras... Sis 500
Turner, Rev. W., Obituary notice
Turritella, J. T. Marshall on
— terebra es ae

SP.»

Unio, as food

— pinet

Uvea,. Cecum aeceeep ale

Valvata cristata

— — monstrosity ...

— — scalariform example
Veronzecella sp. ?

Vertigo alpestrts, Lancs.

— antivertiyo, Colony of, co. Dror
-— moulinstana °
— pusilla, Lancs. and Westmont.
-— pygm@a, Down ..

— subsiriata, Deny.

page.

211

INDEX. 387

page. page.

Vitrea lunti n. sp., fig., Trinidad... 27 | Welch, R., Helices Sete
Voluta (Cymbiola) becki fig. 99 their shells 5 : sco BIL
Waithman, Alderman, connection Westmeath, Helix ripestris weg lel
iP IL, IRGEVE coc 345 | Westmorland, pe poo HO
Walker, George, friend of Iu, eave 346 | Wicken Fen ite so YO

“¢ Wall-fish ” 60 159 | Windermere, Lzmznea Hives ora V.
Walworth, Hyalinia elie 1a QI burnett . one 252

Webb, W. M., Limax maximus, Wright, C. a, ; New forme oi Helix
genitalia... 94 terrestres we oa wae 58)
Welch, R., Colony a Ver He 20 “ath Zacanthusa, etymology... soo Al
vertigo in Down 280 | Zippora, etymology Bc ooo AG

18) JR IR AT AN

P. 34. The reference (Pl. 1, fig. 8) belongs to Tevebra (Euterebra)

eximia Dh.

P. 179, line 21. “or Derbyshire vead Denbighshire.
P. 182, line 15. For Aula read Ovula.

ate a cae

Plate 1.

West, Newman imp.

GM Woodward delet hth

MADRAS & FALKLAND ISLANDS MOLLUSCA.

Plate II,

TROPHON GEVERSIANUS.

Drawn by J. W. Tayior, F.L.S.] (Sketched by L. E. Apams, B.A.

b LIMAX MAXIMUS.

A
Nolet!
rc?

nee

saad
=e he

fan)

BOGAN TIOIN: Ole Ieee IY,

Abnormal examples of Planordis spirorbis Mull.
Collected by A. G. Stubbs at Tenby.
(See page 106).
Row 1.—Shells irregular ovals with gaps between the whorls.
2.—Shells normal, extept last whorl which is bent away at
various angles.
3.—Shells tangled and irregularly knotted.

4.—Shells perfectly scalariform and mostly regularly coiled; the
first two specimens in Row 5 belong to this form.

5.—Last three specimens sinistral as well as scalariform.

PrAate TV:

eternal
i on ae

WARD, MANCHESTER, PHOTO.

PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. Miter.

PlateV.
Mintern Bros.imp.

J.Greendel ethth.

SOUTH AFRICAN MOLLUSCA.

His a! a

JANUARY, 1898.

Published January 1, 1898.

TERE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [RELAND

Hon. SECRETARY AND Epiror: _ Hon. TREASURER :
WissoB. ICE OSYeE SB 5 - ME PAN, LIONEL—E. ADAMS, B.A.,
THE OWENS COLLEGE, 68, WOLVERHAMPTON ROAD,
MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.

CONTENTS.

Conuiuiion and List of Members :
Testacella haliotidea in North Sfafiordchire 7%. k. B. Maseru: D
Presidential! Address on ‘‘ Torsion in the Mollusca’’—S: J. Hickson
Note on some French Shell Names—Rev. J. W. HorsLry x
Paludestrina (Hydrobia) jenkinsi Smith, in Ireland—L. E. Apams
Obituary Notice of the late Rev. Wm. Turner ...
British Snails as Human Food—P. LAwson
Proceedings of the Society, October to December, Hee
Annual Report Be

Se London Bench Se : se
The Sense of Smell in Limax maximus—L. E.. ADAMS
Bibliography

On some Land Shells ce Trinidad. —EDGAR A. SMITH

The Marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate Neighbourhood,
—J. C. MELVILL and R. SvANDEN

PLATE ll.

LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, Sono Square, W,
LEEDS: Tayior Bros., Sovereicn St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Anns Sa.

BERLIN : FrRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT —
BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of
Meetinzs { rthe reading and discussion:of original papers, by the publication of proceedings,
and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative, of the science. :

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 p.m:, at the
Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Colleetions are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily). to Members presenting an ordersigned bythe Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator. é

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 3s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoyre; M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who-is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society's List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.
All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos..of the Journal from Mr. ~
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices :—

Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... 21/- nett.
Vols. Ul., O8f., IV., & VII. ... tothe Public, 8/-, to Members, 6/=.
Vols. V. & VI. . ase do. 18/-, do. 10/6.
Separate Parts of which) as: 1/-, fo. od.

more than 25 copies are in stock J —

AS BUT FEW COPIES REMAIN OF SOME VOLUMES AND PARTS, EARLY
APPLICATION IS NECESSARY.

REPRINTS.

UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp.» 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 2 29 4/6, ” 6/6. >> 1O/-. 55 12/6.
100 cB) 2? 6/6, 29 Qj-- oe) 12/-, 29 15/-.

ADYERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page 20/-. Quarter Page 7).
. Half Page... 12/6. _ Six Lines or under ... 3/6.
One-third Page 8]-: Every additional Line -/6.

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

ANTED, varieties of British Land and WANTED, any British Species or Varieties
Freshwater Shells for British Marine of Husus, Buccinum, and Buccinopsis ;

Species ; Lists Exchanged.—Rey. C. GREENE,
Gt. Barford,'St. Neots.

BY CINUM undatum m. - sinistrorsum
offered for other rare British Shells not
in collection. — THos. Epwarps, Cliftonville
House, Equity Road, Leicester.

also Foreign Species and Varieties of Conus,
Cyprea, and Oliva not in collection. Can offer
British and Foreign Land, Freshwater, and
Marine Shells: —A. HARTLEY, 14, Croft Street,
Idle, Yorks.

WANTED, Marginella or Terebra not in
collection. Can offer good exchange in

British and Foreign shells.—R..STANDEN, 40,

Palmerston Street, Moss Side,-Manchester.

WANTED, good specimens of any British

species of Planorbis.. Good specimens of
Hf. draparnald?, or varieties of A. pisana, H.
virgata, H. caperata, and Hf. acuta given in
exchange.—A. G. Stupss, 2, Deer Park, Tenby.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS. 33

Sanguinolaria hendersoni n. sp. (Pl. I., fig. 7).

4S. testa tenut, feré levi, subnitida, obscuré concentrice inegualiter
striata ; valvts postic’ et antice paullulum hiulcis ; margine postico
subtrapezoide, paullum producto ; antico. prolongato, votundatu, ventralt
vectiusculo ; dorsali leniter utringue declivi ; umbonibus levibus. rosets,
cetera superficie pallide rosea. Long. 23, lat. 35 mm.

A beautiful addition to a circumscribed genus. To no known
species does it nearly assimilate, save in colour, coming perhaps
nearest to the West Indian S. sanguinolenta Gm., which, however,
is far more produced and gaping posteriorly. The type, from Mr.
Henderson’s collection, is of the dimensions given above, but three
other specimens, smaller but quite perfect (long. 20, lat. 32 mm.)
exist In J. C. Melvill’s collection, which were obtained at a sale at
Stevens’ auction rooms, in Dec., 1866, without label of locality. We
have much pleasure in naming this species after its discoverer.

(To be continued Ds

CONCHOLOGY.

G. B. SOWERBY & HUGH FULTON

Have the pleasure of informing their clients that they have Joined in
Partnership, uniting their Rich and Extensive Stocks of Shells, and .
bringing together an assortment quite unique in the history of conchological —-
enterprise.

SELECTIONS may be made on the Premises, or sent on APPROVAL.
Collections and Specimens Bought. Typical Collections for Museums.
EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN-STOCK.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine Specimens.

Very fine series of PTEROPODA and BRACHIOPODA.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c., supplied promptly at moderate
prices. Plan of sizes and Price List on application.

BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :—

“Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’ in parts or monographs.
‘Llustrated Index of British Shells.’ Col. figs. of all known species. 30s. nett.
“Marine Shells of South Africa.” 12s. nett. With Appendix, 19s.. 6d. nett.

- Appendix (1897) alone, in stout “paper cover (46 pages and three additional
plates), 7s. 6d. nett.

ADDRESS—

SOWERBY & FULTON, 121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in -
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part.
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text-
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00
Colored Edition.— Plates actly colored by hand,
per part 2.09 ee eo Ne EE SEBOS

Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
sraphy of the great family Helicidee) completed.

SEE The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells.
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED LOT

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. ;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

APRIL, 1898.

~~ Published April 1, 1898.

THE

JOURNAL

z ea OF = = i
CONCHOLOGY.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY —

OF GREAT BRITAIN. AND TRELAND

Hon. SECRETARY AND-Epiror : Hon. TREASURER:
SaWiee eh a HOWE BV San, LIONEL BH. ADAMS, B.A.
_ THE OwkENS COLLEGE, ~ ~ 68, WoLVERHAMPTON ROAD,
MANCHESTER. : ie STAEFORD.

CONTENTS.
The Marine Mollusca of Madras and the immediate Neighbourhood.
—J. C. MeLtvitt and R. STANDEN

The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the district between Ashton-
under-Lyne and Oldham—FRED TAYLOR

Wie 4e ar Marshall’s Criticisms : An Answer—G. W. CHASTER.
Proceedings of the Society, January to March, 1898
~ Amalia gagates (Drap.) in Northamptonshire—L. FE. Abas
_ Helix nemoralis monst. sinistrorsum in Lancashire--R. STANDEN ie
New forms of Elelix-terrestris- Penn. —C. E. WricHr
Bibliography | fee Bia weaseore Se Snceaees
Additions to-‘ British Conchology’=J. T. MARSHALL

LONDON: Dutau & Cox 375 Sono SQUARE, W,

LEEDS: Taytor Bros., Sovereicn Sr. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, Sr. ANN s SQ.

BERLIN: FrRIEDLAENDER & Sonn, CARLSTRASSE 11.

The attention of Members is specially
directed. to the notice on page iil, of
the cover. ~

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT :
BRITAIN AND IRELAND. eee

The Object of the Society is thé promotion. of Genaicee by the holding of
Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, z
and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science. :

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at Ti P.M., at the
~Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Collections are depositedsi in the Manchester Museum, and
are open’(10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an. order sieaed by the, Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator. l :

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43° 3s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given, _

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoyir, M. Ase , is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his-subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/+ per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological. Societys List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances. should be sent (and made payable) to. the Hon. Treasurer. -

All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary. 3

BACK NUMBERS OF oe
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock-of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has. decided to offer them at the following prices :— _

Vol... Gin the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to -

justify the reprinting of necessary parts) ...- ... =... ~'21/--nett.
Vols. If., Uil., IV., & Wil. ... to the Public, 8/=, to Members, 6/=.
Vols. V. & VI... .... ... (Out of Print). z

Separate Parts of which) :
more than 25 copies are in stock f Gs es as ao

The Editor will be glad to sive ONE SHILLING each for clean copies Oe
vol. Vey parts 6 and 10; vol. Vi. » parts I, 5, and H.

REPRINTS.

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6; 8 pp., 4/6. 12 pp. 8/-. 16 Bae 10/6.
50 35 0 Ls se Oe. Fee Of 5 55 SL 2G5
IoO ~ 5, 2 6/6, = 99 9}-. A 2 2 iiees : ” 15/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS :

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page. 4:. Rc Oles Quarter Page — shah elas Ae
Half Page... fe nee 12/2 pix Linessor underq.-- 227° 3/00 =

One-third Page ... eeaenOl = Every additional Line ~ ..._-/6.
SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR. :

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

ANTED, varieties of British Land and WANTED, any. British Species or Varieties ‘
Freshwater Shells for British . Marine of Husus, Buccinune, and Buccinopsts 5-
Speeies ; Lists Exchanged.—Rev. C. GREENE, | also Foreign Species and Varieties of Cons,
Gt. Barford, St. Neots. Cyprea, and Oliva not in-collection. - Gan offer

UCCINUM undatune m.. sintstrorsumi British > ands Foreign Land, Freshwater, . and

offered for other-rare British Shells. not Marine Shells.—A- ‘Harriey, 14, Croft Street;
Idle, Yorks. :

in collection. — THos. Epwarps,. Cliftonville

House, Equity Road, Leicester. WANTED, good specimens of any British
ANTED, Marginella or Terebra not in species of Planorbis. Good specimens of
collection. Can offer good exchange in | 17. drafarnaldi, or varieties_of H. pisana, H.
British and Foreign shells—R. STANDEN; 40, | virgata, H. capferata, and H. acuta given in
Palmerston Street, Moss: Side, Manchester. exchange.—A. G. STubss, 2, Deer Park, Tenby.

PROPOSED EXCURSION.
“HE PRESIDENT invites Wilcmibers of the Conchological Saclay to the Limestone
District of North Staffordshire —

On SATURDAY, 2ilst. MAY.

Members to meet ‘at Froghall Station on the North Staffordshire Raiiway at
8 a.m., and proceed to Cauldon Low over the Weaver Hills (1,200. feet above
sea level) to Oakamoor, If any members cannot reach Froghall so early, or wish

to stay over Sunday, arrangements can be made for fheir accommodation at

~ Cheadle (Staffordshire), or other neighbouring towns.

‘Members wishing to join the Excursion, will please send in their names sot
later than Saturday, 7th May, to the President,

JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffs.
- He will be happy to give full information. as to Routes. Hotel Accommodation,
Charges, &c, ;

The following species of mollusca amongst others are to be found in the
locality of the Excursion:—Azeca trédens, Balea perversa, Buliminus obscurus
var. albina, Helix caperata, H. fusca, H. lamellata, Hyalinia alliarta var. virt-

“dula, Linnea glabra (very fine), Spherium pallidum (ovale), Vertigo pygmea.

~ The district is also one of great interest to botanists, geologists, and ento-

mologists.

CONCHOLOGY.

G. B. SOWERBY & HUGH FULTON

Have the pleasure of informing their clients that they have Joined in

Partnership, uniting their Rich and Extensive Stocks of Shells, and

bringing together an assortment gee unique in the history of conchological -
_. enterprise.

‘SELECTIONS may be made on the Premises, or sent on APPROVAL.
Collections and’ Specimens Bought. Typical Collections for Museums.
EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK. ; x

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
“sented by alarge number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens.

Very fine series of PTEROPODA and BRACHIOPODA.

lass topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c., supplied promptly at moderate
prices. Plan-of sizes and Price List on application.

BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.:—

“Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’ in parts or monographs, He
‘Tilustrated Index of British Shells.’ Col. figs. of all known: species.” 30s. nett.
‘Marine Shells of South Africa.’ 12s. nett. With Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

Appendix (1897) alone, in stout paper cover (46 pages and three additional
Bite 7s. 6d. nett.

ADDRESS—

SOWERBY g FULTON, 121, FULHAM ROAD, ORION, SW.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Hlustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE WW. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE .

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute.a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each yolume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate.
title-page, index, etc. -Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition. —Per part (four parts in a volume) - - - $3 00

Colored Edition.— Plates coll colored by hand,. Sice
per pant 2:2) 2 er ae ee, = SAS Ee) Va hoon

Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored -
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies -. $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed.
- JES" The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published. r:

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ‘rTO—

S. RAYMCND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

- P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A2;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER. & Co., Ltd ‘
Charing Cross Road, LONDON; |

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

Ks There will be NO MEETINGS of the Society in |
July, August, and September; and the Annual Meeting
will take the place of the ordinary October Meeting.

Vor. 9]. JULY, 1898. [No. 3.

Published July 1, 1898.

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCTET Y
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [RELAND

Hon, SECRETARY AND EpiTor: —. ; Hon. TREASURER:
-- THE OwENs COLLEGE, 68, WoLVERHAMPTON ROap,

MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.
CONTENTS.

PAGE
Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ (continued )—J. T. MARSHALL . 65
Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum at Lewes. —G. H. Morris PENS Gry ne loa ges

The Marine Mollusca-of. Madras and the immediate Neighbourhood

(continued JJ. C. MELVILLE and R. SraNDEN... 7 7 a S75
- Note on Cypreea rashleighana—J.,C, MELVILL pena ¥ ier ey SH
_- Notes on some Anglesea Land and Freshw ater Mollnéca_-C OLDHAM 86
Paludestrina jenkinsi near Middlesbrough—ReEv. A. HAND... Face #89

~ Proceedings of the Society, April and May, 1898... inige ti 90
Hyalinia cellaria in Walwo1th—]. ~W. HorsLey ae ea af gI
- Observations on the Pairing of Limax maximus L. —L. oo ADAMS.. 92
“Note on Terebra,eximia Dh.—R. STANDEN~ 0... ur et ae 8
“Note ona new variety of Testacella maugei—WALTER E, Cort INGE. 95
Bibliography | ae sg bas Ags aes Bac Q6

SUT ES I. & AN.

: : ~ ‘LONDON: Durau’ & Co., 37, SoHo SouARE,,W. — se ;
LEEDS: TayiLor Bros., SOVEREIGN ST.) |- MANCHESTER:-J.E. Cornisi, Sr. ANNs SQ. :

BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & Sonn, CartsTRasse It.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT.
BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of
Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings
and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and

are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order sgt by the Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator.

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s.-.
-Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.
The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoyiz; M.A., is the

organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and: is. supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological .Society’s’ List of British Land-and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer. or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.

All other Communications should be addressed to the Hcn. Secretary.

THE TRHA SU Eas.

WILL BE

GLAD TO RECEIVE SUBSCRIPTIONS

FROM THOSE
MEMBERS WHO HAVE NOT ALREADY PAID.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL oF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices :—

Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being réceived to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... 21/- nett.
Vols. I., UIE, IV., & VIL. ... to the Public, 8)/-, to Members, 6/-.
Vols. V. & VI... ... _ (Out of Print).
Separate Parts of “nein
more than 25 copies.are in stock f, — aes 1-5 do. 9d.

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of
vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and Il.

REPRINTS.

[ene of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, th6se who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for pu blication) : —

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp.; 4/6. =I2 pp.; 8/=2 16. pp., 10/6. :
50 oe) 99 4/6, 22 6,6. : 2» 1O/-, 39 12/6
100 oe) 99 6/6, ” 9i-: oy) 12]-. oe) 15/-

ADYERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page Bs ae 2 Orie Quarter Page Es Kae VA
Malfi-Pases,. = LOE Six Lines-or under ... Siete By:
One-third Page... _...._-8/-;-— Every additional Line Sea] OM

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

UPIICATES: Many choice Marine, Land r
+ ~ - va ex -
D and Freshwater: Shells offered in return M Sees: ‘grate Serine Shells to Es.
= Sr ane ; é.
fox Specits..of any” Senets not represented in|" oo aaa. nok indcalicetion= (Seng lsteete Iss
collection. Correspondence should be addressed Ray -Eianoe? Niceune 0 @éliéce— Mans
to the KEEPER OF THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM, ison TCM RSIS AOE ISS SALAS
SR : chester. y
Owens College, Manchester.

MANCHESTER MUSEUM,

OWENS COLLEGE.

MUSEUM HAND= BOOKS.

HANDY GUIDE TO SEHR MUSEUM: (2nd< edition) =i. ne CAE
SECA CG UPD Hlustrated): 2-2, .eidi notte Ar at ace 2 wee ae BO
-OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF THE-ANIMAL KINGDOM
(3rd_ edition) REG, Ba paint MRC ae tae tes peg Forces ery Gr eee:
CATALOGUE” OF THE TYPE FOSSILS*(llustrated) <2°—..0 << 2c’ Qs.
CATALOGUE OF THE MUSEUM LIBRARY __... Fata SsnGd:
CATALOGUE OF THE HADFIELD COLLECTION OF SHELLS~
Part-T.2, (with tworplates: and sarap) 2: Satchel ae ae Ae Ase
Parts II. and HI. (with three plates and apne ae Sag ans

Rartsl ts and: Peasy an te A eee ie ee Cae Lean ess Ge

CON CHOLOGY .

G. B. SOWERBY & HUGH FULTON

‘Have the pleasure. of informing their clients that they have Joined in
Partnership, uniting their Rich and Extensive Stocks of Shells, and
_bringing together an assortment quite unique in the history of conchological:
EuESUDEISEs

SELECTIONS may be made on the Premises, or sent on APPROVAL.
Collections and Specimens Bought. Typical Collections for Museums. -

‘EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens.

Very fine series of PTEROPODA and BRACHIOPODA.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c., supplied promptly at moderate
prices. Plan of sizes and Price List on application.

BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. i—

‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’ in parts or monographs.

*Tlustrated Index of British Shells.’ Col. figs. of all known species. \ 30s. nett.

“Marine Shells of South Africa.’ 12s. nett.. “With Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.
Appendix (1897) alone, in stout paper cover (46 apes and three additional
plates s), 7s. 6d. nett.

ADDRESS—

-SOWERBY & FULTON, 121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON SW.

‘MANUAL OF ‘GONCHOLOGY:.

A Syetemutic. lilustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. “TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE.OF THE 5

Gonchologica Section Acad. Natural Science of. Philadelptia.:
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. —

The Manual of Gonchology is published, by subscription; in ~
parts-(in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. _ Each part
abies from, sixteen to tw enty- four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are Te
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. <

Plain. Edition. ae: part (four parts in a volume) =e ah -
Colored Edition.— Plates reully coloreY by hand, oS
per pait- = - Seis E ~ "hs 00.2

Fine Edition. Sikage paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 90-

First Series. —Marine- Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed. .

Second Series. —Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the ee
- graphy of the er eat family “Helicidee) as

(jJgs~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received :

high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells”
published. : :

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address— Glen Ridge, Nid., U.S.A.5

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENGH, TRUBNER & Co., ice
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;

R, FRIEDLAENDER ‘& SOHN, Berlin.

‘OCTOBER, 1898.

Published October 1, 1898.

THLE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY AND EpiTor: Hon. TREASURER? 3
Wash 2H OWE, MASA. 5 LONE LE ADA Mis> Bes.,

THE OWENS COLLEGE, : 68, WOLVERHAMPTON ROAD,
MANCHESTER. ; ; : STAFFORD.

CONTENTS.

Notes ona collection of Marine Shells from Lively Island, Falklands;
with List of Species—J. Cosmo MELVILL and R. SvaNDEN

Helix nemoralis and H. virgata without Food for Fourteen Months
—A. HARTLEY ;

Observations on Abnormal Shecimene of Planbrbis soeeaie sha
other Freshwater Shells at Tenby—A. G. STuBBS

Proceedings of the Society, June, 1898_...

Observations on Limnzea peregra—A. G. STUBBS on
Arion ater var. rubra Baud. new to Britain—L. E: ADAMS ...
Clausilia cxerulea Fér, in Hants.—L. E. Apams

Notes on the Land Mollusca of ee over-Sands, Lhe
R. STANDEN ...

Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith in two new Irish locales 1. B, rete
On Latirus armatus Ad.—J. Cosmo MELVILL

‘Bibliography i

Valvata cristata Mill. —J. E. Cops oe 53
Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ ( coztenued je T. ane

PLATE IV.

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo SquaRE, W.
LEEDS: Tayvtor Bros., SovEREIGN ST.-| MANCHESTER: J. E. Corntsu, Sr. poe:

BERLIN : BRIE OE AENDER: & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The G@eneonieg <a BSoeiety of Great Britain
and ‘Ireland. .

THE ANNUAL MEETING

London and North Western Hotel, Stafford
On SATURDAY, 22nd OCT., 1898,

And will take the place of the ordinary October Meeting.

PROGRA ot ME.
4 p.m.—Council Meeting.
4-5 p.m.—Exhibition of Specimens.

5 p.m.—Meat Tea provided (price 2/- each) for anyone who sends in his
name to the Proprietor of the London and North Western Hotel,
Stafford, not later than October 19th.

G6 p.m.—Meeting in the London and North Western Hotel, Stafford.
BUSINESS:
Annual Reports and Balance Sheet.
Election of Officers and Council for 1898-9.
President’s Address by Mr, JoHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.,
*« The Economic Uses of some British Mollusca.”

MSHI BITS =

Members who intend to Exhibit are requested to furnish pacbientee
of their Exhibits and amount of table space required, to Mr. L. E. ADAMS,
68, Wolverhampton Road, Staftord, not later than October 17th.

W. E. HOYLE,
Hon. Sec.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of
Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings,
and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science.

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Meena Museum, and

are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed by the Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator.

The Subscription is 5/--per annum; life must eesinty £3 3s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoye, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains-all its proceedings. and papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society's List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.

All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGYW.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices :—

Vol. f. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to ~

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... -... ...- Q1/- nett.
Vols. Hy Hi., HV., & WHE. ... to the Public, 8/- 5 to Members, G/=. -
Vols. V. & Vin... 3. ... (Out of Print).
Separate Parts of which an 1)-, a od.

more than 25 copies are in stock f

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of
vol, v., parts-6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II.

REPRINTS.

UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies"
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, S-pp.; 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
5O - 4, 29 4/6, » 6/6. 9» _ 10/-. oe) 12/6.
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CONCHOLOGY.
G. B. SOWERBY & HUGH FULTON

Have the pleasure of informing their clients that they have Joined in

_ Partnership, uniting their Rich and Extensive Stocks of Shells, and
bringing together an assortment quite unique in the history of conchological
enterprise.

_SELECTIONS may be made on the Premises, or sent on APPROVAL.
Collections and Specimens Bought. Typical Collections for Museums.
sf EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN. STOCK.

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Glass. topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c., supplied promptly at moderate
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BOOKS BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.:
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Appendix (1897) alone, in stout paper cover (46 pages and three additional
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ADDRESS—

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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOCY:

A Systematic, lilustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

\ ; : FOUNDED. BY THE LATE : .
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published; by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. :

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - -~ $3 00

Colored Edition. — Plates wearily € colored hand,

per part- -. - ARS D508
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, soled

and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed. :

§S> The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells —
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;_

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

Wong os JANUARY, 1899. [No. 5.

Published January 1, 1899.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

“BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

W. E: HOYLE, M.A E. D. BOSTOCK,

Hon. SECRETARY AND EpitTor: ~ Hon. TREASURER:
THE OWENS. COLLEGE, TIxALu Loner,

MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.
CONTENTS.
PAGE,
Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ Cnet T. MARSHALL ... 129
List of Officers and Council for 1898-9 ... ors a ie i 139
List of Members. ... 306 cS ae aS oe be aes 139
Proceedings of the Society, October to December, 1895 ane me 145
Annual Report and Balance Sheet via Be ve yp zai 147
Pupa anglica Fér. var. alba nov.—EDWARD COLLIER ue eee
Discovery of a Physa new to Britain—J. MADISON ... aro oe. 152
Note on Mitra (Pusia) rhodochroa Hervier, and M, rhodinospheera
Melv.—J. Cosmo MELVILLE _... an Bi i oe 152
Presidential Address on The Economic Use of some British Mollusca
—J. R. B. MAsEFIELD, M.A. _... oct sc se bor ee
LONDON: Dutav & Co., 37, Soo Square, W.

LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann’s Sa.

BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

SSS

The Treasurer will be absent from England from
Jan. 20th to Feb. 20th, during which time all communi-
cations. may be addressed to the Secretary.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND: IRELAND.

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 2 May at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed ba the Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator. -

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 3s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E, Hoyts, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is. supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price, to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society’s List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.

All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices:—

Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... .... ... 24/- nett.
Vols. Uf., Gl., IV., & VII. ... to the Public, 8/-, to Members, 6/-.
Vols. V: & VI. .... ...._... (Out of Print).
Vol. Vill. ... 2.5%... to the Public, 15/-, do. 12/6.
Separate Parts ‘of which \ ae 1/-; Aes od.

more than 25 copies ’are in stock f

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of
vol: v., parts'6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and i,

REPRINTS.

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 29 ) 4/ 2 2) /6. 9, 1O/-. ~ oy) 12/6. ;
_ 100 oy) re) 6/6, ” 9/-. oy) 12/-. : oe) 15/-: “5

ADVERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page ae ... 20/-. Quarter Page say rte Pee eeyies
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SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

The Editor will be glad to receive CORTE OSS foe Members for this
column. ;

ANSWERS TO ENQUIRIES.

In answer to an enquiry by “‘ L.E.A.” in the Journal for April, 1896, as to the
derivation of Azeca, it may be observed that this word occurs in a list of ‘‘ Non-
‘sense names” on page 16 of the British Association ‘‘ Rules for Zoological Nomen-
-clature,” ae up by the late H. E. STRICKLAND (London, 1878).

Helix canigonensis.—Several enquiries having been received regarding the
“correct spelling of this name, the following extract from a letter from Dr. Raphael
Blanchard, who has kindly looked up the. original description, will be valuable :—
“*Felox canivonensis a été décrite par Nerée Boubée dans son Bulletin a’ histoire
naturelle de France, pour servir & la statistegue et a la géographie naturelle de cette
_ région, page 29, 1833. L’espéce a été trouvée ala base du pic du Canigou (ter-
rain granitique.)”

ERRATUM.

On page 110, line 5, for ‘‘ Worth” xead ‘* North.”
On page 428, line 2, for ‘‘ Ditcham”’ 7ead ‘* Mitcham.”

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society
on account of the sending of Journals to members whose
subscriptions were in arrears, and who were ultimately
declared defaulters,

The Council resolved in April last :—

‘That: the first three numbers of the jourdak for each
year be sent to those members who are not in arrear as
regards the previous year’s subscription, and that when
the October number is ready for publication, a notice,
under | cover, be sent to all members who have not then
_ paid the current year’s subscription, and that the Journal
be not forwarded till payment has been made.”

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELLS
: IN THe WoRLD.
Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON invite Amateurs and CURATORS OF
Museums to send for their NEW LISTS now being issued.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens. -

PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

Glass. topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c. Price List on application.

‘By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :—‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorums;. in parts or monographs. ‘Tllus-
trated. Index of British ‘Shells, col. figs. of all known species ; 30s. nett. ‘Mazine Shells of -
South Africa, with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

SOWERBY & FULTON, 21, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, 5.W.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, im —
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. - Each part ©
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. ©
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) _- Le 00
Colored Edition.— Plates eae colored by hand,

per Mart - <7 eG =A = -~- - =~ §5 00
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored

and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo ~

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed,

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed.

QE" The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND- SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. ;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co,, Litd.,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

Nie

Published April 1, 1899.

THE

JOURNAL

Ravou.-9), 22 APRIL: 1890; 5 > [No. 6.

CGONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF GREAT. BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

War Bites bh OLYal Bae CV Aes,
THE Owens -COLLEGE, —
MANCHESTER.

TIxatL Loner,

Hon. SECRETARY AND EpDIToR: | Hon: TREASURER:
STAFFORD.

EH Ds2 B Oss 1.0 Crk

ray,

CONTENTS.

~ Presidential Address on The Economic Use of some British Mollusca
(concluded )—J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

Limnzea peregra abandoning its shell—k. H. Jones ...
Additional Note on Ceecilioides acicula-—Rev. J. W. HorsLEY
_ Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ (coztinued )—]. T. MARSHALL ...
The Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets—L. St. G. BYNE
Prefatory Note—J. Cosmo MELVILL ae
Proceedings of the Society, January to March, 1899 ...
Note on Scalaria fimbriolata Melv.—J. Cosmo MELVILL

Vertigo pusilla Miiller in Lancashire and Westmorland —R, STANDEN

Bibliography

Herviera, a new gens of Pyramidltidae J. ian Menvin ae
OR. STANDEN 3 es

The Land and Piechwater Mollusca of Sainerectanee W. cwanie ON

LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, Sono Square, W.

PAGE.
161
164
164
165
172
172
179
-181
180 me
182

185
187

LEEDS: Tayior Bros., Sovereicn St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. ANn’s So.

BERLIN : FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11,

THE CONGHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND. :

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. :

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed by the Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator. : ‘

The Subscription is 5/- per annunr; life membership £3 3s.
Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E., Hoyts, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per-annum.

' List of Shells.—The Conchological Society’s -List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to’the Hon. Treasurer.
All other Communications should be -addressed to the Hon. Secretary. _

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of
the sending of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears,
and who were ultimately declared defaulters,

The Council resolved in April last :—

“That the first three numbers of the Journal for. each year be sent to
those members who are notin arrear as regards the previous year’s sub-
scription, and that when the October number is ready for publication, a
notice, under cover, be sent to all members who have not then paid the
current year’s subscription, and that the Journal be not forwarded till
payment has been made.” Ce :

REPRINTS.

ee of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4.pp., 3/6, 8 pps 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 a eo. De OO: : >) ~10/-. By AKG,
100 2 oe) 6/6, py) Qj-- 29 12/-. Ns 15/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page es ye e2O hey Quarter Page _ a wh pee
Half Page... at hanno Six Lines or under ... i SLO.
One-third Page .<. Be (By: Every additional Line Maga f/f Os

CONCHOLOGICAL EXCURSION.

The President proposes to organise an EXCURSION in HAMPSHIRE during
the month of SEPTEMBER, and would be glad to hear from any members desir-
ing to join.

One of the special objects would be the search for Clausi/ia cerulea v. birugosa.
Address—LIONEL E. ADAMS, :
68, WoLVERHAMPTON ROAD, STAFFORD.

THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.

Established in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.”
Edited by

“WALTER E. COLLINGE, F.Z.S.,

President of the Midland Matacological Society.
With the co-operation of

DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. aba Re SY KES; By A,; -FIZ:S:
THE REV. “A. H. COOKE, M.A,,.FcZ.S. ° W=-M. WEBB: F.L:S.
CHARLES HEDLEY, F-L.S. B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.

Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
Fully Illustrated. Annual Subscription 6/-, or 12/- per vol.
All communications to. W. E. COLLINGE, Mason University College, Birmingham,

f « Any one study, of whatever kind exclusively pursued, deadens in the mind the
txterest, LB the perception, of any others.’—Joun Henry NEwMAN.

ESTABLISHED 1865.
Punctually on the 25th of previous month. PRIGE SIXPENCE.

SCIENCE GOSSIP.

Epitep By JOHN T. CARRINGTON, assistTED sy F..WINSTONE.

illustrated. Most Varied Contents. Largest Circulation.
_- THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE WITH INDEPENDENT OFFICES.
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Send Six Stamps for Specimen Copy.

Publishing and Editorial Offices - 110, Strand, London, W.C,

ADDRESS ALL BUSINESS AND EDITORIAL }
COMMUNICATIONS TO \

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELLS
EIN EAB OW © Rea De
Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON invite Amateurs and Curators or
Musreums to send-for their NEW LISTS now being issued.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre-
sented by a large number of species including many rarities -& very fine specimens.

PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR- SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c.. Price List on application,

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :—‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorituz, in parts or monographs. ‘Tus:
trated Index of British Shells,’ col. figs. of all now mn species ; 30s. nett. ‘Warine Shells of
South Africa, with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

SOWERBY & FULTON, 121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Connell has decided to offer them at the followi ing prices :-—

Vol. f. (Gin the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... .... 21/- nett.
Vols. Ti., Hl. 1V., & Wil. ... to the Public, 8/- gato Members, 6/=. -
Vols. V. & Vi. ii Raa Oe (Out of Print):
Vol. Vill, .-s....-to the:Public, 15/-, do. 12/6.

Separate Parts of which] iy Wee
-more than 25 copies are in stock f ~ ae: pf tlas de: Sd.

_ The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for elean copies of
: vol. v., parts 6 and I0; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II.

MANUAL OF CONGHOLOCY:

GEORGE Ww. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF. THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, i CONSE

The Manual of Gantioiseys is published, by subscription, in
_ parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to. tw enty- -four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and-are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. »

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume), -.- - $3 00
- Colored Edition.—Plates carefully. colored. by hand,
: Per partes = pov s Sete LG sees ie tee ene es ap oe
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored .
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00

First Series.—Marine Gastropods.. Fourteen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidee) completed.

eSs~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES: AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. ;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;

a FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, ‘Berlin.

Vor. 9). <<. ~~ JULY, 1899. (No. 7.

Published July 1, 1899.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

W..E. HOYLE,.M.A., E.. D.-BOSTOCK,

Hon. SECRETARY AND EDITOR: Hon. TREASURER:
THE Owens COLLEGE, TIxALL LopGR,

MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Somersetshire (continued) —
E. W. SWANTON...” 193
A Contribution towards a List ar the Marine Mollusca of Tenby sae
Neighbourhood—BARTLET SPAN... 9 -.. 2s 203 ©
Helix acuta monstr. smistrorsum at Tenby—F. Weecoe S08 & 211
Note on Clausilia semidenticulata Pfr.—J. BLiss ... 211
Limax cinereo-niger in Carnarvonshire and Denbighshire — Citas
OLDHAM . ... 211
Obituary Notice of ne late Joseph Charles + Hippolyte Ciose=
CLARA NORDLINGER S 212
Fusi on the Norfolk Coast—C. GREENE oh + 215
Remarks on the Cause of Uae in Planorbis Seees = ;
-R. STANDEN . : art 216
Vertigo caren ‘Oapups in Garnirilgesiire te. STANDEN Siena 217
Helices abandoning their Shellsk—R. WELCH ... 5 BB 506 217
Proceedings of the Society, egy) 1899 a a bbe 218
Bibliography sf ae 220 -
_ Note on the Genus Feria. Ke irene a R. “STANDEN Be 221
Vertigo IDES ss Alder in Lancashire—R. STANDEN . : 221
Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ (covtenaued)—J. T. tiene 222

PORTRAIT OF THE LATE J. C. H. CROSSE.
——r————

LONDON: Dutavu & Co., 37, Sono SQUARE, W.
LEEDS; TAYLOR Bros., SOVEREIGN Sr. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, Sr. Agwe sé.
BERLIN: FRIEDLAENDER & Soun, © EIST RSS It.

There will be. NO MEETINGS of the Socieu)
in JULY and AUGUST.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
_ BRITAIN AND IRELAND. —

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 p.M., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. ;

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed by the Hon. SESE or Hon.
Curator.

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 3s.
Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E, Hoye, M.A., is ae
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. _ Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society's List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.
All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of
the sending of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears,
and who were ultimately declared defaulters,

The Council-reso!lved in April last :—

‘‘ That the first three numbers of the Journal for each year be sent to
those members who are not in arrear as regards the previous year’s sub-
scription, and that when the October number is ready for publication, a
notice, under cover, be sent to all members who have not then paid the ©
current year’s subscription, and that the Joma! be not forwarded till
payment has been made.”

REPRINTS.
AS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such ao to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :-—

25 copies, 4 pp.; 3/6, 8 pp.; 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 99 or) 4/6, ” /6. 9, ~10/-. 29 12/6,
100 be) oy) 6/6, ) Qi-- om) 12]-. 29 15/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS

“Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page- a .. 20/-. Quarter Page ee se « Wise
Half Page... ane eel) Os Six Lines or under ... 120 33/65
One-third Page ... «Bf Every additional Line se eps

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

CONCHOLOGICAL EXCURSION.

The President proposes to organise an EXCURSION in HampsuireE during
the month of SEPTEMBER, and would be glad to hear from any members desir-
ing to join.

One of the special objects would be the search for Clazszlza cerulea v. birugosa.
Address—LIONEL -E. ADAMS,
68, WoLVERHAMPTON ROAD, STAFFORD. |

INE JOURNAL UF MAMAUUMUUET
: Established in 1890 as ‘The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.” 3)
: : : Edited. by ey &
WALTER E. COLLINGE, F.Z.S.,

President of the Midland Malacological Society.
With the co-operation of

DR. JOSEF ¥F. BABOR. - By Ri SYKES) ‘BA. F-Z.S.
SHE REV: A. Hy COOKE; McA E.Z.S2ce We WE BBY ELS. ©
CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.sS. B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.

Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
Fully Illustrated. Annual Subscription 6/-, or 12/- per vol.
All communications to W. E. CoLLiNcr, Mason University College, Birmingham.

“ Any one study, of whatever kind exclusively pursued, deadens in the nund the
interest, nay the perception, of any others. —JouN HENRY NEWMAN.

ESTABLISHED 1865,.: .- :
Punctually on the 25th of previous month. “PRICE: SIXPENCE.

SCIENCE GOSSIP.

Epirep sy JOHN T. CARRINGTON, assisteD py F. WINSTONE.

illustrated. Most Varied Contents. Largest Circulation.
THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE WITH INDEPENDENT OFFICES.
-- 4*SCTENCE GOSSIP is now one of the brightest and most diversified monthlies for the lover of science,’’

SUBSCRIPTIONS (6s. 6d. per annum, including Postage, may begin at any time).
Send Six Stamps for Specimen Copy.

Publishing and Editorial Offices - 110, Strand, London, W.C.

ADDRESS ALL BUSINESS AND EDITORIAL v
COMMUNICATIONS TO i)

Editor and: Manages

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELLS

IN THB WORLD.

Messrs. SOWERBY -& FULTON invite Anareurs and CuRATORS OF
Museums to send for their NEW LISTS now being issued.
MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens.
PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c. Price List on application.

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.:—‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum, in parts or monographs. — “/¢/us-
trated Index of British Shells, col. figs. of all known species ; 30s. nett. ‘Marine Shells of
South Africa, with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

SOWERBY & FULTON, 121, FULHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.W.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following ‘prices :—

Vol. I. (in the event-of a sufficient number of orders being received to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... 21/=-nett.
Vols. Il., HL., IV., & VIE. ... to the Public, 8/-,; to Members, 6/=.
Vols. V. Vie coe ee 2. (OutofePrint):
Vol. Vill... ... ... to the Public, 15/=, do. 12/6.

Separate Parts of which 2
more than 25 copies are in stock de: 1/5 do. - Sd.

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of
vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and-II.

MANUAL OF pONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, lilustrated Monography of the —
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. __

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in —
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. -
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate -
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. |

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) -. - -. $3 00
Colored Edition.—Plates ene colored by hand, .
per part- - - - is u= ="f5 00
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 90

First Series——Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed.

{IES The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are. fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS,. Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. ;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Sh Ltd.,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

OCTOBER, 1899.

Published October 1, 1899.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY AND EDITOR: Hon. TREASURER:
WE. HOYLE, > M.A., E. D. BOSTOCK,
THE Owens. COLLEGE, TIxXaLL Lopcr,
MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.

CONTENTS.

Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ ( contcniued)—J. T. MARSHALL...
‘Clausilia (Alinda) biplicata H. & A. Adams v. alba nov.—R. STANDEN

Notes on the Caput-serpentis Group of the Genus Oper CosMo
MELVILL and R. STANDEN -

~The Land and Freshwater Mollusca af cones Ceonetapin®:
E. W. SWANTON Spe

Note on Petricola pholadiformis Lam.—J. E. Cooper

Synopsis of the American eperes of the poy Diplodontidae—
. H. DALL

Peon pee of New Species of South Ahicah Nevin Shells —
“EpeGar A. SMITH (PLATE V.) ah

Belgium and the Ardennes—ReEv. Cantavcn Gina

The occurrence of Limnza peregra v. burnetti in Windermere
—K. HURLSLONE JONES a

_ The Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets: Supplement—L. St. G. BYNE
Proceedings of the Society, June, September, 1899

PLATE V.

“LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W. a
| LEEDS: Tayvior Bros., SoveREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, Sr. Ann’s Sa.
BERLIN; FrRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

The ANNUAL MEETING will be held on
OCTOBER 2i%st, and will take the place of the.
_ Ordinary Meeting for that Month (see Notice within).

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
‘BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Object of the Society is the promotion of Conchology, by the holding of- -
Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by. the publication of proceedings,
and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the science. :

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month,-at 7 P.mM., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester,

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed by the Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator.

The Subscription i is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 3s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

“The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E, Hoyts, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and‘papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society's List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.-
All ether Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of
the sending of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears,
and who were ultimately declared defaulters,

The Council resolved in April last :—

‘““That the first three numbers of the Journal for each year be sent to
those members who are not in arrear as regards the previous year’s sub-
scription, and that when the October number is ready for publication, a
notice, under cover, be sent to all members who have not then paid the
current year’s subscription, and that the Journal be not forwarded till
payment has been made.”

REPRINTS.

UTHORS of Papers | receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered'when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6; 8 pp-, 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
59 »” >» _ 4/6, » 6/6. : >> 1O/-. 39 12/6.
_100 29 29 6/6, by) 9/-- 29 12/-. 39 15/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page Spe ws 20]. Quarter Page ois oe Gi Ree ok
Half Page... wet w. 12/6. Six Lines or under ’.:. am SHOS
One-third Page... SS EAO het Every additional Line wee =/6.

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

Offered Vert7go moulinstana, etc. Wanted Helix revelata, Vertigo minutissinia,
Succinea oblonga, Limnea involuta, and other rare British L. ee F.W. Shells—
FRED TAaytor, 38, Landseer Street, Oldham.

THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.,

Established in 1890 as “‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.”
Edited by

WALTER E. COLLINGE, F.Z.S.,

President of the Midland Malacological Society.
With the co-operation of

DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. BE. RSSVKES; BAS, .F.Z.S.
eTHE REV. ‘A.. H.-COOKE; -M.A.5 F.Z.S. - - W..M; WEBB,-F.L.S.
CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.

Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
Fully Illustrated. . Annual Subscription 6/-, or 12/- per vol.
All communications to W. E. COLLINGE, Mason University College, Birmingham. —

“Any one study, of whatever kind exclusively pursued, deadens in the mind the
interest, nay the perception, of any others. *—JoHn Henry Newman.

ESTABLISHED 1865, ;
Punctually on the 25th of previous month. PRICE SIXPENCE.

SCIENCE GOSSIP.

Epirep sy JOHN T. CARRINGTON, assisTeEp sy F. WINSTONE.
iilustrated. Most Varied Contents. Largest Circulation.
THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE WITH INDEPENDENT OFFICES.

“SCIENCE GOSSIP is now one of the brightest and most diversified monthlies for the lover of science.’”

SUBSCRIPTIONS (6s. 6d. per annum, including Postage, may begin at any time).
Send Six Stamps for Specimen Copy. .

Publishing and Editorial Offices = 110, Strand, London, W.C.

ADDRESS ALL-BUSINESS AND EDITORIAL V
COMMUNICATIONS TO i)

Editor and Manager

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELLS

IN THEE WORLD.

Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON invite Amateurs and Curators oF
MusEums to send for their NEW LISTS now being. issued.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens.

PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c. — Price List on application.

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :—‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum, in parts or monographs. ‘/Z/us-
trated: Index of British Shells; col. figs. of all known species; 30s. nett. ‘Marine Shells of .
South Africa, with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

SOWERBY & FULTON, 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, LONDON.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
T Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices :—

Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... 21/- nett.
Vols. II., Hll., 1V., & VII. :.. to the Public, 8/-, to Members, 6/-.
Vols. V Vko te (Ont ef Print);
Vol. VIII. ... ... ... ++ to the Public, 15/-, ate 12/6.
Separate Parts ae which | ae: 1/-; do. 9d

more than 25 copies are in stock f

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each fon clean copies of
vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and I

MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, |
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part ~
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.

Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00
Colored Edition.— Plates etl colored by hand,

per part - - - Ee - SSS eay nc, Ae ae ge
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, ie in ‘duplicate, colored

and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed.

(S~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

i qs
INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. ;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

JANUARY, 1900.

Published January 1, -1900.

TELE

JOURN
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCTE IY,
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND. [TRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY AND EpIToR: Hon. TREASURER:
We beg LOVE Bhs aM A}, iE <D'=, B:O:S*4' Ore EK;
THE Owens COLLEGE, TixaLL Lopcr,
MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.

CONTENTS.

List of Officers and Council for 1899-1900 2

List of Members ... nde aK oi

Proceedings of the Society, @uieber to inabaatcn 1808

Annual Report and Balance Sheet

Sylvanus Hanley—EpGar A. SMITH ... . 5 nod
Note on the appearance of Helix virgata in érefrdshive_We BLAKE

The Etymology of the Names Azeca and Assiminea of Leach—Reyv.
G. A. FRANK KNIGHT

Pisidium milium in Somerset—CH. OLpuaM
Bibliography

A large colony of Vertigo ee Diap. in Co. Downe AWanen

Effect of Protracted Drought on the occurrence of Land Mollusea—
Rev. J. W. HorsLey ;

A cross between Limnzea stagnalis and @ aurigulatia®“G. W. cane TER

Buckinghamshire Mollusca—J. KR. B. MASEFIELD ate
Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ (continued )—J. T. MancHneel?

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37; SoHo Square, W.
LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann’s Sa.
BERLIN : ;FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.m., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Collections are deposited i in the Mankhcces Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed by the Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator.

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 8s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W-> E. Hovte, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every _
Member who is not in arrear with his-subscription.. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society's List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.

- All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of
the sending of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears,
and who were ultimately declared defaulters,

_ The Council resolved in April last:

“That the first three numbers of the Journal for each year be sent to
those members who are not in arrear as regards the previous year’s sub-
scription, and that when the October number is ready for publication, a
notice, under cover, be sent to all members who have not then paid the
current year’s subscription, and that the Journal” be not forwarded fill
payment has been made.”

REPRINTS.

Ce ee of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, hese who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
- be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— -

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp., 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 29 29 416, 37 6/6. >» 1O/-. 2” 12/6.
igefe) ) SOAS 6/6, ob) Q/-- { ” 12/-. 99 I5/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page aA ere 20): Quarter Page Ae sane gies
Half Page... ni vy 1127/6, Six Lines or under ... Sa. 3/05
One-third Page ... Re eye Every additional Line we -/6.

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.”

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

Borus popelatrianus, Strophochetlus sangoe, and Stroph. biteniatus from Peru,
and Vertigo moulinstana, in exchange for good foreign Helicidee.—J.W. HorsLey,
St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, S,E.

THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.

Established in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology,”
é Edited by _-

WALTER E. COLLINGE, F.Z.S.,

President of the Midland Malacological Society.
With the co-operation of

-DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. : E.R SYKES,“B. ae F.Z.S.
THE REV. A.“ H.. COOKE, M.A -F.Z.S.. ’ W.*M.; WEBB, FL.S.
“CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S. B, B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.

‘Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
Fully Illustrated. Annual Subscription 6/-, or 12/- per vol.
All communications to W. E. COLLINGE, Mason University College, Birmingham.

“Any one study, of whatever kind exclusively pursued, deadens in the mind the
interest, nay the perception, of any others.’—JoHN HENRY NEWMAN.

ESTABLISHED 1865, :
Punctually on the 25th of previous month. PRICH: SIXPENCE:

SCIENCE GOSSIP.

Epirep sy JOHN T. CARRINGTON, ASSISTED BY F. WINSTONE,

lilustrated. Most Varied Contents. Largest Circulation.
THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE WITH INDEPENDENT OFFICES.
“SCIENCE GOSSIP is now one of the brightest and most diversified monthlies for the lover of science.’”

SUBSCRIPTIONS (6s. 6d. per annum, including Postage, may begin at any time).
Send Six Stamps for Specimen Copy.

Publishing and Editorial Offices =v 110, Strand, London, W.C.

ADDRESS ALL BUSINESS AND EDITORIAL v
COMMUNICATIONS TO

Editor and Manages

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELLS

aN SE ESS? OWV1@ see

Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON invite Amareurs and Curators oF-
Muserums to send for their NEW LISTS now being issued.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens.
PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN. STOCK.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c.. Price List on application.

By. G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :—‘ Bide Pe us Conchyliorum, in parts or monographs, ‘Tllus-
trated Index of British Shells col. figs. of all known species ; 30s. nett. ‘AZarine Shells of .
South Africa, with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

~ SOWERBY & FULTON, 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, LONDON.

BACK NUMBERS OF .
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices :—

Vol. 1. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders eone received to _

_ justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... 21/- nett.
Vols. II., Hl., 1V., & VII.... to the Public, B/-, to Meniixe. 6/-.
Vols. V. Wiss te oss. (Out ofePnnt):
Vol. VIII. ... |. ... ++. to the Public, 15/-, do. 12/6.
Separate Parts a which \, aes 1/-, do. 9d

more than 25 copies are in stock f

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for Glew copies of
vol. v., parts 6 and I0; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and I

MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY

FOUNDED BY THE LATE
GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,
| echTnoEe UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchplcey is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, ete. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) - - - $3 00 |
Colored Edition.— Plates carerally colored by hand, |
per part-= = »- - See pe eh oe ‘$5 00

Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, aihtes in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to.25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.

“Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidz) completed.

@E~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published. ;

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. ;

OR E
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Lid.,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

| Vor. 9]. APRIL, 1900. -{No. 10.

Published April 2, 1900. -

THE

| JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

We EK. HOYLE MA. EK. D. BOS O GK;

Hon. SECRETARY AND Eptror: Hon. TREASURER:
THE Owens COLLEGE, TrixaLu LopcGr,

MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.
PAGE
Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ (conténued)—J. T. MARSHALL ... 289
Observations on some British Land and Freshwater Shells: Presi-

dential Address—L. E. ADAMS. ... ue os a Be 207

Helix marmorata var. alba nov.—K. HURLSTONE JONES _... ont 302
_ A Revision of the Textile Cones, with description of C. cholmondeleyi .

n. sp.—J. CosMo MELVILL. sis so ani one Sor 303
Proceedings of the ‘Society, January to March, 1900 ... ne hee 312
Bibliography See po Ss je Be ae ae ae 315
Sir Rawson William Rawson, K.C.M.G., C.B., &c.—J. Cosmo

MELVILL bis Bae 332 cay au ae bs a 319

il SESS eek
LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.
LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SOVEREIGN ST. >| MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornisu, St. Ann's Sa.
BERLIN : Fri—EpLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

By Special Invitation the MAY MEETING will be held on
Saturday, May. 5th, at 4 p.m., at the residence of Mr.
J. Cosmo Melvill (see p. 314).

Exhibition of the ‘genus Behe at the April Meeting:
é (cae yn. 315).

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
. BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Meetings are held on the second Wed pesca of each month, at 7 P.M., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed ly the Hon. Sere or Hon.
Curator.

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership 43 @s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hovis, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who is not-in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The- Conchological Society’s List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.

All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of ~
the sending of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears, —
and who were ultimately declared defaulters,

The Council has resolved :—

REPRINTS.

UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish ndditionsl copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— *

25 copies, 4 pp-, 3/6, 8 pp.» 4/6. 12 pp., 8/-. 16 pp., 10/6.
50 oy) ” 4/9, ” 6/6. 95 10/-. - oy) 12/6.
100 9 wr) 6/6, oe) 9/-- 23 L2|c. ” 15/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Will be'inserted at the following rates :— ~

Whole Page ee ws 20/-. Quarter Page = sae yeas
Half Page... RG i. 12/6. Six Lines or under... =... 3/4.
One-third Page... .. 8/- . — Every additional Line _... _—-/6.

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

S HELLS WANTED.—V/yalinia helvetica, Vertigo alpestris, V. pusilla, WV. minutissima,
Succinea oblonga, Linnea tinvoluta, Spheriune pallidum, Stenogyra goodalit. Uf any of our

members have duplicates_I would purchase them on the understanding that the proceeds went

towards the extinction of the adverse balance.—H. LamMonrT Orr, 20, Garfield Street, Belfast,

FFERED, a large number of Tropical and European Butterflies, Moths, Dragonflies, Cicadas,

Lanternflies, and other Insects, small collection of British Marine Shells and : about 100 Books

and Périodicals, including back vols. of ‘ Science Gossip,’ ‘ Entomologist,’ etc. Wanted Cowries,

Cones, Mitres, Olives, Volutes and Harps or offers.—W. Harcoyrt- Batu, 10, Heckford Terrace,
Longfleet, Dorsetshire.

THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY,
Established. in B00 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Malacology.”’
Edited by —

“WALTER E. COLLINGE, FeZ co. ;

President of the Midland Malacological Society.
With the co-operation of

DR. JOSEF F>>BABOR. oy ARG SMIRIES SB SUZ)
MAB AREV.-A.. He? COOKE, MuAL B.Z:5. >> Wee MM. WEBB, E-E-S.
CHARLES: EEE DER, “Halas. : B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.

Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
Fully Illustrated. Annual Subscription 6/-, or 12/- per vol.
All communications to W. E. CoLLINGE, Mason University College, Birmingham:

“Any one study, of whatever kind exclusively pursued, deadens tn the mind the
interest, nay the perception, of any others.’—JOoHN HENry NEWMAN..

ESTABLISHED 1865,
Punctually on the 25th of previous month. PRICE: SIXPENCE.

SCIENCE GOSSIP.

Epirep By JOHN T. CARRINGTON, asstStep sy F. WINSTONE.

eee: Most Varied Contents. Largest Circulation.
THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE WITH INDEPENDENT OFFICES.

“SCIENCE GOSSIP is now one of the brightest and most-diversified monthlies for the lover of science.’’
SUBSCRIPTIONS (6s. 6d. per annum, including Postage, may begin at any- time).
Send Six Stamps for Specimen Copy.

Publishing and Editorial Offices = 110, Strand, London, W.C.

ADDRESS ALL BUSINESS AND EDITORIAL V
COMMUNICATIONS TO i)

Editer aidManager

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELLS

IN THe WORLD.

Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON invite Amateurs and Curators or
Museums to send for their NEW LISTS now being issued.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost-every fainiiy repre=
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens,
PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c. Price List on application.

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. :—‘ Vhesaurus Conchyliorunz, in parts or monographs. ‘///us-
trated Index of British Sheil col. figs. of all known species ; 30s. nett. ‘JZavine Shells of
South Africa, with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett. ;

SOWERBY & FULTON, 45, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, LONDON.

BACK NUMBERS OF)
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr,
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices :—

Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received-to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts) ........-... 21/- nett.
Vols. Il., IH. 1V., & VIL. ... to the Public, 8/-, to Members, 6/=.
Vols. V WI oe, oes 2) (Out of Print) ;
Vole VIN. 3 2... a.) > eto the Public, 15/5, do.’ 12/6.

Separate Parts of which |
more than 25 copies are in stock f oo. 1/-5 do. 3d

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of
vol. v., parts 6 and 10; Vol. vi.; parts I, 5, and II.

MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY:

GEORGE WwW. TRYON, suna

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. EEE CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conhaiey is published, by sihepae in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. . Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 oc

Colored Edition.— Plates caren oe colored By hand,
per: part - = 1-2 - - - - $5 00
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, vias in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata, Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicidze) completed.

Q@S~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
_ high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells

published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.;

KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

JULY, 1900.

Published July 1, 1900.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY AND EDITOR: Hon. TREASURER:
We hs "HOWL Es Me-A. y Ei D2 BOS Oe K
THE OwrEns COLLEGE, TIXALL LoDGR,

MANCHESTER. STAFFORD.

CONTENTS.

The Land and Freshwater Shells of Cae South Wales —
A. G. STUBBS : ane

Edgar Leopold Layard, C. M.G., F.Z.$.—EpWarb CorLigR
Clausilia biplicata (Mont.) white variety—R. STANDEN

Additions to ‘ British Conchology’ (contenued)—J. T. MARSHALL ...
Bibliography

Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith at Droylsden, Lancashire—FRED TAYLOR
On the forms of Lacuna puteolus (Turton)—E. St. G., BYNE
Brocecdinas of the Society, April—May, 1900...

Helix virgata in Staffordshire—J. R. B. MASEFIELD ...

Lovell Reeve: a brief sketch of his life and career, with a fragment
of an autobiography, excerpts from his diary (1849), and corre-
spondence—J. CosMO MELVILL

PORTRAIT OF LOVELL REEVE.

LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, SoHo SQUARE, Ww.
LEEDS: Tayror Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: J. E..Cornisu, St. Ann’s So.
BERLIN: FrrepLaENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11,

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND. :

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 p.m., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. : ; aeeae

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum; and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members presenting an order signed by the Hon. Secretary or Hon.
Curator. Ee : : z

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoye, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and papers, and is. supplied free to every
Member who is not in arrear with his subscription. Price to Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society's < List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.
All other Communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of
the sending of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears,
and who were ultimately declared defaulters,

The Council has resolved :—

‘“‘That the first three numbers of the Journal for each year be sent to
those members who are not in arrear as regards the previous year’s sub-
scription, and that when the October number is ready for publication, a
notice, under cover, be sent to all members who have not then paid the
current year’s subscription, and that the Journal be not forwarded till
payment has been made.” <

REPRINTS.
' \ UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, Spp., 4/6. - 12-pp., 8) 16 pp., 10/6.
50 om) ee) 4/6, 29 6/6. 9, LO/-. oe) 12/6.
100 oy) 23 6/6, 29 9j-- 9 12/-. 9 15/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates —

Whole Page eS CeezO) Quarter Page Re = 7/-.
Half Page... oh eo RANG). Six Lines or under ... Jn 33/6:
One-third Page 8/- Every additional Line ie) =O:

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

HELLS WANTED.—Ayalinia helvetica, Vertigo alpestris, V. pusilla, V. minutissima,

Succinea oblonga, Limnea involuta, Spherium pallidum, Stenogyra goodalli. If any of our

members have duplicates I would purchase them. on the understanding that the proceeds went
towards the extinction of the adverse balance.—H. Lamont Orr, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.

OFFERED, a large number of Tropical and European Butterflies, Moths, Dragonflies, Cicadas,

Lanternflies, and other Insects, small collection of British Marine Shells and about roo Books
and Periodicals, including back vols. of ‘ Science Gossip,’ ‘ Entomologist,’ etc. Wanted Cowries,
Cones, Mitres, Olives, Volutes and Harps or offers.—W. Harcourt-Batu, 10, Heckford Terrace, -
Longfleet, Dorsetshire.

THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY,
Established in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a Journal of Ses
Edited b:

WALTER E. COLLINGE, F.Z.S.,

‘ President of the Midland Matacological esacicay:
: ee With the co-operation of
DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S.
THE REV. AH. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S. Es R. SYKES, B:A., E-Z.S.
B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.

Indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
In addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca,
and on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all
the important current publications.

Fully Illustrated. - Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol.
- All communications to W. FE. COLLINGE, Mason University College, Birmingham.

“Any one study, of whatever kind exclusively pursued, deadens in the mind the
interest, nay the perception, of any others.” —JOoHN HENRY NEWMAN.

ESTABLISHED 1865,
Punctually on the 25th of previous month. PRICE SIXPENCE.

SCIENCE GOSSIP.

EpireD By JOHN T. CARRINGTON, Assistep sy F. WINSTONE.

illustrated. Most Varied Contents. Largest Circulation.
: THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE WITH. INDEPENDENT OFFICES.
“SCIENCE GOSSIP is now one of the brightest and most diversified monthlies for the lover of science.’’
SUBSCRIPTIONS (6s. 6d. per annum, including Postage, may begin at any time).
Send Six Stamps for Specimen Copy.

Publishing and Editorial Offices = 110, Strand, London, W.C.

ADDRESS ALL BUSINESS AND EDITORIAL v
COMMUNICATIONS TO

Editor and Manages

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELES

IN THE woRLD.

MESSRS. “SOWERBY & FULTON invite Amateurs and CuRATORS OF
Museums to send for their NEW LISTS now being issued.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre=
sented bya large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens.

PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c. Price List on application.

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. to Thesaurus Conchyliorum, in parts or monographs. ‘Z//us-
trated Index of Bi ‘itish Shells, col. figs. of all known species ; 30s. nett. ‘(Marine Shells of
South Africa, with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

SOWERBY & FULTON, 15, Station Parade Kew Gardens, LONDON.

_ BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following prices :—

Vol, I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... 21/= nett._
Vols. Il., Hl., 1V., & VII.... to the Public, 8/=, to Members, 6/=.
Vois. V. & VI. .:._ ... ... (Out of Print). Gig
Vol. Vill... ... ... ++ to the Public, 15/=, do. 12/6.
Separate Parts of which ae. 1/-, qa 94

more than 25 copies are in stock

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for clean copies of
vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, lilustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

~ Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia, _ |
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, GONSERVATOR.

The Manuai of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc.. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-__
vocable upon, the completion of any volume. |

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00

Colored Edition.— Plates cally colored by hand,

per part-- - : : - = -.- $5 °00
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, eplored

and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.
Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
‘graphy of the great family Helicidze) comuleteds

QS The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES: AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J.,-U.S.A. ;

OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENGH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON; ;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

Vot. 9]. OCTOBER, 1900. (No. 12.

Published October 1, 1900.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY AND EpITor: Hon. TREASURER: i
Wok CH ©OFV 0 Ba Marae E.. D. BOSTOCK, i
Tue Owens COLLEGE, Tixatt LopcGr, \
MANCHESTER. STAFFORD. i

CONTENTS.

AS PAGE. {

Lovell Reeve: a brief sketch of his life and career, with a fragment \

of an auto iography, excerpts from his diary (1849), and corre- - ;

spondence (contznwed)—J. CosMO MELVILL _... ba yt ee B'53

Albinism at Eastbourne—A. G. STUBBS ae : Fe B57 i

The Land and Freshwater Shells of Tenby, South Wales — :

A. G. STUBRS ao 2s Bsr be ee ei ene 355 i

Note on Tapes pullastra Montagu—B. B. WoopwWarb Se ney 305

Certain terrestrial testaceous mollusca from south-western ECigne =

K. HurLSTONE JONES a Se Ay Mu oh =o. 266
Clausilia dentata Strom. with two perfect mouths—H. L. Orr er aid
Note on Eastbourne mollusca—A. G. STUBBS i ns eNO TA:
Proceedings of the Society, June—September, 1900 ... Sn dro. BS
Bibliography oe nec a aa a Ley a RRS 1/7)

TITLE-PAGE, CONTENTS, anp INDEX:

LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, Sono Seuarr, W.
LEEDS: Tavtior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: J.-E. Cornisu, on ANN’ s Sa.
BERLIN: FrIeDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11.

ANNUAL MEETING, October 27.

Members are invited to send Exhibits. -

THE CONGHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT
} BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month, at 7 P.M., at the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.

The Library and the Collections are deposited in the Manchester Museum, and
are open (10 to 5 daily) to Members on application to the Museum Stafi-

The Subscription is 5/- per annum; life membership £3 3s.

Resignations take effect at the close of the year in which they are given.

The ‘Journal of Conchology,’ (quarterly) edited by W. E. Hoy e, M.A., is the
organ of the Society, contains all its proceedings and-papers, and is supplied free to every
Member who is not. in arrear with his subscription. Price to: Non-Members, 6/- per annum.

List of Shells.—The Conchological Society's List of British Land and Freshwater
Shells, 1/6 per dozen post free, may be obtained from the Treasurer or Secretary.

Remittances should be sent (and made payable) to the Hon. Treasurer.

- All_ other Communications should be addressed-to the. Hon. Secretary.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Considerable loss having been sustained by the Society on account of
the sending of Journals to members whose subscriptions were in arrears,
and who were ultimately declared defaulters,

The Council has resolved :—

REPRINTS.
UTHORS of Papers receive 25 copies gratis, those who wish additional copies
may have them on payment of the Printer’s charges as below (such reprints to
be ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :—

25 copies, 4 pp., 3/6, 8 pp:» 4/6. 12 pp., 8/- —° 16 pp., 10/6.
50 23 » 4/6, 5 23 pw 9 1O/-. 39 12/6.
Yoo ” » 6/6, » 9i- ” 12/-. 33 15/-.

ADVERTISEMENTS

Will be inserted at the following rates :—

Whole Page a ee 2O les Quarter:‘Page - ... eee gas
Half Page... Le ee Gena 2168 Six Lines or under ... ayes) G:
One-third Page... a OS: Every additional Line we. [65

SPECIAL REDUCTION FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

PECIMENS of the new British shell M/yrina Simpsoni Marshall, for exchange; rare British
shells or varieties new-to collection only wanted.—J. Simpson, 13, Nelson Street, Aberdeen.

ELILX pomatia.—Being desirous of ascertaining the distribution of . fomatia in England,

I shall be much obliged to any who would send. me on a post-card the names of the towns

and villages in or close to which they have found it. It is only recorded by Adams (in British

L. and F.W. shells, ed. 2), from N.Hants, W. Sussex, Surrey, Herts., Oxon, Beds., E. Gloucester,
and E, Kent.—J. W. Hors ery, St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, S.E.

THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY.

Established in 1890 as ‘‘ The Conchologist, a a Journal of Malacology.”
Edited by

WALTER —. COLLINGE, F.Z.S.,
President of the Midland eee ‘Society.
With the co-operation of

DR. JOSEF F. BABOR. ee eae HEDLEY, F.L. s.
THE REV, A. COOKE, MEA, FZ.S.. E. SYKES, B.A., P.Z. S.
B. B. WOODWARD, GS.

indispensable to all Students of the Mollusca.
in addition to numerous papers on the anatomy and classification of the Mollusca,
and-on recent and fossil shells, it contains Reviews and Abstracts of all
the important current publications.

Fully Hlustrated. Prepaid Subscription, 12/= per vol.
All communications to W. FE, COLLINGE, Mason University College, Birmingham.

“Any one study, of whatever kind exclusivelypursued, deadens in the mind the
interest, nay the perception, of any others.’—JouN Henry NEWMAN.

ESTABLISHED 1865, ;
Punctually on the 25th of previous month. PRICE SIXPENCE.

SCIENCE GOSSIP.

Epirep sy JOHN T. CARRINGTON, assistep ny F. WINSTONE.
illustrated. Most Varied Contents. Largest Circulation.
THE ONLY SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE WITH INDEPENDENT OFFICES.

4*SCTENCE GOSSIP is now one of the brightest and most diversified monthlies for the lover of scienee.’’

SUBSCRIPTIONS (6s. 6d. per annum, including Postage, may begin at any time).
Send Six Stamps for Specimen Copy.

Publishing and Editorial Offices 2 110, Strand, London, W.c.

ADDRESS ALL BUSINESS AND EDITORIAL
COMMUNICATIONS TO

Editey and Manegn

THE LARGEST STOCK OF SHELLS

IN THE WORLD.

Messrs. SOWERBY & FULTON invite Amateurs and Curarors oF
MuseEuMs to send for their NEW LISTS now being issued.

MARINE, LAND and FRESHWATER SHELLS of almost every family repre-
sented by a large number of species including many rarities & very fine specimens.

PURCHASES OR EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK.

Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c, Price List on application.

By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.:—‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum,' in parts or monographs, — ‘//lis-
trated Index of Br. itish Shells, col. figs. of all known species ; 30s. nett. ‘Marine Shells of
South Africa,’ with Appendix, 19s. 6d. nett.

SOWERBY & FULTON, 15, Station Parade, Kew Gardens, LONDON.

BACK NUMBERS OF
THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

HE Society having acquired the stock of Back Nos. of the Journal from Mr.
Taylor, the Council has decided to offer them at the following pri

Vol. I. (in the event of a sufficient number of orders being received to

justify the reprinting of necessary parts)... ... ... 21/- nett.
Vols. Hl., Hl., 1V., & VII.... to the Public, 8/-, to Members, 6/=.
Vols. V. & Vi. .... ...._... (Out of Print).
Vol. VIII. Sage wan ous one tO the Public, 1 i=, da “12/6;
Separate Parts oo which FA 1/-, ae oda

more than 25 copies are in stock

The Editor will be glad to give ONE SHILLING each for elean copies of
vol. v., parts 6 and 10; vol. vi., parts I, 5, and II; vol. viii., part I.

MANUAL OF GONGHOLOCY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Science of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute. a volume. Each part
embraces from sixteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 oo
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand,
Per pall aa — eet ars eo eee See PIS) Se

Fine Edition.—Heayy paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Fourteen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eight volumes (including the Mono-
graphy of the great family Helicida) completed.
(so es a ,
{@S~ The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Tredsurer.,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A;

OR
KEGAN, PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd,
Charing Cross Road, LONDON ;

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

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